The Basics of HAART to Treat HIV/AIDS 2007 Valerie E. Stone, MD, MPH Director, Women’s HIV/AIDS Program Massachusetts General Hospital Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School
What is HAART? • Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy • A combination of potent antiretroviral medications which have the effect of decreasing the patient’s HIV viral load to non to non detectable levels.
• Enabling the patient’s immune status to improve and CD4 count to go up. to improve and CD4 count to go up.
Initial HAART Regimens • New Data on use of HAART in US • DHHS Guidelines for Initial HAART: When to Start HAART? What HAART to Start?
• Side effects and toxicities of HAART • Adherence to HAART Adherence to HAART
Annual Numbers of AIDS Cases AIDS Cases , Deaths of Persons with AIDS Deaths of Persons with AIDS , and Persons Living with AIDS, United States (including US Territories), 1985 Living with AIDS, United States (including US Territories), 1985 2003 90 450 1993 Definition
70
400
AIDS Cases
350
60
300
Deaths 50
250
40
200
30
150
20
100
10
Persons living with AIDS
Beginning of HAART
50
0 0 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Years Note: Estimates are adjusted for reporting delays
P erso n s L ivin g w ith A ID S (T h o u san d s)
A ID S C ases & D eath s (T h o u san d s)
80
45% of Eligible HIV/AIDS Patients in U.S. Are Not on HAART 900,000
820,000 (746,000894,000)
800,000 700,000 480,000
600,000
(441,000519,000)
500,000 340,000
400,000
(320,000860,000)
268,000 (253,000283,000)
300,000 200,000 100,000 0 PLWAH
Eligible Treatment Category
Teshale E et al. 12th CROI; 2005; Boston. Abstract 167.
In care
On ART
Initial ART Regimens in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Cohort: Are They in Accord With the DHHS Guidelines? (WIHS) Cohort: Are They in Accord With the DHHS Guidelines?
17%
54% 29% Preferred or Alternate Treatment Regimen Unlisted Treatment Regimen Contraindicated Regimen (drugdrug interaction, mono or dual therapy) Cocohoba J, et al. 14th CROI 2007; Abstract 784.
Egger M. 14th CROI 2007; Abstract 62. ART Cohort Collaboration. http://www.artcohortcollaboration.org
WHEN TO START HAART? WHEN TO START HAART?
Indications for Initiation of Therapy: Chronic Infection Clinical Category
CD4 + T Cell Count
Plasma HIV RNA
Recommendation
Symptomatic (AIDS, severe symptoms)
Any value
Any value
Treat
Asymptomatic, AIDS
200/mm³ but 350/mm 3
>100,000
Recommendation
Some experts recommend (by bDNA or initiating therapy, recognizing that the 3 recognizing that the 3 year RT RT PCR) risk of developing AIDS in untreated patients is >30%.
DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV1 infected Adults and Adolescents. October 10, 2006; Available at: www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Indications for Initiation of Therapy: Chronic Infection Clinical Category Asymptomatic
CD4 + T Cell Count
Plasma HIV RNA
CD4 + T cells 350/mm 3 (by bDNA or RT RT PCR)
Recommendation Most experts would defer therapy and monitor CD4+T cell count, recognizing that the 3 recognizing that the 3 year risk of developing AIDS in untreated patients is 250 cells/mm 3 and treatment naïve men with CD4 cell counts >400 cells/mm 3 should not be treated with nevirapine nevirapine .
•
Greatest risk of severe and potentially fatal hepatic events oft Greatest risk of severe and potentially fatal hepatic events oft en associated with rash
Occurs in first 6 weeks of nevirapine therapy Risk continues after this time Monitor closely for first 18 weeks of nevirapine exposure
•
In some cases, hepatic injury progresses despite discontinuation of treatment
•
If rash develops, all pts should have LFTs performed performed
Bersoff Matcha SJ et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:2096 2098. BersoffMatcha al. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:20962098. Boehringer Ingelheim. Dear Health Care Professional.l. Germany: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals; 2004. Ingelheim. Dear Health Care Professiona Sanne I et al. J Infect Dis 829. al. J Infect Dis.. 2005;191:825 2005;191:825829.
Hepatoxicity due to Nevirapine Nevirapine 20% limb fat loss) at 96 Weeks for NRTIs
(% with >20% limb fat loss)
Subjects with lipoatrophy
60 P2x nl) and elevated 1 vomiting. Predicted all cases.
1 Palleja SM. 39th Annual Meeting of IDSA, October 2001; Abs # 665. SM. 39th Annual Meeting of IDSA, October 2001; Abs # 665.
Palleja
Compiled List of Considerations in Choosing Which HAART to Start § nevirapine , concerns re ritonavir § Liver disease – Avoid nevirapine § Tenofovir ? Dose adjust at least. § Renal disease – Avoid Tenofovir § § Lipids and other CAD risks – May want to avoid dual PIs that frequently increase lipids ( that frequently increase lipids ( Kaletra Kaletra , boosted Indinavir Indinavir )
§ § Reproductive potential – Efavirenz considerations. § § Anemia – May want to avoid AZT § efavirenz , nevirapine § Methadone maintenance – Avoid efavirenz § § Psychiatric illness – Concerns re efavirenz Hammer SM. NEJM 2005; 353:1702 1710 Hammer SM. NEJM 2005; 353:1702 1710
Compiled List of Considerations in Choosing Which HAART to Start
§ § GERD on PPIs – Avoid atazanavir § § Lipodystropy concerns – Avoid thymidine
analogs (d4T, AZT), perhaps avoid efavirenz efavirenz ?
§ Pre existing resistance – – Be sure to check and § Pre consider results when choosing HAART
§ § Patient preference generally, but particularly re dosing frequency, pill numbers, side effects.
§ § Adherence potential – Consider this for all pts. Given the most potent most simple regimen.
Hammer SM. NEJM 2005; 353:1702 1710 Hammer SM. NEJM 2005; 353:1702 1710
Use of Efavirenz in Women of Childbearing Potential • When you consider HAART options for women who are of childbearing age, keep When you consider HAART options for women who are of childbearin g age, keep in mind that one of our key options, efavirenz, is teratogenic and Pregnancy in mind that one of our key options, efavirenz, is teratogenic and Pregnancy Category D and thus should not be prescribed for women who might get Category D and thus should not be prescribed for women who might get pregnant
• Be sure to take a full history to ascertain the woman’s situation: Be sure to take a full history to ascertain the woman’s situatio n: Is she sexually active? If not, when was she last sexually active? Is she sexually active? If not, when was she last sexually activ e? When does she think she might be sexually active again?
Is she using birth control? If so, what method(s)? Does she use them Is she using birth control? If so, what method(s)? Does she use them consistently? If not, is she willing to begin using an effective hormonal method if she If not, is she willing to begin using an effective hormonal meth od if she wants a prescription for efavirenz?
Has she had surgical sterilization? Hysterectomy? Tubal ligation? ? Has she had surgical sterilization? Hysterectomy? Tubal ligation • Using the answers to these questions, determine whether or not she is a Using the answers to these questions, determine whether or not s he is a candidate for efavirenz
• A sexually active woman of reproductive potential should never be started on A sexually active woman of reproductive potential should never b e started on efavirenz unless she is using 2 forms of effective contraception Tackett D et al. 10th CROI; 2003; Boston, MA. Abstract 543. SUSTIVA ® (efavirenz). Prescribing Information.
Monitoring Treatment with HAART • What is the goal of therapy?
üDurable virologic suppression, which results in immune recovery. immune recovery.
üShort term goal: 1 log drop in PVL at 2 Short term goal: 1 log drop in PVL at 2 8 weeks. üNon Non detectable PVL at 16 detectable PVL at 16 24 weeks.
US DHHS. AIDSinfo; Adult and Adolescent Guidelines. October 10, 2006; www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Monitoring Treatment with HAART • How often should you monitor CD4 and PVL?
üEvery 2 Every 2 6 weeks until non 6 weeks until non detectable üEvery 3 Every 3 4 months once non 4 months once non detectable • What else should you monitor?
üCBC, Liver function tests, Lipids, Creatinine Creatinine , BUN, Mg, Phos, creatinine clearance and BUN, Mg, Phos , creatinine clearance and ADHERENCE
US DHHS. AIDSinfo; Adult and Adolescent Guidelines. October 10, 2006; www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Adherence to HAART When it comes to Adherence to HAART:
• The patient matters • The regimen matters • The provider and care site (and what they do) also matters.
• Interventions can make a difference: evidence evidence based and common sense interventions to optimize adherence. Stone VE. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33(6): 85572.
What do We know About Patient Predictors of Poor Adherence to HAART? • Active substance abuse or alcohol abuse • Depression or other serious mental illness • Low functional literacy • Not able to speak English • Younger age (