Africa • In
World History From Prehistory to the Present Third Edition
Erik Gilbert Arkansas State University
Jonathan T. Reynolds Northern Kentucky University
PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Contents
List of Maps xi Special Features xv Foreword xvii Changes to the Third Edition Preface xxi About the Authors xxv PART 1 Chapter 1
xix
AFRICA UP TO 1500 C.E.
1
Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment
Physical Features of the Continent
4
Challenges of the Mrican Environment
8
The Mrican Environment in Global Perspective
Chapter 2
Africa and Human Origins
12
14
Early Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race Mrica and Human Origins in Global Perspective
Chapter 3
14
24
Finding Food and Talking about It: The First 100,000 Years
Humans and the Environment: Foraging far Food Regional Foraging Strategies
4
25
25
33
The Mrican Environment and the First Modern Humans in Global Perspective
38
v
vi
Contents
Chapter 4
Settled Life: Food Production, Technology, and Migrations 40
The Origins ofFood Production Animal Domestication
40
46
The Social, Political, and Economic Impact of Food Production The Bantu Expansion
50
52
Metallurgy and the Banana
56
Political and Religious Culture in Early Mrican History
62
Early Mrican Migrations, Technology, and Culture in Global Perspective 64
Chapter 5
North and Northeast Mrica in Early World History
Egypt in Early World History Ancient Egypt and Greece
67 76
Carthage and Rome in Early Northern Mrica
77
Ancient Nubia and the Horn of Mrica in the Ancient World Ancient Mrica United: The Mrocentric Argument
78
81
Ancient North and Northeastern Mrica in Global Perspective 82
Chapter 6
Mrica and the Early Christian World
The Spread of Christianity in Mrica
85
Mrican Contributions to Early Christian Thought The Decline of Mrican Christianity
92
95
Early Mrican Christianity in Global Perspective
Chapter 7
85
96
North and West Mrica and the Spread of Islam
The Origins of Islam
98
Islam in North Mrica
99
Empires, Trade, and Islam in the West Mrican Savannah The Rise of Mali
105
109
The Rise of Songhai
112
Islam in Kanem-Bornu and Hausaland
115
Mrican Traditional Religions and Conversion The Mricanization of Islam
116
117
Islam in North and West Mrica in Global Perspective
118
98
67
Contents
Chapter 8
East Africa and the Advent of Islam
The Monsoons
120
Swahili Origins
121
120
Islam and the Emergence of the Swahili as a Distinctive Group Life in the Early Swahili Towns: 750-1000
125
The High Point of Swahili Civilization: 1000-1500
130
Economic Transformation
132
Kilwa: A Case Study
136
The Swahili Coast in Global Perspective
Chapter 9
126
127
Urban Transformation
PART2
AFRICA SINCE 1500 C.E.
139
Slavery and the Creation of the Atlantic World
The Institution of Slavery before the Rise of the Atlantic Trade Slavery in the Mediterranean Slavery in Mrica
146 147
The Birth ofthe Plantation Complex 148
The Plantation System in the NewWorld
157
The Nature of the Slave Trade Shipboard Conditions
160
161
justifications for the Slave Trade Counting the Cost
163
164
Mrican Culture in Diaspora
165
Mrican Religion in the New World Independent
151
152
Race and Slavery in the New World
The Human Toll
143
and Europe
145
The Institution of Slavery New Sea Routes
124
166
Mrican Communities in the New World
Diasporic Mricans Back in Mrica-Routes The Atlantic System and Economic Change
of Return
168
168
The Atlantic System and the Industrial Revolution The Atlantic System and Mrican Poverty
167
170
169
143 143
vii
viii
Contents Abolition of the Slave Trade
171
The End of the Atlantic World
173
The Atlantic Slave Trade in Global Perspective
Chapter 10
173
West and West-CentralMrica: 1500-1880
175
The Setting: West and West-Central Africa Prior to European Contact First Impressions
177
Early Relations-Religion,
Trade, and Politics
179
Africa Transformed? Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade Regional Developments in the Era of the Slave Trade
183 189
The End of the Slave Trade and the Rise of Legitimate Trade
196
West and West-Central Africa 1500-1880, in Global Perspective
Chapter 11
NorthMrica and the Soudan: 1500-1880
The Ottomans in Egypt
199
200
The Ottomans in the Maghreb
202
Ottoman Culture in North Africa The Rise of Morocco
203
204
Invasion and Reform in Egypt French Invasion in Algeria
206
209
Religious Change in the Soudan to the 1880s
210
North Africa and the Soudan, 1500-1880, in Global Perspective
Chapter 12
EastMrica,1500-1850
The Arrival of the Portuguese
219
226
227
Britain and the Suppression of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade Links to the Interior
231
Portuguese and Omani Dominance in Global Perspective
Chapter 13
Southern Mrica, 1500-1870
Terrain, Climate, and Settlement
241
Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State Mzilikazi and the "Ndebele" Moshoeshoe
216
220
The Omani Empire in East Africa The Busaids
197
253
The "Voortrekkers"
255
252
248
241
239
229
175
Contents The British Expansion and the Formation of the Boer Republics 258 South Africa in Global Perspective, 1500-1870
Chapter 14
260
Colonialism and African Resistance
Europe's Industrial Transformation Quinine and Colonialism
265
Weapons and Colonialism
266
The Great Transformation
270
and Africa
The Ideology of Empire in Africa The Limits of Resistance
264
271
272
The Colonization of a Continent
273
The Expansion of the Gold Coast Colony Creating the Belgian Congo
273
276
Ethiopia: Where European Imperialism Failed African Colonization in Global Perspective
Chapter 15
281
283
Economic Change in Modern Africa: Forced Integration into the World System 286
The Cash Crop Revolution Colonial Transportation
287
Networks
Cocoa Farming in Ghana
289
292
Cotton and Groundnuts in Nigeria Africans as Wage Laborers
Settlers in the Kenya Highlands The Cities of Africa
295
297
Slavery and Labor in Zanzibar
298 301
305
Women and Work in Colonial Africa The Movement to Independence
306
and Modernization
African Economic History in Global Perspective
Chapter 16
262
307
312
Political Change in the Time of Colonialism
Varieties of Colonial Administration World War land Colonial Rule Colonialism and African "Elites"
315
331 332
World War 11and the Twilight of Colonial Rule Colonial Rule in Africa in Global Perspective
336 338
314
ix
x
Contents
Chapter 17
Mrican Culture in the Modern World
Mrica and Anthropology
339
Christianity and Colonialism Independent
Churches
341
344
Islam as a Globalizing Force Migrants and Mobility
346
349
Soccer on the Global Stage Movies and Music
352
355
Modern Mrican Culture in Global Perspective
Chapter 18
339
358
Politics in the Era of Decolonization and Independence
The Era ofDecolonization
361
The Rise of Mrican Nationalist Movements
362
Decolonization in the Settler States and Portuguese Mrica Mter Colonialism: Independence Pan-Mricanism
366
... or into Dependence?
376
377
The Challenges of Independence The Congo Crisis
379
379
Political Change in Independent Mrica: Innovation or Regression? Independent Mrican States in Global Perspective
Chapter 19
Contemporary Mrica
The End of Apartheid
388
Mrica and the War on Terror
392
398
The Rwandan Genocide and the "Mrican World War"
399
402
Globalization and Development in Contemporary Mrica
405
407
The HIV Pandemie and Mrica Mrican Solutions
389
390
Conflict and Collapsed States in the Post-Cold War Era
Genocide in Sudan?
382
385
The End of the Cold War and Political Change in Mrica
China and Mrica
360
409
411
Contemporary Mrica in Global Perspective-Looking
Glossary 416 Selected Bibliography Credits 434 Index 436
428
Back, Looking Ahead
413
List ofMaps
Map I-I
African environments
6
Map 3-1
Probable homeland of the first behaviorally modern humans
Map 3-2
Distribution of African Language Groups prior to the Bantu expansion 35
Map 4-1 Areas of crop domestication Map 4-2
30
43
Bantu expansion and iron working
53
Map 4-3 Asian crops in Africa: The banana and Asian rice
60
Map 5-1
Regions, eities, and trade in Aneient North and Northeast Africa
Map 5-2
Imperial Egypt during the New Kingdom
Map 5-3
States of the Upper Nile
68
75
79
Map 6-1 Africa in the Early Christian World
87
Map 7-1
Conquest, trade, and the expansion of Islam in northern and western Africa 100
Map 7-2
The Almoravid Empire
Map 7-3
The Almohad Empire
Map 7-4
States, eities, and resources in North and West Africa
Map 7-5
Kumbi Saleh based on archaeological excavations
103 104 106
107
xi
xii
List ofMaps
110
Map
7-6 The Empire of Mall
Map
7-7 The Empire of Songhai
Map
8-1 The Swahili coast to 1500
Map
9-1 The Atlantic slave trade and routes of return
Map
10-1 West and West-Central Mrica, 1500-1880
Map
11-1 The Ottoman Empire in Mrica
Map
11-2 North Mrica and the Soudan, 1500-1880
211
Map
12-1 East Mrica and the western Indian Ocean
222
Map
12-2 Nineteenth-century
Map
13-1 Southern Mrica in the early nineteenth century
Map
14-1 Mrican territory controlled by Europeans in 1914
Map
15-1 Colonial economy, 1885-1939
Map
16-1 Mrica under colonial rule
Map
19-1 Politics and security in contemporary Mrica
393
Map
19-2 Distribution of HIV infection rates in Mrica
410
114 123
trade routes
158 177
200
232 243
290
316
263
Color Insert: Envisioning Mriea in World History: A Cartographie and Historiographie Essay Ptolemy's Map of the World (circa 170 C.E.) The Hereford
Mappamundi
(1290 C.E.)
Da Ming Hun Yi Ta (1389 C.E.) Great Ming Amalgamated Map Al-Idrisi's Tabula Rogeriana (1456) RamusiojGastaldi
(1554)
Mercator (1607) H. Moll "Negroland and Guinea" (1729) Arrowsmith (1802) Map of Colonial Africa Map of Independent
African States
Mercator vs. Winkel Tripel Projections How Big Is Africa? The Earth at Night Grain Production
for Selected Regions
xiii
Special Features
Controversies in African History Race and Human Origins
23
Joseph Greenberg and Historical Linguistics African Food Crops in the Non-African World Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Shaka and the Media
48
83
280
299
Voices fram African History Be a Scribe!
32
251
Mkwawa: Leader of the Hehe Coltan Mining
23
72
72
The Kebra Negast
90
Ibn Battuta on Women and Matriliny in West Africa The Shanga Lion
113
128
Equiano's Description of the Middle Passage An Account of the Slave Trade in Africa Clapperton in the Sokoto Caliphate
160
185
213 xv
xvi
Special Features
A French Slaver in East Africa: Captain Dallons The ANNC Protests the Land Act of 1913 Siti binti Saad- The Voice of Taarab Nnamdi Azikiwe on Imperialism
334
354
364
Popular Culture and Political Commentary
404
230
