Aerial Monitoring of Forest Boundaries

A joint Kenya Wildlife Service Kenya Forest Service programme Volume 1 July 2007

supported by UNEP

Aerial Monitoring of Forest Boundaries

Christian Lambrechts Policy and Programme Officer Division of Early Warning and Assessment United Nations Environment Programme Dan Woodley Senior Warden Tsavo West National Park Kenya Wildlife Service Moses Litoroh Coordinator Elephant Conservation Programme Kenya Wildlife Service Peter Kamwara Head Survey Section Kenya Forest Service

Kenya Wildlife Service P.O. Box 40241 Nairobi - 00100

Kenya Forest Service P.O. Box 30513 Nairobi – 00100

Acknowledgements The development and implementation of the forest boundary aerial monitoring programme would not have been possible without the continued support of Mr. Julius Kipg’entich, Director, Kenya Wildlife Service, Mr. David Mbugua, Acting Director, Kenya Forest Service, and Mr. Peter Gilruth, Director, UNEP’s Division of Early Warning and Assessment. Our gratitude goes to Dr. Richard Bagine, Deputy Director, Biodiversity Research and Monitoring, Kenya Wildlife Service, Mr. Hewson Kabugi, Coordinator, Forest Conservation Programme, Kenya Wildlife Service, Mr. Gregory Mbita, Acting Deputy Director, Forest Management and Conservation, Kenya Forest Service, Mr. Samson Njihia, Head, Natural Forest Conservation, Kenya Forest Service, Mr. Alex Lemarkoko, Head, Forest Health Protection, Kenya Forest Service, and Mr. Richard Odongo, Scientist – Information, Biodiversity Research and Monitoring, Kenya Wildlife Service, for their support in developing the programme and preparing for its implementation. Finally, our thanks go to Major Salomon Nyanjui, Head, Airwing, Kenya Wildlife Service, and Capt. Anthony Kiroken, Chief Pilot, Airwing, Kenya Wildlife Service, and their staff, for their support in preparing the aircraft and facilitating the logistical support to the aircraft.

3

Contents Acknowledgements

3

1. Introduction

5

2. Study areas

5

3. Objectives

6

4. Methodology

7

5. Results of the aerial monitoring a. Overview b. Bunyala Forest Reserve c. Kakamega Forest Reserve and National Reserve d. Kaptaroi Forest Reserve e. Kitalale Forest Reserve f. Kisere National Reserve g. Lugari Forest Reserve h. Mlaba Forest Reserve i. North Nandi Forest Reserve j. Sekhendu Forest Reserve k. South Nandi Forest Reserve l. Taressia Forest Reserve m. Turbo Forest Reserve n. Ururu Forest Reserve

8 8 11 12 14 15 16 16 17 18 20 21 22 22 24

6. Observations during transit flights a. Eastern Mau and Mau Narok forest reserves b. Mount Londiani and Tinderet forest reserves c. South West Mau and Transmara forest reserves d. Ol Pusimoru Forest Reserve and Maasai Mau forest

24 24 24 26 26

7. Recommendations

26

Abbreviations

27

References

27

Annex

28

4

1. Introduction Illegal and irregular encroachments and settlements are the most pressing threats to forest conservation. Not only do they lead to total destruction of the forest cover, but they also mean a de facto change of the status of the land. If not checked in time while still covering small areas, encroachments and settlements could become more difficult to address as they expand. When too many squatters have settled, evictions are less likely to be carried out. The de facto change of the status of the land is then often regularized through official forest excisions. Containing and reversing illegal encroachments or settlements are however practicable when they cover small areas and concern few squatters. The early detection of encroachments or settlements into forest is paramount to addressing them smoothly and successfully. It requires regular monitoring of forests, in particular forest boundaries. Aerial surveys and reconnaissance flights carried out over the last decade have proven to be time- and cost-effective methods to assess the state of forests and to identify threats to their conservation. These methods provided scientifically collected evidence of forest destruction and helped the Government in taking remedial measures to address destruction in some key catchments. Highly concerned by the continuous loss of forest cover and recognizing the advantages of airborne monitoring methods, the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) and the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), with support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), decided to join hands in monitoring forest and set up a joint forest boundary aerial monitoring programme. The programme currently funded by UNEP covers 155 hours of flight time. It is expected to be continued and to become a permanent forest aerial monitoring programme.

2. Study areas The aerial monitoring programme will cover all protected forests in Kenya on a periodical basis. Aerial monitoring operations will be carried out approximately every six weeks. During each operation, a cluster of protected forest will be monitored. During this first operation, the following 13 forests have been monitored: Bunyala Forest Reserve; Kakamega Forest Reserve and National Reserve; Kaptaroi Forest Reserve; Kitalale Forest Reserve; Kisere National Reserve; Lugari Forest Reserve; 5

Mlaba Forest Reserve; North Nandi Forest Reserve; Sekhendu Forest Reserve; South Nandi Forest Reserve; Taressia Forest Reserve; Turbo Forest Reserve; and, Ururu Forest Reserve (see Table 1). Table 1: Study areas Forests Managing Districts institutions Bunyala FR KFS Butere-Mumias Kakamega FR KFS Kakamega / Vihiga Kakamega NR KWS Kakamega Kaptaroi FR KFS North Nandi Kitalale FR KFS Trans-Nzoia Kisere NR KWS Kakamega Lugari FR KFS Lugari Mlaba FR KFS Butere-Mumias North Nandi FR KFS North Nandi Sekhendu FR KFS Trans-Nzoia South Nandi FR KFS Nandi Taressia FR KFS North Nandi Turbo FR KFS Lugari / Uasin Gishu (Manzini) Ururu FR KFS Nandi

Area [ha] 851.5 19,742.1 4,099.2 328.2 1,860.6 471.6 2,162.7 734.5 10,540.7 804.6 16,959.5 386.3 10,863.6 427.9

3. Objectives The objectives of the programme are: • To monitor the threats to forests in Kenya, particularly along the boundaries; • To help trigger management and policy responses to identified threats; and, • To build capacities of the forest management authorities in keeping under review the state of forests in Kenya.

6

4. Methodology The methodology for the aerial monitoring of forest boundaries derived and was further adapted from previous aerial surveys of forests, such as Mt. Kenya (1999), Mt. Kilimanjaro (2002), Aberdare Range (2003) and the Maasai Mau (2005). The two principal differences were: 1) instead of flying along set parallel transects above the entire forest, the flight path followed the boundary of the forest; 2) extent of encroached or settled areas were estimated by flying along their boundaries. The aircraft used was a Cessna 180. The crew consisted of a pilot, a frontseat observer and two rear-seat observers. The aircraft was equipped with two Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers: one Trimble GeoExplorer XT to provide navigational aides to the pilot and to record the aircraft position every two seconds and one Garmin 12 XL to record the position of each observation as waypoint in the GPS waypoint file. The recorded flight path and the waypoints were later downloaded into a Geographical Information System (GIS) using ArcView 3.2 to produce the various maps presented in the report. The data from the aerial monitoring are deposited at the offices of the Head, GIS Section, KWS, and the Head, Survey Section, KFS. a. Test flight A one hour test flight was conducted above Ngong Hills Forest Reserve to test and familiarize the team with the aerial monitoring methodology. b. Data preparation In order to ascertain whether any felling of trees, agricultural fields or settlements is inside the forest, forest boundary spatial datasets were prepared based on the latest survey data, when available, and on forest boundary maps at scale 1/10,000 prepared by KFS. The resulting spatial datasets were uploaded into the Trimble GeoExplorer XT GPS receiver to help navigation. c. Data and photo recording The pilot navigated along the boundaries. The FSO recorded each observation into the Garmin 12 XL receiver and noted the information related to each observation on a data sheets. The right RSO took photographs of most disturbances in the forests, whilst the left RSO was on 7

training. The disturbances in the forests were primarily observed by the pilot and the FSO.

5. Results of the aerial monitoring a. Overview The aerial monitoring was carried out on 27 and 28 June 2007. It entailed 7:40 hours of flight time (see Table 2) (see Map 1). Table 2: Flight date and time Date Take off Landing Flight Forests monitored duration 27 June 11:10 15:25 4:15 Ururu; South Nandi; Kaptaroi; North Nandi; Taressia; Lugari; Turbo; Sekhendu 28 June 10:45 14:10 3:25 Kitalale; Bunyala; Mlaba; Kisere, Kakamega Total: 7:40 The main threats to the forests included settlements and encroachments, charcoal production and logging (see Map 2). Some 6,572.5 hectares of forestland were settled (see Table 3) Table 3: Encroached areas Forest Total area [ha] Encroached areas [ha] Kakamega FR 19,742.1 573.8 Kitalale FR 1860.6 1,860.6 North Nandi FR 10,540.7 341.2 South Nandi FR 17894.3 934.7 Turbo FR 10,863.6 2,862.2 Total: 6,572.5

% 2.9 100.0 3.2 5.2 26.3

In addition extensive forest areas were devoid of mature tree cover in particular in Turbo FR, Sekhundu FR, Lugari FR, Kakamega FR, North Nandi FR.

8

Map 1: Flight path 9

Map 2: Threats 10

b. Bunyala The main findings of the aerial monitoring in Bunyala Forest Reserve are: • Scattered cultivation along the northern bank of the Lisumu River (see Photo 1) was found in two locations (see Map 2); • A significant part of the forest is devoid of tree cover, despite some efforts to re-establish forest plantations (see Photo 2).

Photo 1: Cultivation encroaching into the forest (Easting: 687100; Northing: 43101).

Photo 2: Forestland devoid of tree cover (Easting: 691674; Northing: 43542).

11

c. Kakamega Forest Reserve and National Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Kakamega Forest Reserve are: • There are two major encroached areas with settlements covering a total of approx 573 hectares. The larger of the two areas covered 443 hectares and comprised small built up areas, in particular Shikusa Prison, surrounded by large scale cultivation, such as maize (Photos 3 and 4). The establishment of Shikusa Prison in the forest did receive official ascent. It is, however, questionable whether every small built up areas are related to the prison. The large scale cultivation activities have never been authorized. Those cultivated lands should revert back to the Kenya Forest Service. The other encroached area, located in the southern part of the forest, covered an estimated 130 hectares. It appeared to coincide with the proposed Ishiru excision (Boundary Plan 180/215) that has never been formalized. • Small settlements encroaching into the forest were found in six locations (see Map 2) (Photo 5). Cultivated fields were also observed in one location (see Map 2). • Charcoal production was observed along the north-eastern boundary in one location. During a transit flight above the forest, another charcoal production site was observed (see Map 2). • Large forest areas are devoid of tree cover (Photo 6).

Photo 3: Small built areas surrounded by large scale cultivation (Easting: 701742; Northing: 36429)

12

Photo 4: Small built areas surrounded by large scale cultivation (Easting: 702240; Northing: 35328)

Photo 5: Small settled areas encroaching on the north-western border of the forest (Easting: 697503; Northing: 31902)

The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Kakamega National Reserve are: • Small settlements encroaching into the forest were found in one location (see Map 2).

13

Photo 6: Large forest areas devoid of trees along the west / south-west boundaries. (Easting: 704998; Northing: 21820)

d. Kaptaroi Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Kaptaroi Forest Reserve are: • Charcoal production and logging activities were observed in six locations (see Map 2) (Photo 7).

Photo 7: Charcoal production site in Kaparoi Forest Reserve.

14

e. Kitalale Forest Reserve The aerial monitoring of the boundaries of Kitalale Forest Reserve found the entire forest settled.

Photo 8: Fully settled forest (Easting: 711990; Northing: 110149).

Photo 9: Fully settled forest (Easting: 714659; Northing: 111223).

15

f. Kisere National Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Kisere National Reserve are: • The entire forest had a well established closed canopy and appeared well conserved. However one charcoal production site was observed (see Map 2 and Photo 10).

Photo 10: Charcoal kiln burning near the edge of Kisere National Reserve (Easting: 710224; Northing: 42852).

g. Lugari Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Lugari Forest Reserve are: • Large forest areas are devoid of tree cover.

16

h. Mlaba Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Mlaba Forest Reserve are: • Small settlements encroaching into the forest were found in two locations on the northern tip of the forest (see Map 2). • There are large forest areas are devoid of tree cover and forest plantation areas with low tree cover, despite some efforts of reestablishment forest plantations (Photos 12 and 13).

Photo 12: Large forest areas with no or low tree cover (Easting: 707264; Northing: 54001).

17

Photo 13: Forest plantation areas with low tree cover (Easting: 708289; Northing: 52614).

i. North Nandi Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of North Nandi Forest Reserve are: • There is one major encroached area with settlements covering approx. 341.2 hectares on the eastern border on the forest (see Map 2) (Photo 14). The area has never been proposed for excision. However, an area of 283 hectares was reportedly illegally allocated by the Ministry of Lands. • Cultivated fields encroaching into the forest were observed in five locations (see Map 2) (Photo 15). • Charcoal production was observed along the north-western boundary in two locations (see Map 2). • Forest areas devoid of tree cover, in particular along the north-west boundaries.

18

Photo 14: Large settled areas in North Nandi Forest Reserve (E: 723500; N: 31300).

Photo 15: Cultivated fields in the forest along the western boundary (Easting: 719500; Northing: 29000).

19

j. Sekhendu Forest Reserve The aerial monitoring of the boundaries of Sekhendu Forest Reserve found that the entire forest is practically devoid of mature tree cover (Photo 16). It was, however, reported by the District Forest Officer, Trans-Nzoia District, that many areas have been recently replanted with young tree seedlings.

Photo 16: Forest devoid of tree cover (Easting: 704340; Northing: 98340).

20

k. South Nandi Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of South Nandi Forest Reserve are: • There are two major encroached areas with settlements covering approx. 934.7 hectares on the north-western part of the forest (see Map 2) (Photo 17). The areas have never been proposed for excision. • In addition to the two major encroached areas with settlements, one small settlement encroaching into the forest was found on the north-western boundary (see Map 2). Cultivated fields encroaching into the forest were observed in six locations (see Map 2). • Charcoal production and logging was observed in five locations (see Map 2). • The southern part of the forest is well preserved despite some few cultivated field encroaching along the boundaries.

Photo 17: Large settlement area encroaching into South Nandi Forest Reserve (Easting: 716169; Northing: 19566).

21

l. Taressia Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Taressia Forest Reserve are: • Cultivated fields encroaching into the forest were observed in three locations (see Map 2).

m. Turbo Forest Reserve The main findings of the aerial monitoring of Turbo Forest Reserve are: • Two forest blocks, namely Manzini and Mautuma, are fully settled (see Map 2) (Photo 18). • A small settlement that was reported to be a Kenya Army facility was observed on forestland along the Nzoia River. (Photo 19). Some cultivated fields were found in one location in the Nzoia block. • The remaining of the forest is practically devoid of mature tree cover (Photo 20). It was reported by the District Forest Officer, Lugari District, that 5,800 hectares of the 8,000 hectares denuded have been recently replanted with young tree seedlings. • The forest covers undulated landscape with extensive wetlands along the Sosiani and Nzoia rivers that might have potential for tourism development.

Photo 18: Mautuma block, Turbo Forest Reserve, fully settled.

22

Photo 19: Small settlement, a Kenya Army facility according to report, on forestland along the Nzoia River (Easting: 727800; Northing 84400).

Photo 20: Forest practically devoid of mature tree cover.

23

n. Ururu Forest Reserve No encroachment activities have been observed along the boundaries of Ururu Forest Reserve.

6. Observations during transit flights The transit flights between Nairobi and Western Kenya were routed so as to fly along transects to check on forest areas in particular where recent forest cover losses have been detected using satellite imagery. Those forest areas include Eastern Mau, Mau Narok, Mount Londiani, Tinderet, South West Mau, Transmara, Ol Pusimoru forest reserves and Maasai Mau forest. a. Eastern Mau and Mau Narok forest reserves Observation above Eastern Mau and Mau Narok forest reserves was partially impeded due to very low cloud cover. The following observations were, however, made. Illegal logging of indigenous trees, in particular Cedar, and charcoal production was observed in the indigenous forest block south of Sururu Forest Station. Encroachments for cultivation, illegal logging and charcoal production were observed along the boundary between the 2001 excision and the remaining gazetted forest area (see Map 3 and Annex). Illegal logging activities were also noted in Mau Narok Forest Reserve (see Map 3 and Annex). b. Mount Londiani and Tinderet forest reserves Transit flights were carried out above Mt. Londiani and Tinderet forest reserves to check whether forest cover changes detected between 2003 and 2005 based on Landsat imagery were related or led to encroachments or illegal settlements. Cultivated field were found in two locations in Mount Londiani Forest Reserve. Logging activities were found in one location in Mount Londiani Forest Reserve and one location in Tinderet Forest Reserve (see Map 3 and Annex).

24

Map 3: Threats observed during the transit flights. 25

c. South West Mau and Transmara forest reserves Scattered cultivated fields, settled encroachments and to a lesser extent logging activities and charcoal production were observed two kilometres inside the gazetted forest along the boundary between the 2001 excision and the remaining gazetted forest. Illegal logging activities were observed in two locations in the north-eastern part of Transmara Forest Reserve (see Map 2 and Annex) d. Ol Pusimoru Forest Reserve and Maasai Mau forest A large number of small settled encroachments with cultivated fields were observed inside Ol Pusimoru Forest Reserve along the boundary between Ol Pusimoru and Maasai Mau forest. This boundary is affected from the Amala River for a distance of approximately 12 kilometres. The north-eastern part of the Maasai Mau was over flown during the transit flight. Along the flight path, logging activities and small settlements were observed in one location (see Map 3 and Annex).

7. Recommendations • All the sites recorded in the Annex where illegal activities were observed should be visited shortly in order to ascertain the situation on the ground; • Charcoal production and logging activities should be stopped immediately; • Small encroachments, such as small cultivated areas or small settled areas with few squatters, should be addressed promptly before they become too large and difficult to resolve; • The issue of large settled areas, such as in South Nandi, North Nandi, Kakamega, Turbo and Kitalale forest reserves, should be presented to the Board of KFS for policy guidance; • A substantial backlog in forest plantation establishment has been observed. Such back log should be addressed promptly. Partnering with the private sector through concessions should be explored. 26

Abbreviations FR:

Forest Reserve

FSO:

Front seat observer

GIS:

Geographical Information System

GPS:

Global Positioning System

KFS:

Kenya Forest Service

KFWG:

Kenya Forests Working Group

KWS:

Kenya Wildlife Service

NR:

National Reserve

RSO:

Rear seat observer

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

References Gathaara, G. N. (1999). Aerial Survey of the Destruction of Mt. Kenya, Imenti and Ngare Ndare Forest Reserves. KWS. Nairobi, Kenya. Lambrechts, C., Woodley, B., Hemp, A., Hemp, C., Nyiti, P. (2002). Aerial Survey of the Threats to Mt. Kilimanjaro Forests. UNEP, KWS, University of Bayreuth, Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania. Lambrechts, C., Woodley, B., Church, C., Gachanja, M. (2003). Aerial Survey of the Destruction of the Aberdare Range Forests. UNEP, KWS, Rhino Ark, KFWG. Ole Nkako, F., Lambrechts, C., Gachanja, M., Woodley, B. (2005). Maasai Mau Forest Status Report 2005, Ewaso Ngiro South Development Authority, UNEP, KFWG, KWS.

27

Annex WPT FOREST AREA

DATE_

TIME (UTC)

THREAT

EXTENT

EASTING (*) NORTHING (*)

75 Bunyala FR

28-Jun-07

08:37

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

688389

76 Bunyala FR

28-Jun-07

08:37

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

689327

43222

7 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:55

Charcoal production

Extensive

828322

9939862

8 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:55

Charcoal production

Extensive

827435

9941090

9 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:58

Charcoal production

Extensive

825820

9945859

17 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:09

Charcoal production

Extensive

807759

9956153

43195

11 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:00

Charcoal production

Scattered / small

823139

9951625

1 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:49

Charcoal production

Very extensive

843561

9928349

2 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:50

Charcoal production

Very extensive

840129

9930238

12 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:01

Cultivated fields

Extensive

820899

9951150

11 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:00

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

823139

9951625

14 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:03

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

818569

9955881

16 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:09

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

807882

9956032

8 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:55

Logging activities

Extensive

827435

9941090

9 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:58

Logging activities

Extensive

825820

9945859

10 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:59

Logging activities

Extensive

825547

9947835

12 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:01

Logging activities

Extensive

820899

9951150

13 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:01

Logging activities

Extensive

819831

9952403

17 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:09

Logging activities

Extensive

807759

9956153

18 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:10

Logging activities

Extensive

806286

9956416

19 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:14

Logging activities

Extensive

803596

9953851

1 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:49

Logging activities

Very extensive

843561

9928349

2 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:50

Logging activities

Very extensive

840129

9930238

3 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

08:50

Logging activities

Very extensive

839040

9930827

15 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:07

Logging activities

Very extensive

816278

9954457

20 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:16

Settlements

Extensive

804878

9958593

16 Eastern Mau FR

27-Jun-07

09:09

Settlements

Scattered / small

807882

9956032

82 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

08:52

Charcoal production

Scattered / small

712497

38672

98 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:35

Charcoal production

Scattered / small

708356

31236

83 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

08:58

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

716526

27148

97 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:34

Logging activities

Scattered / small

707487

32286

84 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:00

Settlements

Very extensive

716479

23639

86 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:10

Settlements

Very extensive

707981

16800

87 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:14

Settlements

Very extensive

706767

25479

88 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:15

Settlements

Very extensive

705496

29054

89 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:17

Settlements

Very extensive

701555

32390 31844

90 Kakamega FR

28-Jun-07

09:19

Settlements

Very extensive

697591

93 Kakamega NR

28-Jun-07

09:25

Settlements

Scattered / small

708564

39409

43 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:25

Charcoal production

Extensive

726582

24500

44 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:26

Charcoal production

Extensive

725390

25208

45 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:26

Charcoal production

Extensive

724994

25487

46 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:27

Charcoal production

Extensive

725741

26554

47 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:27

Charcoal production

Extensive

726435

26644

48 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:28

Charcoal production

Extensive

727723

24457

43 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:25

Logging activities

Extensive

726582

24500

44 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:26

Logging activities

Extensive

725390

25208

45 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:26

Logging activities

Extensive

724994

25487

46 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:27

Logging activities

Extensive

725741

26554

47 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:27

Logging activities

Extensive

726435

26644

48 Kaptaroi FR

27-Jun-07

10:28

Logging activities

Extensive

727723

24457

28

WPT FOREST AREA 80 Kisere NR

DATE_

TIME (UTC)

THREAT

EXTENT

EASTING (*) NORTHING (*)

28-Jun-07

08:50

Charcoal production

Scattered / small

710347

42915

117 Maasai Mau forest

28-Jun-07

10:28

Logging activities

Scattered / small

817154

9916607

117 Maasai Mau forest

28-Jun-07

10:28

Settlements

Scattered / small

817154

9916607

6 Mau Narok FR

27-Jun-07

08:54

Logging activities

Extensive

830401

9936844

4 Mau Narok FR

27-Jun-07

08:52

Logging activities

Scattered / small

833236

9933243

27-Jun-07

08:53

Logging activities

Scattered / small

831142

9934846

72 Mlaba FR

5 Mau Narok FR

28-Jun-07

08:23

Settlements

Very extensive

706505

54664

73 Mlaba FR

28-Jun-07

08:28

Settlements

Very extensive

706607

54489

21 Mount Londiani FR

27-Jun-07

09:24

Logging activities

Extensive

806527

9984368

21 Mount Londiani FR

27-Jun-07

09:24

Cultivated fields

Extensive

806527

9984368

22 Mount Londiani FR

27-Jun-07

09:26

Cultivated fields

Extensive

803765

9988653

53 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:35

Charcoal production

Scattered / small

717971

38737

49 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:32

Cultivated fields

Extensive

719526

28988

50 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:33

Cultivated fields

Extensive

718898

30372

59 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:53

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

723285

39650

60 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:55

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

722403

35015

61 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:55

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

723787

34589

53 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:35

Logging activities

Scattered / small

717971

38737

54 North Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:36

Logging activities

Scattered / small

718447

41585

68 Sekhendu FR

27-Jun-07

12:09

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

703142

95214

69 Sekhendu FR

27-Jun-07

12:11

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

704759

98499

25 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

09:55

Cultivated fields

Extensive

729428

10876

26 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:01

Cultivated fields

Extensive

711410

8889

27 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:01

Cultivated fields

Extensive

710806

9374

28 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:04

Cultivated fields

Extensive

717021

11486

29 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:05

Cultivated fields

Extensive

718254

11839

30 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:06

Cultivated fields

Extensive

721386

13925

38 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:17

Cultivated fields

Extensive

725115

22109

39 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:18

Cultivated fields

Extensive

725960

23980

40 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:18

Cultivated fields

Extensive

726316

23184

41 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:19

Cultivated fields

Extensive

727438

21885

42 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:21

Cultivated fields

Extensive

730086

21498

24 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

09:52

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

729653

16442

38 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:17

Logging activities

Extensive

725115

22109

39 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:18

Logging activities

Extensive

725960

23980

40 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:18

Logging activities

Extensive

726316

23184

41 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:19

Logging activities

Extensive

727438

21885

42 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:21

Logging activities

Extensive

730086

21498

37 South Nandi FR

27-Jun-07

10:15

Settlements

Scattered / small

724536

19191

56 Taressia FR

27-Jun-07

10:41

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

716864

56306

57 Taressia FR

27-Jun-07

10:42

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

716661

55203

58 Taressia FR

27-Jun-07

10:42

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

716054

54730

23 Tinderet FR

27-Jun-07

09:36

Logging activities

Scattered / small

772833

9996014

109 Transmara FR

28-Jun-07

10:19

Logging activities

Scattered / small

789941

9925543

110 Transmara FR

28-Jun-07

10:20

Logging activities

Scattered / small

791150

9922406

65 Turbo FR

27-Jun-07

11:41

Cultivated fields

Scattered / small

728607

81421

64 Turbo FR

27-Jun-07

11:39

Settlements

Scattered / small

727895

84539

(*) All coordinates are expressed in: UTM; Zone 36; False Easting: 500,000; Datum: Arc 1960 A False Northing of 0 or 10,000,000 is applied depending upon whether the observed threat is located south or north of the Equator.

29