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Agriculture and Rural Development in India Since 1947 Description:

On the eve of Independence in 1947, Indian agriculture was characterized by feudal land relations and primitive technology, and the resultant low productivity per hectare. As a consequence, rural India presented a picture of mass poverty and widespread unemployment and under-employment. Therefore, the first task of the Government in the immediate post-Independence period was to initiate growth process in agriculture on modern lines. Modernization of agriculture was required both in terms of technological and institutional changes. The Mid-term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) drew attention to the loss of dynamism in agriculture and allied sectors after the mid-1990s. Hence, various policy initiatives have been taken in recent years to promote the agricultural sector. These have included the following: (a) National Agriculture Policy, 2000, (b) Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana, 2004, (c) National Horticulture Mission, 2005, (d) National Policy for Farmers, 2007, (e) Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan, 2007, (f) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, 2007 and (g) National Food Security Mission, 2007. The impulses of economic reforms have been relatively less in scope and depth in the agricultural sector. Reforms in this sector were introduced only towards the end of the 1990s. These have included, inter alia, the following: (a) partial decontrol of fertiliser prices, (b) removal of bottlenecks in agricultural marketing, (c) relaxation of restrictions under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 and (d) introduction of forward trading in important commercial crops. Similarly, various schemes/programmes have been launched for rural development including the following: (a) Indira Awaas Yojana, 1986, (b) Rural Infrastructure Development Fund, 1996, (c) Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, 1999, (d) Total Sanitation Campaign, 1999, (e) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, 2000, (f) National Nutrition Mission, 2001, (g) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, (h) National Rural Health Mission, 2005, (i) Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana, 2005, (j) Bharat Nirman, 2005 and (k) Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme, 2008. The present work traces developments in Indian agriculture and transformation of rural India during the post-Independence period. It explains the key reform measures undertaken for the modernization of agriculture and raising the standard of living of the rural population. Part I of the book, containing 15 chapters, provides a detailed description of the various aspects of agricultural development in India since Independence in 1947. Part II contains 11 chapters which deal with various programmes/schemes to improve the quality of life of the rural masses. Part III provides year-wise review of agricultural developments in India, covering the period 1947-48 to 2008-09. Part IV consists of appendices which provide relevant material on different aspects of Indian agriculture and rural development. Part V contains glossary of agricultural terms. Part VI contains time-series data (1950-51 to 2007-08) on Indian agriculture.

Contents:

Author’s Note on the Book Part I: Agriculture Development in India 1. Agriculture in India: An Introduction 1.1 Pre-Independence Agrarian System 1.1.1 Self-sufficient Village Economy 1.1.2 Consequences of British Rule 1.2 Agriculture in the Constitution of India 1.3 Role of Agriculture in the Indian Economy 1.4 Land Resources of India 1.4.1 Use Distribution of India’s Geographical Area 1.5 Subsistence Nature of Farming and Small-sized Holdings 1.5.1 Reasons for Small Holdings 1.5.2 Disadvantages of Small Holdings 1.5.3 Farm Size and Productivity 1.6 Cropping Pattern in Indian Agriculture 1.6.1 Classification of Agricultural Crops

1.7 Low Productivity of Indian Agriculture 1.7.1 Causes of Low Productivity 1.8 Land Pollution, Land Degradation and Remedial Measures 1.8.1 Wasteland Development 2. Agriculture Policy and Development in India’s Five Year Plans 2.1 First Five Year Plan: 1951-52 to 1955-56 2.2 Second Five Year Plan: 1956-57 to 1960-61 2.3 Third Five Year Plan: 1961-62 to 1965-66 2.4 Annual Plans 2.4.1 Annual Plan, 1966-67 2.4.2 Annual Plan, 1967-68 2.4.3 Annual Plan, 1968-69 2.5 Fourth Five Year Plan: 1969-70 to 1973-74 2.6 Fifth Five Year Plan: 1974-75 to 1978-79 2.7 Sixth Five Year Plan: 1980-81 to 1984-85 2.8 Seventh Five Year Plan: 1985-86 to 1989-90 2.9 Eighth Five Year Plan: 1992-93 to 1996-97 2.10 Ninth Five Year Plan: 1997-98 to 2001-02 2.11 Tenth Five Year Plan: 2002-03 to 2006-07 2.12 Eleventh Five Year Plan: 2007-08 to 2011-12 3. Agrarian Relations and Land Reforms 3.1 Aspects of Land Reforms 3.1.1 Abolition of Intermediaries 3.1.2 Tenancy Reforms 3.1.3 Ceiling on Land Holdings 3.1.4 Consolidation of Holdings 3.1.5 Protection of Tribals’ Rights in Land 3.1.6 Modernization of Land Administration 3.2 Critical Appraisal of Land Reforms in India 3.2.1 Lack of Political Will 3.2.2 Indifferent Attitude of Bureaucracy 3.2.3 Legal System Protecting Right to Property 3.2.4 Absence of Pressure from Rural Poor 3.2.5 Absence of Up-to-date Land Records 3.3 Recent Five Year Plans on Land Reforms 3.3.1 Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) 3.3.2 Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-02) 3.3.3 Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) 3.3.4 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) 3.4 National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy (NRRP), 2007 3.4.1 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007 4. Agricultural Inputs and Services 4.1 Seeds 4.1.1 Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance 4.1.2 National Seeds Policy, 2002 4.1.3 Private Sector in Seed Production 4.2 Manures and Fertilizers 4.2.1 Fertilizer Consumption Policy 4.2.2 Urea Pricing, Control and Subsidy 4.2.3 Fertilizer Subsidy and Soil Health 4.3 Water Availability and Irrigation 4.3.1 Constitutional Provisions 4.3.2 Rivers of India 4.3.3 Rainfall 4.3.4 Underground Water 4.3.5 Water Resources Potential 4.3.6 Utilization of Water 4.3.7 Sources of Irrigation 4.3.8 Minor and Major Irrigation Schemes 4.3.9 History of Indian Irrigation

4.3.10 Present Situation 4.3.11 Command Area Development Programme (CADP) 4.3.12 Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) 4.3.13 Watershed Development 4.3.14 Water Pollution 4.3.15 Climate Change and Uncertainty in Water Availability 4.3.16 Future Requirements of Water 4.3.17 Water Crisis Scenario 4.3.18 Conclusion 4.4 Plants Protection and Insecticides 4.4.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 4.5 Implements and Machinery (Mechanization Debate) 4.6 Agricultural Research 4.7 National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility, 2008 4.8 Conclusion 5. Agricultural Workers 5.1 Problems of Agricultural Workers 5.2 Remedial Measures 5.2.1 House Sites 5.2.2 Resettlement Schemes for Landless Workers 5.3 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 6. Agricultural/Rural Credit 6.1 Credit Needs of the Indian Farmers 6.2 Extent and Nature of Rural Indebtedness 6.2.1 Distribution of Cash Debt by Credit Agencies 6.2.2 A Comparative View of Rural Households Only 6.2.3 Distribution of Cash Credit by Purpose 6.2.4 A Comparative View of Rural Households Only 6.3 Credit Co-operative Societies 6.4 Co-operative Banks 6.4.1 Classification of Co-operative Banks 6.5 Rural Co-operatives 6.5.1 Short-term Rural Co-operatives 6.5.2 Long-term Rural Co-operatives 6.6 Rural Co-operatives: History and Recent Policy Measures 6.7 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) 6.8 Task Force on Revival of Rural Co-operative Credit Institutions 6.9 NABARD and the Co-operative Sector 6.9.1 Credit Extended by NABARD 6.10 Micro Finance 6.10.1 Regional Spread 6.10.2 Graduation of Mature SHGs into Micro-enterprises 6.10.3 Micro-finance and the Government 6.10.4 Micro-finance and the RBI 6.11 Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) 6.12 Moneylenders 6.13 Advisory Committee on the Flow of Credit to Agriculture and Related Activities from the Banking System (Chairman: V.S. Vyas), 2004 6.14 Agricultural Credit: Recent Policy Announcements 6.15 Agricultural Credit in the 2006-07 Union Budget 6.16 Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme, 2008 6.17 Conclusion 7. New Agricultural Strategy/Green Revolution 7.1 Scope and Achievements of High Yielding Variety (HYV) Programme 7.2 Problems Created by Green Revolution 7.2.1 Inter-regional Inequalities 7.2.2 Inter-personal Inequalities 7.2.3 Inter-crop Imbalances 7.2.4 Fluctuating Output 7.2.5 Neutrality to Scale

7.2.6 Social Costs 8. Agricultural Marketing and Trade 8.1 Nature and Significance of Agricultural Marketing 8.2 Present System of Marketing Agricultural Produce 8.3 Measures to Improve Agricultural Marketing 8.4 Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Agricultural Marketing 8.5 Salient Features of the Model Act for State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2003 8.6 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Agricultural Marketing 8.7 Agricultural Marketing and Trade in the National Policy for Farmers 8.8 Gramin Bhandaran Yojana, (Rural Godown Scheme), 2007-12 8.8.1 Objectives of the Scheme 8.8.2 Salient Features of the Scheme 8.9 Agricultural Marketing Information Network (AGMARKNET), 2000 8.9.1 Objectives of the Scheme 8.9.2 Proposed Activities 8.10 Modern Food Retailing 9. Agricultural Price Policy, Food Subsidy and Public Distribution System 9.1 Minimum Support Prices 9.1.1 Historical Perspective 9.1.2 Methodology for Cost Calculation 9.1.3 Economic Cost of Foodgrains to Food Corporation of India (FCI) 9.2 Food Subsidy 9.3 Burgeoning Food Stocks 9.3.1 Macro Implications 9.3.2 Decentralised Procurement Scheme 9.4 Public Distribution System (PDS) 9.4.1 Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) 9.5 Report on the High Level Committee on Long-term Grain Policy 9.6 Food Policy: An Outlook 10. Plantation, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Farming and Fisheries 10.1 Diversification of Indian Agriculture 10.2 Plantation Sector 10.2.1 Tea Plantation 10.2.2 Coffee Plantation 10.2.3 Rubber Plantation 10.3 Horticultural Crops 10.3.1 National Horticulture Mission 10.3.2 Horticulture and Agro-processing Industry 10.4 Animal Husbandry, Dairy Farming, and Fisheries 10.4.1 National Project on Cattle and Buffalo Breeding 10.4.2 Dairy Farming 10.4.3 Fisheries 11. Agriculture/Rural Insurance 11.1 Why is Insurance Business Agriculture Shy? 11.1.1 Fragmented and Scattered Holdings 11.1.2 Inadequate Expertise 11.1.3 Underdeveloped Infrastructure 11.1.4 High Administrative Cost 11.1.5 Illiteracy and Ignorance 11.1.6 Inadequate Capital Base 11.2 Need for Insurance in Agricultural Sector 11.3 Classification of Agriculture Sector for Insurance Purpose 11.3.1 Traditional or Subsistence Agriculture 11.3.2 Semi-commercial and Emerging Sector 11.3.3 Commercial Farming Sector 11.3.4 Specialised Production Systems 11.4 Insurance Penetration in Agriculture: Potential and Requirements 11.4.1 Gaining Foothold

11.4.2 Controlling Costs 11.4.3 Coordination between Banking and Insurance Sectors 11.4.4 Local Representation 11.4.5 Education and Training 11.4.6 Insurance on Group Basis 11.4.7 Step-by-step Approach 11.4.8 Publicity Campaigns 11.5 Issues for Consideration 11.5.1 Risk Management of Agricultural Insurance 11.5.2 Financial Implications 11.5.3 Role of the State 11.5.4 Realignment of Insurance Business for Agriculture Sector 11.5.5 Scope of Private Sector Companies 11.5.6 Role of Parastatal Insurance Organisations 11.5.7 Market-sponsored Companies 11.5.8 Reinsurance 11.6 Advent and Development of Agriculture/Rural Insurance in India 11.7 Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS): Scope and Contents 11.7.1 Drawbacks of CCIS 11.7.2 Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme (ECIS) 11.8 National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) 11.8.1 Operational Modalities 11.8.2 Critical Comments 11.8.3 Rainfall Insurance Scheme Varsha Bima 11.9 Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance 11.10 Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS) 11.12 Non-crop Insurance Schemes 11.13 Agriculture Insurance Corporation 11.14 R.N. Malhotra Committee (1994) on Rural Insurance 11.15 Concluding Observations 12. Taxation of Agricultural Income 12.1 Constitutional Provisions 12.2 Committee on Taxation of Agricultural Wealth and Income, 1972 12.2.1 Views of the State Governments 12.3 Tax Reforms Committee, 1991 12.4 Task Force on Direct Taxes, 2002 12.4.1 Critical Comments 13. Indian Agriculture and Information Technology 13.1 Need for IT-based Services to Farmers 13.2 IFFCO-ISRO Cooperation 13.3 Cyber Dhabas 13.4 E-Choupal 13.5 National E-governance Plan (2003-07) 13.6 Other IT Services to Agricultural Sector 13.6.1 LAN at Ministry of Agriculture 13.6.2 Plant Protection Informatics and Communication Network (PPIN) 13.6.3 Agricultural Marketing Information Network (AGMARKNET) 13.6.4 Strengthening of Informatics in the Offices and Field Units of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) - DACNET 13.6.5 MIS Support to Food Processing Industries 13.6.6 Agricultural Extension Information System Network: VISTARNET 13.6.7 Indian Agriculture On-line 13.6.8 Infrastructural Facilities and Services Provided by NIC to the Ministry of Agriculture 13.6.9 Animal Production and Health Information Network (APHNET) 13.6.10 Agricultural Research Information System Network (ARISNET) 13.6.11 Market Information System for Horticulture 13.6.12 Integrated Fertilizer Management Information System (FERMIS) 13.7 Computerisation of Agricultural Census and Input Survey 13.8 Concluding Observations 14. Indian Agriculture and WTO

14.1 WTO: An Introduction 14.2 Agreements on Agriculture at WTO 14.2.1 Agreement of Agriculture (AoA) 14.2.2 Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) 14.2.3 Green Box Support 14.2.4 Blue Box Support 14.2.5 Special and Differential Treatment Box Support 14.2.6 Export Competition 14.3 Agriculture at Hong Kong Ministerial Conference of WTO 14.4 Concluding Observations 15. Recent Initiatives in the Agricultural Sector 15.1 National Agriculture Policy, 2000 15.2 Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Legislation 15.3 Development of Food Processing Industry 15.4 Agricultural Exports and Imports 15.4.1 Agricultural Exports 15.4.2 Agriculture-export Zones 15.4.3 Agricultural Imports 15.4.4 Protecting Domestic Agriculture 15.4.5 Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana 15.5 Policy Initiatives for New Employment Opportunities 15.6 National Policy for Farmers, 2007 15.7 Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) 15.8 Agricultural Reforms Proposed by the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) 15.9 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Agriculture 15.10 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), 2007 15.10.1 Basic Objectives of RKVY 15.11 Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) Scheme 15.12 National Food Security Mission (NFSM), 2007 15.12.1 Objectives of the Mission 15.12.2 Strategy to Achieve Objectives 15.13 Oilseeds/Edible Oils: Areas of Concern Part II: Rural Development in India 16. Rural India: An Introduction 16.1 Degree of Ruralisation 16.2 Urban-Rural Work Force Participation Rates 16.2.1 Occupational Structure 16.3 Extent of Rural Poverty 16.3.1 Percentage Share of Poor in the Population 16.3.2 Absolute Number of Poor 16.4 Institutional Framework for Rural Development 16.4.1 Ministry of Rural Development 16.4.2 District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) 16.4.3 Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) 16.4.4 Training of Rural Development Functionaries 16.4.5 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) 16.5 Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) 17. Rural Employment 17.1 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), 2005 17.1.1 Objectives and Significance of NREGA 17.1.2 Funding of the Programme 17.1.3 Expression of Demand for Employment 17.1.4 Labour Budget, Inventory of Projects and Perspective Plan 17.1.5 Work Record, Payment of Wages and Preventing Bogus Muster Rolls 17.1.6 Women Empowerment 17.1.7 Vigilance and Transparency 17.1.8 Public Accountability 17.1.9 Grievance Redressal 17.1.10 Financial Management

17.1.11 Other Processes of NREGA 17.2 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) 17.2.1 Merger of SGRY in NREGS 17.2.2 Objectives 17.2.3 Salient Features of SGRY 17.2.4 Special Safeguards for Weaker Sections and Women of the Community 17.2.5 Ban on Contractors and Machinery 17.2.6 Worksite Facilities 17.2.7 Annual Action Plan 17.2.8 Works Taken Up 17.2.9 Works Prohibited 17.3 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 17.3.1 Objectives of SGSY 17.3.2 Funding Pattern 17.3.3 Strategy 17.3.4 Social Mobilization of the Poor 17.3.5 SGSY: Main Criteria for SHG Formation 17.3.6 Role of NGOs/Banks in Group Formation 17.3.7 Selection of Key Activities 17.3.8 Cluster Approach 17.3.9 Project Approach 17.3.10 Target Group 17.3.11 Financial Assistance 17.3.12 Training 17.3.13 Implementing Agencies 17.3.14 Monitoring 17.3.15 Gender Budgeting under SGSY 17.3.16 Persons with Disabilities 18. Rural Industries 18.1 Importance of Small and Village Industries 18.1.1 High Employment Potential 18.1.2 Widely Dispersed Entrepreneurial Base 18.1.3 Relatively Low Capital Investment 18.1.4 Regional Balanced Development 18.1.5 Export Potential 18.2 Problems of Small Industries 18.2.1 Technological Obsolescence 18.2.2 Inadequate and Irregular Supply of Raw Material 18.2.3 Imperfect Knowledge of Market Conditions 18.2.4 Inadequate Availability of Finance and Credit 18.2.5 Lack of Infrastructural Facilities 18.2.6 Deficient Managerial and Technical Skills 18.3 Policy Measures to Help Small and Village Industries 18.3.1 Reservation of Items for Exclusive Production by Small-scale Industries (SSI) 18.3.2 Priority in the Disbursement of Loans by the Financial Institutions 18.3.3 Other Concessions 18.4 Handlooms 18.4.1 Availability of Working Capital 18.4.2 Availability of Quality Raw Materials 18.4.3 Training and Technology 18.4.4 Marketing and Publicity 18.4.5 Infrastructure Development 18.4.6 Encouraging Organisation of Weavers 18.4.7 Social Security 18.4.8 Better Governance 18.4.9 Other Measures 18.5 Handicrafts 18.6 Powerlooms 18.7 Silk and Sericulture 18.8 Unorganised Wool Sector 18.9 Khadi and Village Industries (KVI) 18.10 Coir Industry

18.11 Food Processing Industries 18.12 Conclusion 19. Rural Housing 19.1 Types of Houses in India 19.2 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) 19.2.1 Salient Features of IAY 19.2.2 Monitoring Mechanism 19.2.3 Critical Evaluation of IAY 19.3 Rural Face of Housing Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) 19.4 Bharat Nirman Programme 20. Education and Training in Rural Areas 20.1 Trends in Literacy Rates and Recent Initiatives 20.2 Elementary Education 20.2.1 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) 20.2.2 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme (KGBVS) 20.2.3 District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) 20.2.4 National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 20.2.5 Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana 20.2.6 National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) 20.2.7 Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education (EGS&AIE) 20.2.8 Mahila Samakhya (MS) 20.2.9 Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh (PSK) 20.2.10 Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) 20.2.11 Problem Areas 20.3 Adult Education 20.3.1 Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) 20.3.2 Weaknesses of Adult Education Programmes 20.4 Eleventh Plan Targets and Special Focus Areas 21. Rural Health and Family Welfare 21.1 Constitutional Provisions 21.2 Health Indices of Rural and Urban India 21.3 Primary Health Care 21.4 Incidence of Major Diseases in India 21.4.1 Malaria 21.4.2 Kala Azar 21.4.3 Tuberculosis (TB) 21.4.4 Leprosy 21.4.5 Blindness 21.4.6 HIV/AIDS 21.5 Major Public Health Programmes in India 21.5.1 Universal Immunization Programme 21.5.2 Pulse Polio Immunization Programme 21.5.3 National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) 21.5.4 Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) 21.5.5 National AIDS Control Programme 21.6 Shortcomings of the Public Health System 21.7 National Health Policy, 2002 21.8 Sarva Swasthya Abhiyan (SSA) 21.9 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 21.10 Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) 21.11 Family Planning and Welfare 21.11.1 Family Welfare in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) 21.11.2 Family Welfare in the National Population Policy (NPP), 2000 21.12 Nutrition Support 21.12.1 National Nutrition Mission (NNM) 21.13 Time-bound Goals of the Eleventh Five Year Plan 21.14 Conclusion 22. Rural Sanitation and Cleanliness 22.1 Sanitation: A Basic Need

22.2 Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) 22.3 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) 22.3.1 Objectives 22.3.2 Components 22.3.3 Revised Guidelines 22.4 Nirmal Gram Pursakar (NGP) 22.5 E-governance Initiatives for Sanitation in Rural Areas 22.6 Eleventh Plan on Rural Sanitation 22.7 Conclusion 23. Rural Electrification and Water Supply 23.1 Rural Electrification 23.1.1 Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana ((RGGVY), April 2005 23.2 Rural Water Supply 23.2.1 Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) 23.2.2 Swajaldhara 23.2.3 Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) 23.2.4 Gender Budgeting 23.2.5 Monitoring 23.2.6 National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme (NRDWQM&SP) 23.2.7 Major Issues in Rural Water Supply 23.2.8 Eleventh Plan Targets for Rural Water Supply 24. Rural Transport and Communications 24.1 Rural Transport 24.1.1 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) 24.1.2 National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) 24.1.3 Rural Roads under Bharat Nirman 24.2 Rural Telephony 24.2.1 New Telecom Policy (NTP), 1999 24.2.2 Digital Divide 24.2.3 Rural Telephony under Bharat Nirman 25. Empowerment of Women, Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Disabled and Older Persons in Rural Areas 25.1 Rural Women Welfare and Empowerment 25.1.1 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) 25.1.2 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 25.1.3 Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) 25.1.4 Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) 25.1.5 Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) 25.2 Scheduled Caste Sub-plan and Tribal Sub-Plan 25.2.1 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) 25.2.2 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 25.2.3 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) 25.3 Disability Persons 25.4 Older Persons 25.4.1 National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) 25.4.2 Annapurna Scheme 26. E-governance in Rural Areas 26.1 Rural Portal 26.2 Household Survey (BPL census 2002) 26.3 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Software Package (NREGASoft) 26.3.1 Various Modules of the Software Part III: Year-wise Review of Agricultural/Rural Developments in India: 1947-48 to 2008-09 Part IV: Appendices Appendix 1: National Policy for Farmers, 2007 Appendix 2: Bharat Nirman

Appendix 3: Main Findings and Recommendations of the Committee on Financial Inclusion (Chairman: C. Rangarajan), January 2008 Part V: Glossary of Agricultural Terms Part VI: Time-series Data on Indian Agriculture1950-51 to 2007-08 Bibliography Index

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