June 2008 

Air Quality Awareness Program and Rideshare Survey For more information regarding this report, contact: David Jones Center for Urban & Public Affairs Wright State University Phone: (937) 775-2941 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy. Fax: (937) 775-2422 Dayton OH 45435-0001

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Questionnaire Design ......................................................................................................................... 2 Sampling Design ................................................................................................................................. 2 Survey Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 2 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Limitations .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2: Respondent Demographics ................................................................................................ 4 Age ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Race ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Gender ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Income ................................................................................................................................................. 4 County of Residence ........................................................................................................................... 5 Driving Distance .................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 3: Rideshare ................................................................................................................................ 6 Commuting to Work........................................................................................................................... 6 Ridesharing .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ridesharing ............................................................................... 9 Changes in Driving Habits ............................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 4: Air Quality ........................................................................................................................... 12 Miami Valley Air Quality Awareness Program ................................................................................ 12 Air Quality in the Miami Valley ........................................................................................................ 12 Future Actions to Reduce Air Pollution ............................................................................................ 14

1

Wright State University

Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Chapter 1: Introduction Wright State University’s Center for Urban and Public Affairs (CUPA) was commissioned to conduct a study on air quality awareness and ridesharing in the Miami Valley. The survey was commissioned by the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission (MVRPC), and consisted of a telephone survey conducted with residents of Montgomery, Miami, Greene and northern Warren Counties. The purpose of this survey was to collect and analyze pertinent information regarding perceptions of air quality and ridesharing in the Miami Valley in order to develop programs to improve the quality of the environment. Questions covered a wide variety of topics, including views of air quality in the Miami Valley, steps respondents have taken to improve air quality, the importance of ridesharing and what would improve the concept of ridesharing more appealing for Miami Valley residents. The following paragraphs will further explain the objectives of the surveys, provide an overview of the report, and discuss the methodology and limitations of the survey instruments.

Methodology Questionnaire Design The survey instrument was designed by the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission (MVRPC) with input from the Center for Urban and Public Affairs (CUPA). The survey was finalized with the approval of the MVRPC. Sampling Design The survey was a random digit dialed (RDD) telephone survey of 400 households in Montgomery, Miami, Greene and portions of Warren Counties. In an RDD study, any household with standard telephone service has an equal opportunity to be interviewed. Therefore, since each household has an equal chance of being selected, results from the survey generally represent the opinions of the community as a whole. Because RDD includes both listed and unlisted telephone numbers, random digit dialing is preferred over other sampling methods. A sample of random digit dial telephone numbers was purchased from Marketing Systems Group, a national company that generates telephone numbers. Survey Implementation Interviews were conducted from Monday, June 9, 2008 through Tuesday, June 24, 2008. These interviews were usually conducted between the hours of 4:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, 12:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Saturday, and 3:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Sunday. 2

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

Interviewers utilized a Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing (CATI) software program that displays the questionnaire on a computer screen and allows the interviewers to enter the response directly into the computer. Such a system helps to minimize errors in gathering data. A total of 400 respondents were interviewed to obtain a response rate of 43 percent, with a 95.0 percent confidence level and a plus or minus 5 percent sampling error for the region as a whole.

Data Analysis Primarily, we use descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret the survey findings. To measure the statistical differences among responses and groups, a chi-square test will be used to compare, for example, the differences between responses of individuals of one age group or one gender. Statistically significant differences among variables, where applicable, will be discussed throughout the report.

Limitations The primary limitation of the general population telephone survey is that not all households have landline telephones. According to national studies, approximately 7 percent of individuals nationwide do not have a landline telephone, and these individuals are more likely to be lower income or younger. A second limitation, as with any telephone survey, is that the information obtained is based on self-reported information. Attempts were made to include more than one question on important topics to test for internal consistency. A final limitation is that the sample size (n=400) does not allow for analysis by county. The sample size provides a statistically valid sample for the region as a whole, but the sample size by county does not allow for statistically valid analysis at the county level. Therefore, analysis by county is not presented in this report.

3

Wright State University

Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Chapter 2: Respondent Demographics In order to develop a brief profile of survey respondents, several demographic questions were asked, including age, race, income, gender, average distance driven annually and county of residence. To be eligible to participate in the survey, respondents must have a valid driver’s license and have access to a motor vehicle. Age The largest percentage of respondents was 60 years of age or older (29.6 percent). One in five respondents (20.1 percent) is between the ages of 45 and 54. The distribution of respondent ages in comparison to demographics from the 2000 U.S. Census is presented in the table below. Younger respondents (those under the age of 35) are slightly undersampled, while older respondents (those over the age of 55) are slightly oversampled. Age Range 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60 and older

Survey Proportion 9.3% 11.3% 19.1% 20.1% 10.6% 29.6%

US Census Proportion 13.3% 17.5% 20.6% 18.5% 6.2% 23.9%

Race Respondents were also asked to identify their race. Four in five respondents (80.0 percent) were Caucasian, 11.0 percent were African-American, while 9.0 percent of respondents identified another race. Gender The majority of survey respondents (60.3 percent) were female, while 39.7 percent were male. Income The annual family income for the respondents polled in this survey varied significantly, and responses are presented in the table below. Income Less than $25,000 $25,000 to $50,000 $50,000 to $75,000 $75,000 to $100,000 More than $100,000 4

Percent 18.1% 26.4% 23.3% 15.8% 16.4%

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

County of Residence Similar to the demographics of the target region, more than half of survey respondents (60.5 percent) are from Montgomery County. Of the remaining respondents, 18.0 percent are free Greene County, 11.3 percent are from Miami County and 10.3 percent are from Northern Warren County. Driving Distance Respondents were asked how many miles they drive in an average year. Two in five respondents (40.4 percent) drive less than 10,000 miles annually. Another third of respondents (36.0 percent) drive 10,000 to 15,000 miles, 14.9 percent of respondents drive 15.000 to 20,000 miles and 8.7 percent of respondents drive more than 20,000 miles annually.

5

Wright State University

Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Chapter 3: Rideshare The first section of the survey addressed commuting in the Miami Valley. Specifically, the survey addressed commuting to work, as well as respondent perceptions of the Miami Valley Rideshare program. Commuting to Work First, respondents were also asked if they are employed outside of the home. More than half of respondents (56.8 percent) are employed outside the home, while 43.3 percent of respondents are not employed outside the home. Those respondents who indicated that they are employed outside the home were asked a series of questions pertaining to their commute to work. Of these respondents that commute to work, almost all (93.0 percent) indicated that they drive to work alone. Of the remaining respondents, 2.6 percent carpool or vanpool, 2.2 percent walk, 0.9 percent ride a motorcycle or motor scooter, while 0.9 percent ride the bus. Next, respondents were asked how long it takes them to commute to work, one way. The highest percentage of respondents (34.5 percent) has an 11-20 minute commute to work. Another 33.6 percent of respondents have a 1-10 minute commute, while 18.4 percent of respondents drive 21-30 minutes. The figure below displays responses from all respondents who currently commute to work.

6

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

Finally, respondents were asked to describe traffic congestion during their commute to and from work. Almost half of respondents (44.4 percent) described their traffic congestion as light, while 31.6 percent described congestion as moderate. When considering the remaining respondents, 15.6 percent said congestion was non-existent, 7.1 percent said it was heavy, and 1.3 percent described congestion as severe. Ridesharing Next, all respondents were read a brief description of the ridesharing program and were asked a series of questions pertaining to ridesharing. The description of the ridesharing program read: “The Rideshare Program is a free computer matching service which helps link people who are interested in carpooling/vanpooling to work or college. This service is available to anyone who lives or works in Montgomery, Greene, Miami, Darke, Preble or Clinton Counties. The Rideshare matching software provides an applicant with a list of people who live and work near the applicant and who have similar work hours” First, respondents were asked how important they feel the concept of ridesharing is. More than four in five respondents (85.4 percent) believe that ridesharing is very important (27.5 percent) or important (57.9 percent). Of the remaining respondents, 10.3 percent believe ridesharing is unimportant and 4.3 percent believe that ridesharing is very unimportant. H o w Im p o rta n t is th e C o n c e p t o f R id e s h a rin g ? 5 7 .9 % 60%

50%

40% 2 7 .5 % 30%

20% 1 0 .3 % 4 .3 %

10%

0% V e ry Im p o rta n t

Im p o rta n t

U n im po rta n t

V e ry U n im p o rta n t

Recently, the Rideshare Program advertised their services as a way to reduce traffic congestion especially during highway reconstruction periods. Respondents were asked if they remember seeing or hearing any advertisements pertaining to the Rideshare Program. 7

Wright State University

Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Slightly more than half of respondents (51.5 percent) indicated that they remember seeing or hearing advertisements pertaining to the Rideshare Program. Those respondents who recall seeing or hearing these advertisements were asked where they saw or heard the advertisements. The highest percentage of respondents (66.8 percent) mentioned seeing television commercials. More than a quarter of respondents (26.8 percent) saw television reports, 22.0 percent saw radio commercials and 12.7 percent saw newspaper articles / advertisements. The table below details all responses that were provided. Respondents were encouraged to select all applicable responses; therefore the total exceeds 100 percent. Source TV Commercials TV Reports Radio Commercials Other Newspaper Radio reports Direct Mail/Reach Magazine Postcard mailer

Percentage 66.8% 26.8% 22.0% 15.6% 12.7% 10.2% 2.9% 0.5%

Next, all respondents were asked if they have ever formed a ridesharing agreement. More than one-quarter of respondents (30.1 percent) indicated that they have formed a ridesharing agreement at some point in their life. Those respondents who have formed a ridesharing agreement were asked with whom they shared a ride. Almost three-quarters of respondents (70.8 percent) shared a ride with a coworker. Almost one-quarter of respondents (24.2 percent) shared a ride with a friend, while 10.0 percent said a relative and 9.2 percent identified their spouse. It should be noted that no respondents indicated that they shared a ride with someone on a rideshare match list. The total of all responses exceeds 100 percent, as respondents were encouraged to select all applicable responses. Those respondents who indicated that they have tried ridesharing in the past were asked to rate their ridesharing experience. Almost 90 percent of respondents (88.3 percent) rated their experience as excellent (35.8 percent) or good (52.5 percent). Of the remaining respondents, 10.0 percent described their experience as fair while 1.7 percent (or 2 respondents) described this relationship as poor. Respondents who indicated that they have not formed a ridesharing agreement in the past were asked what would compel them to try ridesharing. Respondents were read a list of 8

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

possible options, and were asked to state yes or no for each option. The percentage of respondents indicating yes to each option is presented below: • • • • • • • •

Gas costs / saving money (69.3 percent) Long distance commute (47.9 percent) Environmental concerns (45.4 percent) Lack of transportation (45.4 percent) Free / reduced parking for carpoolers (43.6 percent) Roadway construction (35.0 percent) Weather conditions (31.1 percent) Safety in numbers (30.4 percent)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ridesharing All respondents were asked to state what they believe are the advantages and disadvantages of ridesharing. When asked to discuss the advantages of ridesharing, more than four in five respondents (84.5 percent) identified saving money on gas and parking as a main advantage. Other respondents discussed less air pollution (29.3 percent), less traffic congestion (17.8 percent), and less wear and tear on vehicles (10.5 percent). Fewer respondents identified not having to drive everyday / deal with road construction (4.5 percent) or safety in numbers (4.3 percent). When discussing the disadvantages of ridesharing, more than half of respondents (58.0 percent) discussed less flexibility for running errands, leaving early, etc. Fifteen percent of respondents (15.3 percent) believe that unfamiliarity with other ride sharers is a disadvantage. Fifteen percent of respondents (15.0 percent) discussed not being in complete control as a disadvantage, while 12.5 percent mentioned longer commute length. Next, respondents were asked what they believe employers could do to help motivate their employees to rideshare. Respondents were read a list of choices, and were asked to indicate yes or no for each option. The highest percentage of respondents (82.0 percent) indicated that employers could offer flexible schedules to encourage employees to rideshare. Three-quarters of respondents (75.8 percent) indicated that employers could promote rideshare in-house, while 71.8 percent indicated that employers could offer monetary incentives. A complete list of all responses can be found in the table on the next page.

9

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Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Option Offer flexible schedules Promote rideshare in-house Offer monetary incentives Offer free / reduced parking Offer preferential parking Make company vehicles available during work hours Offer prizes / awards / certificates Other

Percentage 82.0% 75.8% 71.8% 69.0% 65.0% 62.5% 54.0% 1.8%

Changes in Driving Habits With recent increases in gas prices, respondents were asked a series of questions pertaining to the effect of rising gas prices on their driving habits. First, respondents were asked if they have modified their driving habits as a result of rising gas prices. Almost three-quarters of respondents (72.7 percent) indicated that they have modified their driving habits. Those respondents who indicated that they have changed their driving habits due to rising gas prices were asked to identify what changes they have made to their driving habits. More than ninety percent of respondents who have modified their behavior (92.8 percent) indicated that they have reduced unnecessary trips or that they generally do not drive as much. Similarly, 91.4 percent of respondents indicated that they have combined trips, or that they run their errands at the same time. More than half of respondents (59.0 percent) indicated that they generally drive slower or reduce their speeds to save gasoline. Other responses that were mentioned include: • • • • • • • •

Reductions in idling (44.5 percent) Using cruise control (41.4 percent) Walking to destinations (39.0 percent) Carpooling / sharing rides (22.1 percent) Riding a bike (17.2 percent) Riding the bus (6.6 percent) Riding a motorcycle / motor scooter (5.2 percent) Other changes (2.8 percent)

Respondents who indicated that they have not made changes to their driving habits were asked to indicate what price gasoline would need to reach (per gallon) for them to modify their driving habits. 10

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

Eighteen percent of respondents (19.8 percent) would modify their habits if gas reached $4.50 per gallon, while 14.8 percent said $6.00 per gallon and 14.8 percent said $5.00 per gallon. More than two in five respondents (43.2 percent) identified some other price, with some of those respondents indicating that they could never modify their driving habits.

11

Wright State University

Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Chapter 4: Air Quality The next section of the survey addressed air quality issues in the Miami Valley. Respondents were asked a series of questions pertaining to air quality programs in the Miami Valley region, as well as what they are doing to improve air quality. Miami Valley Air Quality Awareness Program The Miami Valley Air Quality Awareness Program advertises various actions people can take to reduce air pollution and improve air quality. All respondents were asked if they have seen or heard any advertisements about the Miami Valley Air Quality Awareness Program. Slightly less than half of all respondents (49.6 percent) indicated that they have seen or heard advertisements about this program. Respondents who indicated that they had seen or heard advertisements were asked where they had seen or heard the messages. More than three-quarters of respondents (75.5 percent) indicated that they had seen television commercials. Another 40.6 percent had seen television reports, while 24.0 percent had seen newspaper articles or advertisements. The figure below details all survey responses.

Where did you see or hear the advertisments? 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Air Quality in the Miami Valley Respondents were asked to describe the air quality in the Miami Valley as excellent, good, fair or poor. Just over half of respondents (53.0 percent) described the air quality as

12

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

excellent (3.6 percent) or good (49.4 percent). Of the remaining respondents, 35.5 percent described the air quality as fair, while 11.6 percent said that air quality is poor.

How Would You Describe Air Quality in The Miami Valley 49.4% 50% 35.5% 40% 30% 11.6%

20% 10%

3.6%

0% Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Next, respondents were asked if they are familiar with the term “Air Pollution Advisory”, which is issued whenever air pollution levels in the Miami Valley are on the rise. Almost 90 percent of respondents (87.5 percent) are familiar with the phrase “Air Pollution Advisory”. Similarly, 81.6 percent of respondents who indicated that they are familiar with this phrase recall being alerted by the local media to take action to help reduce air pollution. Those respondents who recall being told to take action were asked to identify what actions they took during Air Pollution Advisories to reduce air pollution. Nine percent of respondents (9.0 percent) indicated that they took no action to reduce air pollution. More than half of survey respondents indicated that they made sure their gas cap fit tightly (68.8 percent), combined trips to limit travel (64.5 percent), refueled properly (64.5 percent), tuned up and kept vehicles well maintained (63.1 percent), reduced overall energy use (62.4 percent), mowed the lawn after 6:00 p.m. (61.3 percent) and refueled after 6:00 p.m. (54.1 percent). Fewer respondents indicated that they reduced idling (50.9 percent), walked or rode a bike instead of driving (24.7 percent), used alternative fueled vehicles or equipment (15.4 percent) carpooled / vanpooled (12.5 percent), rode the bus (6.5 percent).

13

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Center for Urban & Public Affairs

Respondents who took action on Air Pollution Advisory days were asked to identify why they did so. The most common responses included “everyone needs to do their part” (81.5 percent) and health concerns (76.4 percent). A list of all responses can be seen in the table below. Motivating Factor Everyone needs to do their part Health concerns Concern for the environment Concern for future generations Responding to what was mentioned in the media Other reasons

Percentage 81.5% 76.4% 74.0% 73.2% 65.0% 12.6%

Those respondents who did not take action during the air pollution advisory were asked why they did not do so. The most common response, stated by more than one-third of respondents (37.0 percent), was that they did not know that an air pollution advisory had been issued. Another 14.1 percent did not know there was a program, while 14.1 percent did not know what actions to take. These respondents were also asked what would motivate them to take action in the future to reduce air pollution. More than two in five respondents (47.4 percent) would take action if the problem started to get worse, while 45.3 percent indicated that they would take action if they understood what to do. One third of respondents (37.9 percent) would take action if they knew the benefits of doing so, while 35.8 percent would do so if they knew more about the program. Future Actions to Reduce Air Pollution Respondents were read a list of possible things they might do in the future to reduce air pollution. Respondents were read a list of possible things and were asked to state yes or no for each one. More than half of respondents indicated that they would consider combining trips to limit their travel (88.0 percent), making sure their gas cap fit tightly (85.3 percent), reducing overall energy use (85.0 percent), keeping their vehicles well maintained (84.5 percent), refueling properly (80.8 percent), reducing idling (78.0 percent), refueling after 6:00 p.m. (76.5 percent), mowing the lawn after 6:00 p.m. (73.5 percent), walking or biking instead of driving (58.3 percent),or using alternative fueled vehicles (56.3 percent). Less than half of respondents indicated that they would carpool or vanpool (43.3 percent), ride the bus (29.8 percent). Two percent of respondents (1.8 percent) will take no action to reduce air pollution.

14

2008 Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission Rideshare and Air Quality Survey

Finally, respondents were read a list of possible incentives that might encourage them to take action to reduce air pollution. Respondents were asked to rate each incentive on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is a very strong incentive and 5 is no incentive. More than three in five respondents (62.9 percent) rated “lower gasoline prices when refueling after 6:00 p.m.” as a very strong incentive. More than half of respondents also rated “discounts on car care and tune-ups” (55.8 percent) and discounts on vehicle insurance if ridesharing (53.0 percent) as a very strong incentive. The table below presents the percentage of respondents ranking each incentive as “very strong”, as well as the mean score for each incentive (please note that a mean score closer to 1 indicates the greater likelihood of it being a “strong incentive”). Incentive Lower gasoline rates when refueling after 6:00 p.m. Discounts on car care or tune-ups Discounts on vehicle insurance if ridesharing Federal tax incentives to purchase hybrid vehicles Discounts on energy saving items Contests to win free battery powered yard equipment Discounted or free monthly bus passes Use pre-tax dollars to purchase transit passes

Strong Incentive %

Mean Score

62.9%

1.76

55.8% 53.0%

1.81 1.98

49.6%

2.13

45.3%

2.05

35.6%

2.49

32.2%

2.79

30.3%

2.89

15

Appendix A: Survey Frequencies What county do you live in?

Valid

Montgomery Greene Miami N. Warren Total

Frequency 242 72 45 41 400

Percent 60.5 18.0 11.3 10.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 60.5 78.5 89.8 100.0

Valid Percent 60.5 18.0 11.3 10.3 100.0

Are you currently employed outside of the home?

Valid

Yes No Total

Frequency 227 173 400

Percent 56.8 43.3 100.0

Valid Percent 56.8 43.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 56.8 100.0

How do you typically commute to and from work?

Valid

Missing Total

Drive Alone Carpool/Vanpool Ride the bus Walk Ride a motorcycle/scooter Other Total System

Frequency 212 6 2 5 2 1 228 172 400

A ‐ 1   

Percent 53.0 1.5 .5 1.3 .5 .3 57.0 43.0 100.0

Valid Percent 93.0 2.6 .9 2.2 .9 .4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 93.0 95.6 96.5 98.7 99.6 100.0

How long does it typically take you to get to work?

Valid

Missing

1-10 minutes 11-20 minutes 21-30 minutes 31-40 minutes 41-50 minutes 51-60 minutes Over an hour Total Don't Know System Total

Total

Frequency 75 77 41 17 6 5 2 223 5 172 177 400

Percent 18.8 19.3 10.3 4.3 1.5 1.3 .5 55.8 1.3 43.0 44.3 100.0

Valid Percent 33.6 34.5 18.4 7.6 2.7 2.2 .9 100.0

Cumulative Percent 33.6 68.2 86.5 94.2 96.9 99.1 100.0

How would you rate overall traffic congestion during your commute to and from work?

Valid

Missing

Non-Existent Light Moderate Heavy Severe Total Don't Know System Total

Total

Frequency 35 100 71 16 3 225 3 172 175 400

Percent 8.8 25.0 17.8 4.0 .8 56.3 .8 43.0 43.8 100.0

Valid Percent 15.6 44.4 31.6 7.1 1.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 15.6 60.0 91.6 98.7 100.0

How important do you feel the concept of ridesharing is?

Valid

Missing Total

Very important Important Unimportant Very unimportant Total Don't Know

Frequency 109 230 41 17 397 3 400

Percent 27.3 57.5 10.3 4.3 99.3 .8 100.0

A ‐ 2   

Valid Percent 27.5 57.9 10.3 4.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 27.5 85.4 95.7 100.0

Recently, the rideshare program advertised their services as a way to reduce traffic congestion especially during highway reconstruction periods? Do you remember seeing or hearing any advertising regarding the rideshare and highway reconstruction?

Valid

Yes No Total Don't Know

Missing Total

Frequency 205 193 398 2 400

Percent 51.3 48.3 99.5 .5 100.0

Valid Percent 51.5 48.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 51.5 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? TV commercials

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 68 137 205 195 400

Percent 17.0 34.3 51.3 48.8 100.0

Valid Percent 33.2 66.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 33.2 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Radio commercials

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 160 45 205 195 400

Percent 40.0 11.3 51.3 48.8 100.0

Valid Percent 78.0 22.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 78.0 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Direct mail/ reach magazine

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 199 6 205 195 400

Percent 49.8 1.5 51.3 48.8 100.0

A ‐ 3   

Valid Percent 97.1 2.9 100.0

Cumulative Percent 97.1 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Postcard Mailer

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 204 1 205 195 400

Percent 51.0 .3 51.3 48.8 100.0

Valid Percent 99.5 .5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 99.5 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? TV reports

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 150 55 205 195 400

Percent 37.5 13.8 51.3 48.8 100.0

Valid Percent 73.2 26.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 73.2 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Radio reports/talk shows

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 184 21 205 195 400

Percent 46.0 5.3 51.3 48.8 100.0

Valid Percent 89.8 10.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 89.8 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Newspaper article/ Newspaper ads

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 179 26 205 195 400

Percent 44.8 6.5 51.3 48.8 100.0

A ‐ 4   

Valid Percent 87.3 12.7 100.0

Cumulative Percent 87.3 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 173 32 205 195 400

Percent 43.3 8.0 51.3 48.8 100.0

Valid Percent 84.4 15.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 84.4 100.0

Have you ever formed a ridesharing (carpooling/vanpooling) arrangement at anytime?

Valid

Missing Total

Yes No Total Don't Know

Frequency 120 279 399 1 400

Percent 30.0 69.8 99.8 .3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 30.1 100.0

Valid Percent 30.1 69.9 100.0

With whom did you/ Do you share a ride? Co-Worker

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 35 85 120 280 400

Percent 8.8 21.3 30.0 70.0 100.0

Valid Percent 29.2 70.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 29.2 100.0

With whom did you/ Do you share a ride? Relative

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 108 12 120 280 400

Percent 27.0 3.0 30.0 70.0 100.0

A ‐ 5   

Valid Percent 90.0 10.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 90.0 100.0

With whom did you/ Do you share a ride? Spouse

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 109 11 120 280 400

Percent 27.3 2.8 30.0 70.0 100.0

Valid Percent 90.8 9.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 90.8 100.0

With whom did you/ Do you share a ride? Friend

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 91 29 120 280 400

Percent 22.8 7.3 30.0 70.0 100.0

Valid Percent 75.8 24.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 75.8 100.0

With whom did you/ Do you share a ride? Person on rideshare match list

Valid Missing Total

No System

Frequency 120 280 400

Percent 30.0 70.0 100.0

Valid Percent 100.0

Cumulative Percent 100.0

With whom did you/ Do you share a ride? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 117 3 120 280 400

Percent 29.3 .8 30.0 70.0 100.0

A ‐ 6   

Valid Percent 97.5 2.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 97.5 100.0

How would you rate that ridesharing experience?

Valid

Missing Total

Excellent Good Fair Poor Total System

Frequency 43 63 12 2 120 280 400

Percent 10.8 15.8 3.0 .5 30.0 70.0 100.0

Valid Percent 35.8 52.5 10.0 1.7 100.0

Cumulative Percent 35.8 88.3 98.3 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Gas Cost/Saving Money

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 86 194 280 120 400

Percent 21.5 48.5 70.0 30.0 100.0

Valid Percent 30.7 69.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 30.7 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Lack of Transportation

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 153 127 280 120 400

Percent 38.3 31.8 70.0 30.0 100.0

Valid Percent 54.6 45.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 54.6 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Environmental concerns

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 153 127 280 120 400

Percent 38.3 31.8 70.0 30.0 100.0

A ‐ 7   

Valid Percent 54.6 45.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 54.6 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Roadway construction

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 182 98 280 120 400

Percent 45.5 24.5 70.0 30.0 100.0

Valid Percent 65.0 35.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 65.0 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Safety in numbers

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 195 85 280 120 400

Percent 48.8 21.3 70.0 30.0 100.0

Valid Percent 69.6 30.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 69.6 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Long distance commute

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 146 134 280 120 400

Percent 36.5 33.5 70.0 30.0 100.0

Valid Percent 52.1 47.9 100.0

Cumulative Percent 52.1 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Weather conditions

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 193 87 280 120 400

Percent 48.3 21.8 70.0 30.0 100.0

A ‐ 8   

Valid Percent 68.9 31.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 68.9 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Free/Reduced parking for poolers

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 158 122 280 120 400

Percent 39.5 30.5 70.0 30.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 56.4 100.0

Valid Percent 56.4 43.6 100.0

What would compel you to try ridesharing? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 239 41 280 120 400

Percent 59.8 10.3 70.0 30.0 100.0

Valid Percent 85.4 14.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 85.4 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Saving money on gas/parking

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 62 338 400

Percent 15.5 84.5 100.0

Valid Percent 15.5 84.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 15.5 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Less traffic congestion

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 329 71 400

Percent 82.3 17.8 100.0

A ‐ 9   

Valid Percent 82.3 17.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 82.3 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Less air pollution

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 283 117 400

Percent 70.8 29.3 100.0

Valid Percent 70.8 29.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 70.8 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Less wear and tear on your car

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 358 42 400

Percent 89.5 10.5 100.0

Valid Percent 89.5 10.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 89.5 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Not driving every day or dealing with road reconstruction

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 382 18 400

Percent 95.5 4.5 100.0

Valid Percent 95.5 4.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 95.5 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Safety in numbers

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 383 17 400

Percent 95.8 4.3 100.0

Valid Percent 95.8 4.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 95.8 100.0

What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Other

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 354 46 400

Percent 88.5 11.5 100.0

A ‐ 10   

Valid Percent 88.5 11.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 88.5 100.0

What do you think are the disadvantages of ridesharing? Less flexibility for errands, leaving early, etc

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 168 232 400

Percent 42.0 58.0 100.0

Valid Percent 42.0 58.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 42.0 100.0

What do you think are the disadvantages of ridesharing? Unfamiliar with ride sharers

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 339 61 400

Percent 84.8 15.3 100.0

Valid Percent 84.8 15.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 84.8 100.0

What do you think are the disadvantages of ridesharing? May take longer/ commute length

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 350 50 400

Percent 87.5 12.5 100.0

Valid Percent 87.5 12.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 87.5 100.0

What do you think are the disadvantages of ridesharing? Other people's driving habits

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 369 31 400

Percent 92.3 7.8 100.0

Valid Percent 92.3 7.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 92.3 100.0

What do you think are the disadvantages of ridesharing? Not being in complete control

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 340 60 400

Percent 85.0 15.0 100.0

A ‐ 11   

Valid Percent 85.0 15.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 85.0 100.0

What do you think are the disadvantages of ridesharing? Other

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 329 71 400

Percent 82.3 17.8 100.0

Valid Percent 82.3 17.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 82.3 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Offer free/ reduced parking

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 124 276 400

Percent 31.0 69.0 100.0

Valid Percent 31.0 69.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 31.0 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Offer monetary incentives

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 113 287 400

Percent 28.3 71.8 100.0

Valid Percent 28.3 71.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 28.3 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Offer flexible schedules

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 72 328 400

Percent 18.0 82.0 100.0

Valid Percent 18.0 82.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 18.0 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Promote rideshare in-house

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 97 303 400

Percent 24.3 75.8 100.0

A ‐ 12   

Valid Percent 24.3 75.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 24.3 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Offer preferential parking

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 140 260 400

Percent 35.0 65.0 100.0

Valid Percent 35.0 65.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 35.0 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Make company vehicles available during work hours

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 150 250 400

Percent 37.5 62.5 100.0

Valid Percent 37.5 62.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 37.5 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Offer prizes/sweepstakes/gift certificates/awards

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 184 216 400

Percent 46.0 54.0 100.0

Valid Percent 46.0 54.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 46.0 100.0

In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? Other

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 393 7 400

Percent 98.3 1.8 100.0

A ‐ 13   

Valid Percent 98.3 1.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 98.3 100.0

Gasoline prices are hovering around $4.00/gallon. Have you modified your driving habits as a result of the increase in the price of gasoline?

Valid

Missing Total

Yes No Total Don't Know

Frequency 290 109 399 1 400

Percent 72.5 27.3 99.8 .3 100.0

Valid Percent 72.7 27.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 72.7 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Reduced unnecessary trips/Don't drive as much

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 21 269 290 110 400

Percent 5.3 67.3 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 7.2 92.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 7.2 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Combined trips/ run errands all at once

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 25 265 290 110 400

Percent 6.3 66.3 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 8.6 91.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 8.6 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Carpooling/ Vanpooling/Share the ride

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 226 64 290 110 400

Percent 56.5 16.0 72.5 27.5 100.0

A ‐ 14   

Valid Percent 77.9 22.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 77.9 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Riding the bus

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 271 19 290 110 400

Percent 67.8 4.8 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 93.4 6.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 93.4 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Riding a bike

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 240 50 290 110 400

Percent 60.0 12.5 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 82.8 17.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 82.8 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Riding a motorcycle/ Scooter

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 275 15 290 110 400

Percent 68.8 3.8 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 94.8 5.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 94.8 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Walking to destination

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 177 113 290 110 400

Percent 44.3 28.3 72.5 27.5 100.0

A ‐ 15   

Valid Percent 61.0 39.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 61.0 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Don't idle

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 161 129 290 110 400

Percent 40.3 32.3 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 55.5 44.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 55.5 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Drive slower/ reduce speed

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 119 171 290 110 400

Percent 29.8 42.8 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 41.0 59.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 41.0 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Use cruise control

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 170 120 290 110 400

Percent 42.5 30.0 72.5 27.5 100.0

Valid Percent 58.6 41.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 58.6 100.0

What changes have you made to your driving habits? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 282 8 290 110 400

Percent 70.5 2.0 72.5 27.5 100.0

A ‐ 16   

Valid Percent 97.2 2.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 97.2 100.0

At what price per gallon would gasoline need to be for you to change or modify your driving habits?

Valid

$4.50/ gallon $5.00/ gallon $5.50/ gallon $6.00/ gallon $6.50/ gallon Other Total Don't Know Refused System Total

Missing

Total

Frequency 16 12 5 12 1 35 81 27 2 290 319 400

Percent 4.0 3.0 1.3 3.0 .3 8.8 20.3 6.8 .5 72.5 79.8 100.0

Valid Percent 19.8 14.8 6.2 14.8 1.2 43.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 19.8 34.6 40.7 55.6 56.8 100.0

The Miami Valley Air Quality Awareness Program advertises various actions people can take to reduce air pollution and improve air quality. Have you heard or seen any advertising about actions you can take to reduce air pollution and improve air quality?

Valid

Yes No Total Don't Know

Missing Total

Frequency 192 195 387 13 400

Percent 48.0 48.8 96.8 3.3 100.0

Valid Percent 49.6 50.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 49.6 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? TV commercials

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 47 145 192 208 400

Percent 11.8 36.3 48.0 52.0 100.0

A ‐ 17   

Valid Percent 24.5 75.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 24.5 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Radio commercials

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 151 41 192 208 400

Percent 37.8 10.3 48.0 52.0 100.0

Valid Percent 78.6 21.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 78.6 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? TV reports

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 114 78 192 208 400

Percent 28.5 19.5 48.0 52.0 100.0

Valid Percent 59.4 40.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 59.4 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Radio reports/Talk shows

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 169 23 192 208 400

Percent 42.3 5.8 48.0 52.0 100.0

Valid Percent 88.0 12.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 88.0 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Newspaper article/ Newspaper ads

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 146 46 192 208 400

Percent 36.5 11.5 48.0 52.0 100.0

A ‐ 18   

Valid Percent 76.0 24.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 76.0 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Billboards

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 178 14 192 208 400

Percent 44.5 3.5 48.0 52.0 100.0

Valid Percent 92.7 7.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 92.7 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Listeners Appreciation lunches

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 191 1 192 208 400

Percent 47.8 .3 48.0 52.0 100.0

Valid Percent 99.5 .5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 99.5 100.0

Where did you see or hear the advertising? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 187 5 192 208 400

Percent 46.8 1.3 48.0 52.0 100.0

Valid Percent 97.4 2.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 97.4 100.0

How would you describe the air quality in the Miami Valley Area?

Valid

Missing

Total

Excellent Good Fair Poor Total Don't know Refused Total

Frequency 14 192 138 45 389 10 1 11 400

Percent 3.5 48.0 34.5 11.3 97.3 2.5 .3 2.8 100.0

A ‐ 19   

Valid Percent 3.6 49.4 35.5 11.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 3.6 53.0 88.4 100.0

Year-round, the Miami Valley's air pollution levels are carefully monitored. When air pollution readings are on the rise, an "Air Pollution Advisory" is issued. Are you familiar with the term "Air Pollution Advisory?"

Valid

Missing Total

Yes No Total Don't Know

Frequency 349 50 399 1 400

Percent 87.3 12.5 99.8 .3 100.0

Valid Percent 87.5 12.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 87.5 100.0

Do you recall being alerted by the local media to take action to help reduce air pollution, especially on these days?

Valid

Missing

Yes No Total Don't Know System Total

Total

Frequency 279 63 342 7 51 58 400

Percent 69.8 15.8 85.5 1.8 12.8 14.5 100.0

Valid Percent 81.6 18.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 81.6 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Carpooled/ Vanpooled

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 244 35 279 121 400

Percent 61.0 8.8 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 87.5 12.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 87.5 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Rode the bus

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 261 18 279 121 400

Percent 65.3 4.5 69.8 30.3 100.0

A ‐ 20   

Valid Percent 93.5 6.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 93.5 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Walked or rode bike instead of driving

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 210 69 279 121 400

Percent 52.5 17.3 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 75.3 24.7 100.0

Cumulative Percent 75.3 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Combined trips to limit travel

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 99 180 279 121 400

Percent 24.8 45.0 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 35.5 64.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 35.5 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Reduced idling

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 137 142 279 121 400

Percent 34.3 35.5 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 49.1 50.9 100.0

Cumulative Percent 49.1 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Tuned up and kept vehicles well-maintained

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 103 176 279 121 400

Percent 25.8 44.0 69.8 30.3 100.0

A ‐ 21   

Valid Percent 36.9 63.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 36.9 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Used alternative fueled vehicles/ Equipment

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 236 43 279 121 400

Percent 59.0 10.8 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 84.6 15.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 84.6 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Mowed lawn after 6:00pm

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 108 171 279 121 400

Percent 27.0 42.8 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 38.7 61.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 38.7 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Made sure my gas cap fit tightly

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 87 192 279 121 400

Percent 21.8 48.0 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 31.2 68.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 31.2 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Refueled after 6:00pm

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 128 151 279 121 400

Percent 32.0 37.8 69.8 30.3 100.0

A ‐ 22   

Valid Percent 45.9 54.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 45.9 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Refueled properly/ didn't "top off" gas tank

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 99 180 279 121 400

Percent 24.8 45.0 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 35.5 64.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 35.5 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Reduced overall energy use

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 105 174 279 121 400

Percent 26.3 43.5 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 37.6 62.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 37.6 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 253 26 279 121 400

Percent 63.3 6.5 69.8 30.3 100.0

Valid Percent 90.7 9.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 90.7 100.0

What action, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: No action taken

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 254 25 279 121 400

Percent 63.5 6.3 69.8 30.3 100.0

A ‐ 23   

Valid Percent 91.0 9.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 91.0 100.0

What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Concern for the environment

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 66 188 254 146 400

Percent 16.5 47.0 63.5 36.5 100.0

Valid Percent 26.0 74.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 26.0 100.0

What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Everyone needs to do his/her part/ Do the right thing

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 47 207 254 146 400

Percent 11.8 51.8 63.5 36.5 100.0

Valid Percent 18.5 81.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 18.5 100.0

What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Concern for future generations

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 68 186 254 146 400

Percent 17.0 46.5 63.5 36.5 100.0

Valid Percent 26.8 73.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 26.8 100.0

What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Responding to what was mentioned on the news/ media

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 89 165 254 146 400

Percent 22.3 41.3 63.5 36.5 100.0

A ‐ 24   

Valid Percent 35.0 65.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 35.0 100.0

What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Health concerns

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 60 194 254 146 400

Percent 15.0 48.5 63.5 36.5 100.0

Valid Percent 23.6 76.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 23.6 100.0

What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 222 32 254 146 400

Percent 55.5 8.0 63.5 36.5 100.0

Valid Percent 87.4 12.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 87.4 100.0

If you did not take any action, why not? Frequency Valid

Missing

Total

Didn't know an "air pollution advisory" notice has been issued Didn't think there was a problem Didn't agree with/ like the program/ concept Didn't know what actions to take Didn't think I was part of the program Other Total Don't know System Total

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

34

8.5

37.0

37.0

13

3.3

14.1

51.1

4

1.0

4.3

55.4

13

3.3

14.1

69.6

11

2.8

12.0

81.5

17 92 3 305 308 400

4.3 23.0 .8 76.3 77.0 100.0

18.5 100.0

100.0

A ‐ 25   

Percent

If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air pollution? If you know more about the program

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 61 34 95 305 400

Percent 15.3 8.5 23.8 76.3 100.0

Valid Percent 64.2 35.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 64.2 100.0

If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air pollution? If you understand what to do

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 52 43 95 305 400

Percent 13.0 10.8 23.8 76.3 100.0

Valid Percent 54.7 45.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 54.7 100.0

If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air pollution? If you knew what the benefits were

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 59 36 95 305 400

Percent 14.8 9.0 23.8 76.3 100.0

Valid Percent 62.1 37.9 100.0

Cumulative Percent 62.1 100.0

If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air pollution? If the problem started to get worse

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 50 45 95 305 400

Percent 12.5 11.3 23.8 76.3 100.0

A ‐ 26   

Valid Percent 52.6 47.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 52.6 100.0

If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air pollution? Other

Valid

Missing Total

No Yes Total System

Frequency 78 17 95 305 400

Percent 19.5 4.3 23.8 76.3 100.0

Valid Percent 82.1 17.9 100.0

Cumulative Percent 82.1 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Carpooling/ Vanpooling

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 227 173 400

Percent 56.8 43.3 100.0

Valid Percent 56.8 43.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 56.8 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Ride the bus

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 281 119 400

Percent 70.3 29.8 100.0

Valid Percent 70.3 29.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 70.3 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Walk or ride bike instead of driving

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 167 233 400

Percent 41.8 58.3 100.0

Valid Percent 41.8 58.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 41.8 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Combine trips to limit travel

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 48 352 400

Percent 12.0 88.0 100.0

A ‐ 27   

Valid Percent 12.0 88.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 12.0 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Reduce idling

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 88 312 400

Percent 22.0 78.0 100.0

Valid Percent 22.0 78.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 22.0 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Tune up and keep vehicles well-maintained

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 62 338 400

Percent 15.5 84.5 100.0

Valid Percent 15.5 84.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 15.5 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Use alternative fueled vehicles/equipment

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 175 225 400

Percent 43.8 56.3 100.0

Valid Percent 43.8 56.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 43.8 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Mow lawn after 6:00pm

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 106 294 400

Percent 26.5 73.5 100.0

Valid Percent 26.5 73.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 26.5 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Make sure gas cap fits tightly

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 59 341 400

Percent 14.8 85.3 100.0

A ‐ 28   

Valid Percent 14.8 85.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 14.8 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Refuel vehicle after 6:00pm

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 94 306 400

Percent 23.5 76.5 100.0

Valid Percent 23.5 76.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 23.5 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Refuel properly/ Don't "top off" the gas tank

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 77 323 400

Percent 19.3 80.8 100.0

Valid Percent 19.3 80.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 19.3 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Reduce overall energy use

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 60 340 400

Percent 15.0 85.0 100.0

Valid Percent 15.0 85.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 15.0 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Other

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 393 7 400

Percent 98.3 1.8 100.0

Valid Percent 98.3 1.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 98.3 100.0

What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Nothing

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 393 7 400

Percent 98.3 1.8 100.0

A ‐ 29   

Valid Percent 98.3 1.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 98.3 100.0

Using a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being a very strong incentive and 5 being no incentive, how strong are each of the following to encourage you to take action to reduce air pollution? Lower gasoline rates in refueling after 6:00pm

Valid

Missing

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Total

Frequency 248 55 54 13 24 394 3 3 6 400

Percent 62.0 13.8 13.5 3.3 6.0 98.5 .8 .8 1.5 100.0

Valid Percent 62.9 14.0 13.7 3.3 6.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 62.9 76.9 90.6 93.9 100.0

Discounts on car care or tune-ups

Valid

Missing Total

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Refused

Frequency 222 80 61 19 16 398 2 400

Percent 55.5 20.0 15.3 4.8 4.0 99.5 .5 100.0

Valid Percent 55.8 20.1 15.3 4.8 4.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 55.8 75.9 91.2 96.0 100.0

Discounts on vehicle insurance if ridesharing

Valid

Missing

Total

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Frequency 209 77 54 13 41 394 2 4 6 400

Percent 52.3 19.3 13.5 3.3 10.3 98.5 .5 1.0 1.5 100.0

A ‐ 30   

Valid Percent 53.0 19.5 13.7 3.3 10.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 53.0 72.6 86.3 89.6 100.0

Use pre-tax dollars to purchase transit passes

Valid

Missing

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Total

Frequency 115 53 71 39 102 380 16 4 20 400

Percent 28.8 13.3 17.8 9.8 25.5 95.0 4.0 1.0 5.0 100.0

Valid Percent 30.3 13.9 18.7 10.3 26.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 30.3 44.2 62.9 73.2 100.0

Discounts on energy saving/non-pollution items like battery powered lawn mowers or water heater blanket

Valid

Missing

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Total

Frequency 179 102 66 12 36 395 3 2 5 400

Percent 44.8 25.5 16.5 3.0 9.0 98.8 .8 .5 1.3 100.0

Valid Percent 45.3 25.8 16.7 3.0 9.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 45.3 71.1 87.8 90.9 100.0

Federal tax incentives to purchase hybrid vehicle

Valid

Missing

Total

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Frequency 195 74 53 19 52 393 4 3 7 400

Percent 48.8 18.5 13.3 4.8 13.0 98.3 1.0 .8 1.8 100.0

A ‐ 31   

Valid Percent 49.6 18.8 13.5 4.8 13.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 49.6 68.4 81.9 86.8 100.0

Discounted or free monthly bus passes

Valid

Missing

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Total

Frequency 126 72 54 35 104 391 5 4 9 400

Percent 31.5 18.0 13.5 8.8 26.0 97.8 1.3 1.0 2.3 100.0

Valid Percent 32.2 18.4 13.8 9.0 26.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 32.2 50.6 64.5 73.4 100.0

Contests to win free battery-powered yard equipment

Valid

Missing

Very strong Strong Neutral Limited No incentive Total Don't Know Refused Total

Total

Frequency 141 82 77 31 65 396 3 1 4 400

Percent 35.3 20.5 19.3 7.8 16.3 99.0 .8 .3 1.0 100.0

Valid Percent 35.6 20.7 19.4 7.8 16.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 35.6 56.3 75.8 83.6 100.0

About how many miles do you drive in a year's time?

Valid

Missing Total

Less than 10,000 10,000- 15,000 15,000- 20,000 More than 20,000 Total Don't Know

Frequency 157 140 58 34 389 11 400

Percent 39.3 35.0 14.5 8.5 97.3 2.8 100.0

A ‐ 32   

Valid Percent 40.4 36.0 14.9 8.7 100.0

Cumulative Percent 40.4 76.3 91.3 100.0

In which category does your family's annual income fall:

Valid

Missing

Less than $25,000 $25,000 to $50,000 $50,000 to $75,000 $75,000 to $100,000 More than $100,000 Total Don't Know Refused Total

Total

Frequency 65 95 84 57 59 360 3 37 40 400

Percent 16.3 23.8 21.0 14.3 14.8 90.0 .8 9.3 10.0 100.0

Valid Percent 18.1 26.4 23.3 15.8 16.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 18.1 44.4 67.8 83.6 100.0

In which age category do you fall:

Valid

Missing Total

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 Over 60 Total Refused

Frequency 37 45 76 80 42 118 398 2 400

Percent 9.3 11.3 19.0 20.0 10.5 29.5 99.5 .5 100.0

Valid Percent 9.3 11.3 19.1 20.1 10.6 29.6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 9.3 20.6 39.7 59.8 70.4 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: White/ Caucasian

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 80 320 400

Percent 20.0 80.0 100.0

Valid Percent 20.0 80.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 20.0 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: Black/ African American

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 356 44 400

Percent 89.0 11.0 100.0

A ‐ 33   

Valid Percent 89.0 11.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 89.0 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: Asian/ Indian

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 397 3 400

Percent 99.3 .8 100.0

Valid Percent 99.3 .8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 99.3 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: Hispanic

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 396 4 400

Percent 99.0 1.0 100.0

Valid Percent 99.0 1.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 99.0 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: Native American

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 394 6 400

Percent 98.5 1.5 100.0

Valid Percent 98.5 1.5 100.0

Cumulative Percent 98.5 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: Mixed race

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 396 4 400

Percent 99.0 1.0 100.0

Valid Percent 99.0 1.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 99.0 100.0

Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: Other

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 396 4 400

Percent 99.0 1.0 100.0

A ‐ 34   

Valid Percent 99.0 1.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent 99.0 100.0

Determine by Voice, Was the respondent Male or Female?

Valid

Male Female Total

Frequency 159 241 400

Percent 39.8 60.3 100.0

 

A ‐ 35   

Valid Percent 39.8 60.3 100.0

Cumulative Percent 39.8 100.0

Appendix B: Open-Ended Responses 4. How do you typically commute to and from work? Other: • Company Vehicle 9. • • • • • • • • •

Where did you hear/see the advertising? Other: Billboards (25) At my job would set up rideshares for people Online E-mail I have seen them on the bus At work Signs at bus stops Through my employers and online Company made a presentation

10A. With whom did you/do you share a ride? Other: • Fellow students • Other parents • Neighbor 10C. What would compel you to try ridesharing? Other: • Nothing would interest me (14) • None of these apply because I don't have anywhere to go that rideshare could go • Nothing because I am retired (6) • My schedule would not allow it • Same babysitter and same kid schedule • It just would not work out for me • The job I have makes me drive alone so I would never be able to rideshare for any reason • Not for what I do • Nothing because I cannot rideshare because I work in another city • Where I work, I have a difficult schedule, so maybe if that were more convenient • There would be nothing that would convince me to do it. I don't know anyone that is going to the same place as me at the same time • Wear and tear on the automobile would be less • There would be nothing that would change my mind. I am a nurse and we never get out when we are supposed to • If I had a job I would do it, but it is difficult since I do not have a job outside of the home • Nothing. I don't need it since I don't have a job • Nothing would make me want to rideshare because I have a short drive with low traffic • It's not possible for me because I drive too far • I work 3rd shift B-1  

• • • • •

I don't go much Does not apply because I am handicapped If I moved If I was still working It is not really for my line of work

11. What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? Other: • Sleep on the way (3) • If you’re friends: social benefits • More entertainment purposes • Being able to get to work because of not having a car • Environment (3) • Someone to talk to (3) • Interesting conversations (3) • Companionship (4) • Learn to communicate with other people • Social • Saving time • Catching up with old friends • Providing for those who don't have transportation • Time to stuff in the car • When your car isn't running • Get to know people (3) • Companionship and conversation (2) • People going the same way and having the same schedules • It is only good for the people who don’t have transportation • Parking issues (2) • At my age, I don't really know where I am going, so that'd be nice to have someone who knew where they were going • It is weather friendly. You don't have to wait in the rain for the bus • There would be less accidents • If you worked downtown, there would be easier parking • I also think it might be kind of fun to drive with people (2) • Social interaction • It would be easier if the schedules were more flexible • You can choose who you share a ride with • Efficient use of resources • Get to go past everyone • Conversation, leaves transportation for other family members • Not having to drive in bad weather 12. What do you think are the main disadvantages of ridesharing? Other: • Need car when at jog, family emergencies B-2  

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Inconvenient if not going to same place, starting at same place Different schedules (8) Changing hours at work Your own morning routine Plans could change and if the other person got sick Be there every day to drive Everybody’s schedules and wear and tear on your car Irregular hours (5) Not as much time to yourself (3) Punctuality I wouldn't need it everyday Not having a car for the rest of the day Social: cranky people Lack of convenience Might not show up (2) None that I can think of (2) Depending on someone else (5) Finding reliable sources If the driver is late then everybody is late (4) Confined to a set schedule, can't go to work early or leave work late Making decisions on your own Not having a car if you needed one (2) If people are going in other directions or all over, it can make other people late for work I have never known anyone that is going to the same place at the same time-- especially since I don't have a job Personal space After awhile the jobs conflicted with each other People do things before and after work, so that would be extremely inconvenient Emergencies like for sick kids Not knowing other people People that are not committed to the program It does not save that much gas Locations and schedule Loss of privacy Less convenience (2) Safer Find a site to get a ride People that don't help with the gas Conform to someone's schedule (2) Had to work overtime and the other person didn't- schedule not getting together correctly Find someone to ride with you (2) It's hard to get everything to match up like availability and locations It's a hassle in general B-3

• •

Lack of privacy, being responsible for someone else Riding with strangers that smoke and that are arrogant

13. In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare? • I have not given it that much thought • None of the above • They should not do anything • I don't think it is the employer's problem (2) • Have meetings, make it an everyday situation 15. What changes have you made to your driving habits? Other: • New route • Tune up • I got a job that was closer to home • I don't drive my pickup truck anymore • I don't drive with the AC • We haven't used our motor home • We don't go out on the weekends • Less driving on the weekends 16. At what price per gallon would gasoline need to be for you to change or modify your driving habits? Other: • $10.00/Gallon (4) • Very high • I drive so little and work so close that I don’t see the point • I'm retired so I don't drive that much anyways • None (7) • I just had knee surgery • $8.00/gallon • My car is broken • No price would matter because I need to drive anywhere • $20 (2) • I get paid for my mileage • Save for a hybrid car • It does not matter what price gas is • I don't drive too much anyways (7) • It would make no difference • Nothing because I do not drive that much. The gas would only modify my vehicle I drive • I cannot make any more changes, so it doesn't matter what the price will be • It would have to be double what it is now at least • I don't really drive that much besides for my job, and I have to drive for my job • $7.00/ gallon B-4  

18. Where did you see or hear the advertising? Other: • Yahoo.com • No where • Documentaries • Internet • Magazine 19. Why do you feel this way? Other: • I grew up in Chicago and it was worse there. It is not that bad here so that’s why I would say medium • Compared to Los Angeles and it could be a lot worse (5) • I think it could be a lot worse • I have heard about the pollution is not good around here • I think we have some smog here • By going by the reports and things I hear • There is just a lot of cars • Not especially good though no down sides • It affects my breathing when the humidity is high • I really don't know the statistics on the air quality and I think no place is really in good shape, it could always do better • Where I live: rural (2) • We don't have smog • I breath alright • Not as many ozone days as other cities • I don't know (19) • You can see the smog and smoke; a lot of people have been more trouble breathing • I suffer allergies from it • I'm not dying • Where we live and I have sinus problems all the time but doesn't affect my breathing • I have a breathing problem and when it gets hot and muggy I have to stay inside • Some cars should not be driving on the road because they are bad for the air • It varies depending on time of year • Not too much manufacturing, not as many people • We don't have industry where I live • Businesses contribute chemicals and things to pollution • It could always be better, but I don't have problems • I don't have times when pollution effect my breathing • A lot of haze; I work at a hospital: lots of asthma • Industries around here, cars polluting • I live in the country so it's not as bad • A lot of people have a hard time with these cotton wood trees • There's a lot pollution B-5  

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My wife and I have allergies that we didn't have before moving to this area In Troy: I don't have trouble breathing, not smoggy all the time Can see and feel pollution; lots of people are sick: allergies and sinus problems they never had before they moved here My age because I feel like I don't get enough air when I breath I can look outside and see yellow air Downtown is pretty hazy It's worse than other valleys I don't have any problems with it There's a lot of pollutants in the airs It just seems the air is not as clear as it should be, but it isn't horrible I have sneezed and coughed every year and it is hard to breathe when I go outside. So I have to stay inside so I won't choke to death It just seems good compared to a lot of other places Everybody is sneezing and coughing It is difficult to breath and I have a lot of allergies Compared to China and India and Los Angeles we're doing great Harder to breath than it used to It is good as other places I have been Have a kid that has asthma caused by the pollution I don't notice any issues (2) We have a lot of air pollution advisory that comes on We're in the high-danger zone too often I'm not choking It's a pretty clean area There is a lot of pollution Can't say excellent. They used to have emission inspections in our county but they've cut those There are so many vehicles Haven't had any problems I have lived here all my life and you can't breathe around here I'm from Alabama and it’s horrible there I don't have any problem breathing and visibility is good Where I live it seems nice and the quality is good. No motorcycles or speeding around here I've lived here and there are great improvements I feel that way because of all the allergies and asthma I rate it poor because there are lots of cars and factories around here I have been in China and compared to other places I have lived it's good From news reports and things we hear about other areas I rate it excellent because I have nothing to compare it to because I have not been anywhere else B-6

 

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You don't have the problem with fog and haze in other large metropolitan area. We are more of a service related industry rather than a manufacturing industry I rate it good because there is less driving because of buses and things It is a known fact that the MV has very poor air quality. If you go out of town 100 miles you will be in better health than here I watch the index I rate it good because I am still breathing I rate it good because where I live there is not a lot of traffic here I rate it fair because it does not seem to be bad and not much traffic in this area There is a lot of pollution and you can see the haze It's not hard to breath It doesn't bother me So much stuff has left like factories and we are not polluting as much There's lots of pollen, but it's okay I rate it good because I don't see many warnings about it I just think it is good here I rate it good because it just seems to be good in this area and I don't see smog and it looks clear when compared to New York and those places It depends on the weather I don't know because I don't have any problems I rate it good because there are lots of programs and less cars because people do walk I rate it fair because it's good most of the time but sometimes in the summer it's just not good We don't have too many factories here I don't think we have a lot of engines and there is not a lot of factories here I haven't heard of problems around here There are certain factories that produce silt and everybody is breathing it. It smells there too so I would guess that is a result of pollution I have asthma and I can't breathe when I go outside I grew up in a smaller community in the country and the air quality was much better I don't have problems breathing or don't see any smog I don't see smog Haze I'm sure there are contaminants in the air that are unhealthy but I don't often smell anything or hear of anything specific that we should be concerned about Compared to other cities it's not too bad, but it seems like it is becoming a problem. We had an air pollution problem this winter, and I have never seen that before in this area It's not too bad Haze, black streaked roofs I have no problem breathing, don't see smoke It varies I don't see cars with as much smoke as I used to Having been other places it's not so bad B-7

 

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Some of the places here in the Miami Valley and the air makes my eyes water and my nose run I don't see any problems with it It is just not very good It's congested and we have factories and lots of construction I haven't noticed myself having any breathing problems I live in the country Where I'm at: when I was a kid it was awful, all the factories are gone I have lived other places with much better air I don't know, it is ok here but the closer you get to cities, the worse it gets You can see the pollution over the city I rate it good because my house is not dusty and it's clean I rate it good because I don't think it is as bad as they say I rate it good I rate it good because I don't see anyone bothered by it I rate it fair because of the allergies and you can see the smog I rate it fair because everyone could improve Compared to other cities I rate it good because there are no factories around here It is good as any place It is harder for senior citizens to breathe I rate it fair because I don't know any better I rate it poor because there are lots of factories that are making it bad I rate it good because I have been to other cities that were way worse I rate it fair because of all the factories and cars I know we have alerts when it is rising due to smog and I know people that have health issues because of our air I rate it fair because the air smells like the sewer I rate it good because I don't really pay attention to it I rate it fair because of allergies and other health problems We don't have as many factories anymore I am not having any problems breathing There is not a haze here anymore that I can see There is some polluting with driving still but I think the government officials are trying to get the word out about air pollution I don't think we have many manufacturers that is polluting the air Because you can see the haze over downtown It bothers me when it is smoky, hot, and muggy outside There is just a lot of pollution The air doesn't bother me. I haven't noticed anything, except for the no rain period we had last summer I am not hacking or wheezing and it is not a big city I have breathing problems and I think the pollution has something to do with it B-8

 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

You can always make room for improvements, that's why I didn't say excellent I think we are polluted. I can't go outside sometimes because of my health I don't have asthma trouble. It has gone down living here I haven't noticed anything wrong with it and it is much worse in other places There aren't really any huge industrial areas where I live (3) I can breath Because there are too many power plants Where I live it's not much traffic and factories It is not really all that clear Some days in the summer we have smog but we are fairly good Because there is a lot of traffic because of schools and businesses Well it's better than some places I rate it fair because of the allergies I just haven't noticed any smog or anything like that I rate it excellent because I do It could be better, but it could also be worse Because of the coal burning we have I think part of it has to do with the geography of the area Because it is better than the air in cities The air is just dirty There are a lot of cars and factories around here and that can't be good for the air quality Because I can breathe well It just is. I don't really know why I guess it differs depending on the day Because we don't have a lot of smog like the cities For one, if they would do some kind of check with the diesel engines and people are made aware that they give off more pollution, then there might not be as big of an issue with pollution I guess I am going more on air quality as being pollen and that is not very good around here I am from Indiana, and so I don't think our air is any worse than any other city Because that is just how I feel The places around where the factories are have terrible air Because it is what I am used to I'm from somewhere that has much worse air quality Because the news always has an air pollution advisory notice There are a lot of factories and trucks that really dirty the air It is better than some places Fair because of pollution and all the cars Because there is a lot of pollution and inversions I have health issues and air pollution is really hard on me Because I have never had allergies before and I think the pollution has something to do with that B-9

 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

I rate it good because it has not bothered me and I don't get sick when I am outside (3) I rate it excellent because I have been to worse places I rate it good because I don't see a lot of smog and it's not smelly I rate it poor because there is lots of smog I rate it fair because of the allergies I rate it fair because where I live there is pollution I rate it fair because sometimes you can smell things in the air when cars pass by I rate it poor because there are too many drivers and we need decent public transportation I rate it good because it seems like it not as bad as it used to be I think it is good because I don't have any trouble breathing in this city I am just thinking that compared to other places the air quality is pretty good I know that you can see the pollution. There are certain companies, like where my husband works, and you can see the pollution really bad there I am from California and it is bad out there For this little area there are a lot of cars and everything is so close together There is a lot of pollution from all of surrounding factories I go out a lot and I don't really notice anything that bad There is still a lot of pollution from the industries around here There is some pollution in the area. Also, I always see people coughing I live in the suburbs and around here it is good. I don't notice a lot of smoke or anything in the air I rate it good because I don't think we have the factories and pollution we used to have here compared to other cities I am pretty new to the area so I haven't noticed anything Good because I don't think we have as much smog issues as we used to I rate it good because I don't have any breathing problems From what I have heard, Ohio is one of the more polluted states in the nation Because there is better air in Montana There is not too much pollution here It's fairly clean and people can breathe well I rate it fair because there are periods where the air is bad There are too many cars in a small area I rate it fair because of pollution Because of my perception of air quality I rate it fair because of the factories That is what the news is always saying I rate it fair because of what I heard and read Because I am it is not as bad as other areas I rate it fair because of the congestions and I had some health issues Fair because of the sinus and allergy problems we have I don't see a lot of smog I have lived in a lot of places and I do not see a brown fog hanging over the city I rate it fair because of the smog B-10

 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

I have more allergies from this city compared to others Depending on where you live, the factories and landfills can cause foul odors I rate it poor because it smells and all the traffic out here I think since we're pretty crowded here that it factors into the pollution levels being higher I rate it good because where I live it is open are there is not that much traffic Because it does not have smog like California Because no one has good air quality I rate it excellent because I see no smog or major environmental issues It just is Compared to other places it is fair I rate it fair because I have not heard anything bad about it If you drive around it doesn't really seem all that bad I rate it good because I know there are worse places I have lived in Detroit and here is much cleaner than there Because I have not had many allergy issues here It depends on what kind of day it is and the heat index, but it can get pretty bad around here I rate it good because I had no trouble I rate it poor because I watch the news and they talk about the air quality It is good because it does not have a funny smell or black cloud in the sky. It is in a good range in comparison with other cities I rate it good because the east coast is worse It is good because I do not see much smog (2) It is fair because we do not have dirty industries like other big cities I rate it fair because I hear that you should not mow lawn until the sun goes down and go out protected with face masks It is fair because there are a lot of places that are worse and it is not too good here I rate it good because what I see on the reports doesn't make me think it's that bad Because people don't care about their air here I rate it good because we don't have much pollution It is fair because we are in the coal burning belt and all of the cities are like this with not that great of air quality It is not like it used to be because of all the factories It is good because there are more days with no pollution than there are days where it being hazy I rate it good because I used to live in L.A. I rate it fair because I live in the city so it can't be that good I rate it good because it could be worse I don't have any breathing issues or see any smog in the area There is a horrible smell by this plant I drive by I don't have any breathing problems, but I know people who do and they don't complain about the air. I don't have any itchy eyes or anything B-11

 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

I rate it poor because of the pollution I have seen other big cities that were worse I rate it fair because I have problems breathing In my area there isn't a whole lot of factories that cause the air to be polluted like downtown area I rate it good because I just guessed it was I think it had gotten better after they banned smoking in public places People just can't breathe as well I rate it good because I been places where you can see the smog I rate it fair because I am assuming it's not good I rate it fair because I think of other places I have been that are worse I rate it good because going to other cities like Cincinnati where it's worse you can tell it's better here I have nothing to compare it to There is just a lot of man-made pollution in the air here I rate it fair because nothing is being done about it I always hear people complain about the smog and their breathing, but I don't have any problems I rate it poor because of congestion and sinuses I have asthma and it is uncomfortable to live here I rate it poor because I never had problems till I moved here (2) I rate it good because there are worse places I see the stars in the sky instead of fog at night It being in the valley and the air does not flow like in other parts. Also, there are respiration issues I rate it good because I think it is good I have allergies and that is hard on me around here I rate it good because I been all around the world and I have seen far more air pollution than what we have here I rate it good because I can see the blue sky I feel this way because I never pay attention to that stuff Because there are too many cars on the road polluting the air I rate it fair because I lived in Maryland and never had problems there, only here Because that is just the way it is Because I can breathe. I used to live in LA and it was really bad Because there is not many days we have good air quality You can see it and smell the fog I just moved here from Washington DC and it isn't so bad here Good because when I look out I don't see the gray fog I see around most cities I rate it good because I don't see smog (2) I live out in the country and it is a lot cleaner out here We have thermal inversions here I rate it fair because it's not as bad as California but not as good as Montana B-12

 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

 

I have lived in other areas like Los Angeles and compared to here it is fair I rate it poor because of all the haze and smog I see a lot of pollution around the cities I walk around parks and I feel fine I rate it fair because of the car companies in the area I grew up in a city where the air quality was worse I think it could be better but it is really not that bad I have a hard time breathing and I didn't before I moved here A lot of things in the air and the trucks have a lot of smoke that they give off I have lived in Florida and California it is not so good and I can breathe better in Ohio I see haze when it is hot out Good because it is I can breathe and I have asthma so it is good Fair because there is a lot of construction around our area I don't know, I don't live in the city so I'm sure that helps There is a lot of air pollution around here Because of the traffic Well, compared to Cincinnati it is good. But I think it could be better I don't know of anybody that has died of the air pollution yet The air is not as clean I think this place is like a hot bed for allergies I have no problems with it (3) Occasionally we have the air quality action days but that is about it I'm from New York and it is a lot worse there It's polluted because there is a lot of industry here Because the air in Greene is a lot better than the air in Montgomery It hasn't reached a horrible level but sometimes I can't breathe Fair because we have too much trailer traffic on 75 I am comparing it to Los Angeles or San Francisco and they are pretty bad there. Miami Valley is so much better than those cities Because of all the different factories we have here like GM and Delphi I have lived in San Francisco I don't have any problems. There is no smog and they have those action days It's just a crappy city Not as bad as other cities, like Memphis It seems like there are minimal health concerns compared to bigger cities In the area I live in there isn't a lot of industry or traffic I don't see smog I rate it fair because of the cars and smog I rate it good because I live in the country (2) I have allergies and it bothers me a lot I rate it fair because I guessed I rate it fair because there are lots of motors on the road B-13

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Good because the main issues tend to be more organic rather than LA's heavy industry pollution I rate it good because I have no problems We live in the inner-city and there is a lot of traffic and pollution I don't have any problems with it I don't have any problems or see any issues unless it gets hot Because of the weather Good because it is not as bad as Chicago here I rate it excellent because I have allergies and I don't see all the smog here like in larger cities Fair because we have Dayton that gives off lots of pollution I live far away from the city and I can breathe easy It just seems that we don't have that many problems You have not been to Los Angeles and it is not as bad as some parts of the country I hear about it more then I see it so I know it is going on by what I hear I just assume it is because I have no trouble breathing It's not as polluted as some cities out West, but we do have a lot of allergens and we have humidity that traps pollutants I have asthma and allergies so I am always bothered because of my health The EPA is doing a good job on trying to get it reduced It's a lot better than other places I live in a rural area so it’s not that bad in the country I haven't lived here very long but it seems good There are a lot of factories around here that pollute the air I know so many people with respiratory problems and allergies and I hear their complaints There is not a lot of smog

21A. What actions, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Other: • Closed windows and turned on air conditioning • I didn't go out (20) • We didn't take the kids outside • I just don't drive as often • Only drove to and from work • Don't mow lawn, and also refuel early in the morning • Not cutting grass 21B. What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions? Other: • Price of gas (3) • Bills and costs • Something I think you should do • Saving money (15) B-14  

• • • • • • • • • • •

I was brought up to be conservative and not wasteful Financial issues Saving money and gas Less energy = less money Gas mileage Guilt I did it to lower crime None Education Economics Just because I do

21C. If you did not take any action, why not? Other: • Doesn't affect me • It's a hoax and is dramatized • I just stayed inside • How old I am and rely on the young people to do their part • I was never alerted to take action • I am lazy • I didn't know if we were alerted (2) • I just didn’t • I was working and air pollution is crap • I still had to go to work • There was not much I can do since I don't drive much or mow my own lawn • No need for it • I am always inside because people take care of my lawn • I have to drive for my job • I have no health problems • I stay inside because it is easier to breathe 21D. If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air pollution? Other: • If it affected me or my family • If they said there was potential damage to anyone, like if there were toxic materials in the atmosphere • Nothing (2) • Buy a new car • I don't think that I am causing a problem • It does not affect me, so nothing will motivate me • I don't pollute that much, so it isn't a problem to me • If I realized that I was being notified • I have recalled being alerted • I don't drive much, so there is no motivation B-15  

• • • • • •

Nothing because I still need to drive We don't pollute much anyway Nothing I am moving Unfortunately with the job that I have, we don't have any other option An inner transformation I am motivated

22. What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? Other: • I am not sure since I don’t drive very much anyways • I just stay in • Be careful what I do around the house • Recycle • Be more conscious • Not drive as far 27. Please indicate your racial or ethnic group. Other: • Anglo-Saxon • Slovenian • Polish American • Refused 29. Do have any additional comments you would like to make? Other: • RTA shouldn't have cut its routes and services last year, especially now that gas prices are so far up. • I personally think they need to find an alternate fuel. This would help keep the air quality good. I also think the government needs to stay out of it because they are the ones who are causing the problems. • The EPA has been lacking in taking care of a problem here in Brookville, but that's politics. • This could be used as a great educational tool to teach people how to reduce energy. • They ought to get employers to let people work at home • There are no buses around here. Telecommuting jobs (working over the internet) is a good option for energy-saving; that would be an incentive • We need hybrid vehicles and I think if gasoline prices are at 4 dollars a gallon, it will show the hybrid companies that we need hybrid cars • They need to get rid of drive throughs because you can see at least 20 people idling around lunch time when you drive by. • My only comment would be that if this is a tax-based survey, they need to spend their money on something better than a survey • I think the survey is too long • I would like to see more public transportation between Montgomery and Greene County • Bus access isn't really available in Miami County and if it were that would really change things B-16  

Appendix C: Survey Instrument  Hello. My name is ______ and I am calling from Wright State University. We are conducting a  survey about transportation and air quality issues and were wondering if you might have 7‐10  minutes to speak with me.   Before we begin, I want to assure you that your participation is anonymous. If you do not feel  comfortable answering any questions, please just ask me to move on.  What is your county of residence:         

Montgomery  Greene  Miami  N. Warren (defined as Franklin, Franklin Township, Springboro or Carlisle?) 

1. Do you have a valid driver’s license?    1. Yes    2. No (If not, terminate if qualified respondent not home)  2. Do you own or have access to a motor vehicle (such as a car, truck, SUB or motorcycle)?   1. Yes    2. No (If not, terminate if qualified respondent not home)  3. Are you currently employed outside of the home?   

1. Yes  2. No (skip to Rideshare introduction) 

4. How do you typically commute to and from work? (Accept one response?)    1. Drive alone    2. Carpool/vanpool    3. Ride the bus    4. Walk    5. Ride a bike    6. Take taxi 

   

7. Ride a motorcycle/scooter  8. Other (Please specify)  9. Don’t know/telecommute  C ‐ 1 

 

5. How long does it typically take you to get to work? (One‐way commute)    1. 1‐10 minutes    2. 11‐20 minutes    3. 21‐30 minutes    4. 31‐40 minutes    5. 41‐50 minutes    6. 51‐60 minutes    7. Over an hour  6. How would you rate overall traffic congestion during your commute to and from work?    1. Non‐existent    2. Light    3. Moderate    4. Heavy    5. Severe  I’m going to read a brief description of the Rideshare Program now:    “The Rideshare Program is a free computer matching service which helps link people  who are interested in carpooling/vanpooling to work or college. This service is available to  anyone who lives or works in Montgomery, Greene, Miami, Darke, Preble or Clinton Counties.  The Rideshare matching software provides an applicant with a list of people who live and work  near the applicant and who have similar work hours”  7. How important do you feel the concept of ridesharing is?    1. Very important    2. Important    3. Unimportant    4. Very unimportant  Recently, the Rideshare Program advertised their services as a way to reduce traffic congestion  especially during highway reconstruction periods.  8. Do you remember seeing or hearing any advertising regarding the Rideshare and highway  reconstruction?    1. Yes    2. No (Skip to Q10)    3. Don’t know/Unsure (Skip to Q10) 

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9. Where did you hear/see the advertising? (Select all that apply)    1. TV Commercials    2. Radio Commercials    3. Direct mail/Reach Magazine    4. Postcard mailer    5. TV Reports    6. Radio reports/Talk show    7. Newspaper article/Newspaper ads    8. Other (please specify)  10. Have you ever formed a ridesharing (carpooling/vanpooling) arrangement at anytime?    1. Yes    2. No (skip to Q10C)  10A. With whom did you/do you share a ride? (Select all that apply)    1. Co‐worker    2. Relative    3. Spouse    4. Friend    5. Person on Rideshare matchlist    6. Other (please specify)  10B. How would you rate that ridesharing experience?    1. Excellent    2. Good    3. Fair    4. Poor  If answered 10A & 10B, skip to Q11.  10C. What would compel you to try ridesharing? (Select all that apply)    1. Gas costs/saving money    2. Lack of transportation    3. Environmental concerns    4. Roadway reconstruction    5. Safety in numbers    6. Long distance commute    7. Weather conditions 

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8. Free/reduced parking for poolers  9. Other (please specify) 

11. What do you think are the main advantages of ridesharing? (Select all that apply)  MARK  EVERYTHING THEY SAY SO I CAN GET A PERCENTAGE OF WHICH IS MOST CITED    1. Saving money on gas/parking    2. Less traffic congestion    3. Less air pollution    4. Less wear and tear on your car    5. Not having to drive every day or deal with roadway reconstruction    6. Safety in numbers    7. Other (please specify)  12. What do you think are the main disadvantages of ridesharing? (Select all that apply) MARK  EVERYTHING THEY SAY SO I CAN GET A PERCENTAGE OF WHICH IS MOST CITED    1. Less flexibility for errands, leaving early, etc    2. Unfamiliar with ride sharers    3. May take longer/commute length    4. Other people’s driving habits    5. Not bring in complete control    6. Other (please specify)  13. In your opinion, what could employers do to help motivate their employees to rideshare?  (Select all that apply)    1. Offer free/reduced parking    2. Offer monetary incentives    3. Offer flexible schedules    4. Promote rideshare in‐house    5. Offer preferential parking    6. Make company vehicles available during work hours    7. Offer prizes/sweepstakes/gift certificates/awards    8. Other (please specify)  14.  Gasoline prices are hovering around $4.00/gallon.  Have you modified your driving habits  as a result of the increase in the price of gasoline?  1. Yes (go to Q15 and then Q17)  2. No (skip to Q16)  3. Unsure (skip to Q16)    C ‐ 4   

15. What changes have you made to your driving habits? (Select all that apply)  1. Reduced unnecessary trips/don’t drive as much  2. Combined trips/run errands all at once  3. Carpooling/vanpooling/sharing the ride  4. Riding the bus  5. Riding a bike  6. Riding a motorcycle/scooter  7. Walking to destination  8. Don’t idle  9. Drive slower/reduce speed  10. Use cruise control  11. Other (specify)    16.  At what price per gallon would gasoline need to be for you to change/modify your driving  habits?    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

$4.50/gallon  $5.00/gallon  $5.50/gallon  $6.00/gallon  $6.50/gallon  Other (specify) 

  Also, the Miami Valley Air Quality Awareness Program advertises various actions people can  take to reduce air pollution and improve air quality.  17. Have you heard or seen any advertising about actions you can take to reduce air pollution  and improve air quality?    1. Yes    2. No (skip to Q19)    3. Unsure (skip to Q19)  18. Where did you hear/see the advertising? (Select all that apply)    1. TV commercials    2. Radio commercials    3. TV reports    4. Radio reports/talk show    5. Newspaper article/newspaper ads    6. Billboards  C ‐ 5   

   

7. Listener appreciation lunches  8. Other (please specify) 

19. How would you describe the air quality in the Miami Valley area?    1. Excellent    2. Good    3. Fair    4. Poor   

Why do you feel this way? 

Year‐round, the Miami Valley’s air pollution levels are carefully monitored. When air pollution  readings are on the rise, an “air pollution advisory” is issued.  20. Are you familiar with the term “air pollution advisory?”    1. Yes    2. No (skip to Q 22)    3. Unsure (skip to Q 22)  21. Do you recall being alerted by the local media to take action to help reduce air pollution,  especially on these days?    1. Yes (answer 21A, 21B, then skip to 22)    2. No (skip to Q21C)    3. Unsure (skip to 21C)  21A. What actions, if any, did you take to reduce air pollution? Did you: (Select all that apply)    1. Carpooled/vanpooled    2. Rode the bus    3. Walked or rode bike instead of driving    4. Combined trips to limit travel    5. Reduced idling    6. Tuned up and kept vehicles well‐maintained    7. Used alternative fueled vehicles/equipment    8. Mowed lawn after 6:00pm    9. Made sure my gas cap fit tightly    10. Refueled after 6:00pm    11. Refueled properly/didn’t “top off” the gas tank    12. Reduced overall energy use    13. Other (please specify)    14. No action taken (skip to Q21C)  C ‐ 6   

21B. What were the primary motivating factors for you to take these voluntary actions (Select  all that apply)    1. Concern for the environment    2. Everyone needs to do his/her part/do the right thing    3. Concern for the future generations    4. Responding to what was mentioned on the news/media  5. Health concerns      6. Other (please specify)  21C. If you did not take any action, why not? (Do not read responses)    1. Didn’t know an “air pollution advisory” notice had been issued    2. Didn’t think there was a problem    3. Didn’t agree with/like the program/concept    4. Didn’t know what actions to take    5. Didn’t understand the program    6. Didn’t think I was part of the program    7. Other (please specify)  21D. If you did not take any action, what would motivate you to take action to reduce air  pollution? (Select all that apply)    1. If you knew more about the program    2. If you understood what to do    3. If you knew what the benefits were    4. If the problem started to get worse    5. Other (please specify)  22. What actions do you think you might take in the future to reduce air pollution? (Select all  that apply)    1. Carpool/vanpool    2. Ride the bus    3. Walk or ride bike instead of driving    4. Combine trips to limit travel    5. Reduce idling    6. Tune up and keep vehicles well‐maintained    7. Use alternative fueled vehicles/equipment    8. Mow lawn after 6:00pm    9. Make sure gas cap fits tightly    10. Refuel vehicle after 6:00pm  C ‐ 7   

       

11. Refuel properly/don’t “top off” the gas tank  12. Reduce overall energy use  13. Other (please specify)  14. Nothing 

23. Using a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being a very strong incentive and 5 being no incentive, how  strong are each of the following to encourage you to take action to reduce air pollution?   

23A. Lower gasoline rates if refueling after 6:00pm 

 

23B. Discounts on car care or tune‐ups 

 

23C. Discounts on vehicle insurance if ridesharing 

 

23D. Use pre‐tax dollars to purchase transit passes 

   

23E. Discounts on energy saving/non‐polluting items like battery‐powered lawn mowers    or water heater blanket  23F. Federal tax incentives to purchase hybrid vehicle  23G. Discounted or free monthly bus passes  23H. Contests to win free battery‐powered yard equipment 

  Now I’d like to ask some questions to make sure that we have included people from all walks of  life in this survey.  24. About how many miles do you drive in a year’s time?    1. Less than 10,000    2. 10,000‐15,000    3. 15,000‐20,000    4. More than 20,000  25. In which category does your family’s annual income fall?    1. Less than $25,000    2. $25,000‐$50,000    3. $50,000‐$75,000    4. $75,000‐$100,000    5. More than $100,000  C ‐ 8   

26. In which age category do you fall?    1. 18‐25    2. 26‐35    3. 36‐45    4. 46‐55    5. 56‐60    6. Over 60  27. Please indicate your racial or ethnic group: (select all that apply)    1. White/Caucasian    2. Black/African American    3. Asian/Indian    4. Hispanic    5. Native American    6. Mixed Race    7. Other (please specify)  28. Determine from voice:    1. Male    2. Female  29. Do have any additional comments you would like to make?  Thank you for your cooperation. If you’d like to learn more about various transportation and air  quality issues, you can call the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission at (937) 223‐6323.   If you would like to register to win a $200 gas card courtesy of Sam’s Club, log on to  www.miamivalleyrideshare.org or call the Rideshare hotline at (937) 223‐SAVE or 1‐800‐743‐ SAVE (toll free). 

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