Space Systems Company

Advanced Technology Center Building the Future through Innovation

San Francisco Bay Area

Denver Metropolitan Area

Phenomenology

Optics and Electro-Optics

Technology Focused on Our Customers’ Missions Lockheed Martin Corporation’s Advanced Technology Center maintains expertise in numerous technologies. By leveraging these technologies and applying an integrated, multidisciplinary approach, we help solve our customers’ most demanding technical challenges. Precision Pointing and Controls

Advanced Telecommunications

Materials and Structures

Thermal Sciences

Modeling, Simulation and Information Sciences Space Sciences and Instrumentation

Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Technology Center Building the Future through Innovation Aerospace and defense customers turn to Lockheed Martin Corporation’s Advanced Technology Center (ATC) for answers to their complex scientific and technical problems. Committed to advancing the state of the art through innovation, we serve the practical needs of our business partners by providing technical solutions that enable new architectures and new missions—and build the foundation for future development. The ATC takes an integrated, systems-level approach to the challenges presented by 21st century aerospace and defense missions. Looking at mission requirements from multiple perspectives, we produce robust, innovative solutions that pave the way for pioneering technical achievements, contribute to the body of scientific knowledge and create entirely new capabilities.

Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Advanced Technology Center 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304 [email protected] 1

Advanced Technology Center Technological Excellence The Advanced Technology Center—excellence contained within a fully integrated science and technological center—is one of the largest concentrations of advanced research and development activity in the aerospace industry. The ATC comprises 235 laboratories, including 42 dedicated to flight hardware, at facilities in Silicon Valley, California, and the Denver, Colorado, area. More than 700 engineers and scientists, most holding advanced degrees, are practiced in a wide array of technical disciplines. Since the 1950s, we have been dedicated to serving Lockheed Martin Corporation’s customers by turning technological breakthroughs into practical business solutions.

Connecting Technology to Customers’ Missions The ATC develops innovative technological solutions that target our customers’ needs. An entire organization within the ATC is charged with keeping a finger on the pulse of customer needs to help guide the future direction of technical development. Our staff maintains strong connections with program development teams at the Department of Defense and Homeland Security, within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and throughout Lockheed Martin Corporation with the goal of better understanding our customers’ missions. This close association fosters effective communication and results in innovative solutions that are incorporated into programs to improve technical performance, shorten development time and reduce developmental and operational costs.

Excelling in Space Science The Space Sciences effort represents an independent line of business within the organization. Our Solar and Astrophysics and Space Physics Departments combine technological expertise from throughout the ATC to build unique space instrumentation for monitoring the Sun, Earth and space environments. With a strong, demonstrated record of excellence—successfully fielding more than 160 space instruments in the past 40 years—our space scientists are highly acclaimed members of the international scientific community. This dedicated group has made major contributions to the current understanding of space physics and the sunsolar system connection. In addition, this work feeds experiential data back to the rest of the ATC, providing a dynamic environment for the development of further technology. 2

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Focusing on Practical Results Although our researchers operate at the frontiers of technological development, we understand the importance of disciplined business performance. The ATC has a proven track record for responsible program management and maintaining trusted partnerships with our customers. Close cooperation among our science, engineering and program leadership teams reduces mission risk and optimizes return on investment. In addition, the work performed at the ATC often creates new technological possibilities. This can have a profound impact on the business by generating novel opportunities for our customers.

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Phenomenology 12

Building Strong Technological Foundations Providing effective, cutting-edge technical solutions to the aerospace and defense communities requires solid scientific and mathematical foundations. For example, the ability to understand the wavelength-dependent fundamentals of observable phenomena has a direct impact on the ability to accurately address customers’ remote sensing, communications, missile defense and directed-energy missions. Applying our growing knowledge of phenomenology in all of these pursuits allows us to develop specific technical solutions for a wide array of customer missions. Leveraging our extensive knowledge of first principles, the ATC provides focused troubleshooting and problem-solving services to the Lockheed Martin corporate community. When a program faces difficult issues—such as the need to improve the performance of materials under extreme conditions or an unusual requirement to measure extremely subtle shifts in electromagnetic radiation—ATC scientists and engineers apply their expertise in fundamental chemistry, physics and mathematics to develop unique, often game-changing, solutions.

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Advanced Telecommunications 20

Materials and Structures

Complementary Core Capabilities To support the advanced technology requirements of Lockheed Martin and its government, military and civil customers, the ATC maintains leadership in several complementary technical disciplines. By combining these core capabilities, we build premier instruments for space science research, and design and build progressive technical solutions for military weapons and surveillance systems as well as for missile defense and homeland security applications.

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Thermal Science 28

Modeling, Simulation and Information Science 32

Space Sciences and Instrumentation 3

Optics and Electro-Optics Many systems that Lockheed Martin develops for ground, airborne and space applications have an optical mission or contain critical optical subsystems—and our customers often present demanding optical challenges. For example, the requirement to focus a highenergy laser beam on a high-speed target, through a turbulent atmosphere, from a moving aircraft demands unique solutions in optical pointing, tracking and wavefront control. Building a camera that can resolve a faint celestial object over 10 billion light-years away presents another set of optical design problems. The ATC develops complex electro-optical systems that must achieve high levels of performance, often under very difficult conditions. Our pursuits in this area encompass the design and execution of sensor systems, both “passive” systems that measure only signals provided by nature and “active” systems that send out their own probe beams and then measure the beams’ return to extract information about physical observables. We also design and develop transmission systems in which optical signals are propagated outward to meet requirements for missions such as communications and directed energy. We have supported critical defense programs such as Airborne Laser (ABL) and Multiple Kill Vehicle (MKV) as well as important new scientific efforts such as the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) for the James Webb Space Telescope. ATC scientists, engineers and technologists utilize the full spectrum of disciplines necessary to execute advanced electro-optic concepts—from optical design and performance analysis to end-to-end testing of electro-optic systems. This depth of experience allows us to deal effectively with any kind of optics-related problem, offering Lockheed Martin customers comprehensive electro-optic solutions while giving the company a critical competitive edge.

Mastering Challenges in Advanced Optics Development 4

Airborne Laser Test Bed This test bed proved early concepts for beam control.

Airborne Laser ABL is a highly modified B747 with a fully articulating turreted beam director, high energy laser weapon and beam control system.

Optics and Electro-Optics Adaptive Optics In adaptive systems, actuated optics use sensor measurements to adapt to changing conditions, dramatically improving optical performance. Applications that benefit from adaptive optics techniques include: • Directed energy systems: Increase the quality and stability of the transmitted beam, delivering higher power to the target • Imaging systems: Enhance image quality and resolution • Free-space laser communications systems: Improve the performance of optical links Our strength is developing new architectures and algorithms as well as building blocks such as novel wavefront sensors, fast-steering mirrors, deformable mirrors and optical delay lines. A critical design challenge is to understand and mitigate the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the performance of optical systems. To that end, we have established worldclass analytical and simulation capabilities that provide new insights into future systems.

Optical Delay Lines

Fast-Steering Mirrors

76-Actuator Deformable Mirror

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Filter Wheel Assemblies

6.5-m Primary Mirror on JWST

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Short Wave Focal Plane Array Dichroic Beam Splitter

Space Telescopes

NIRCam Instruments (2 shown)

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NIRCam Optics

ATC optical designers are building the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), the principal science instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Building and delivering a flight imaging system that works well over a large spectrum (0.6 to 5.0 microns), and under hard cryogenic conditions (35 Kelvin), presents significant design challenges. Moreover, the observatory operates at the second Lagrangian point—1 million miles from Earth—therefore, no servicing missions are possible and reliability is paramount.

NIRCam will investigate the earliest origins of the universe by imaging stars at the furthest reaches of the universe in the near infrared. (a) Dark Cloud

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Optics and Electro-Optics Distributed Aperture Telescope Optics In imaging applications, the distributed aperture approach uses multiple small telescope modules to yield a system with a much larger effective aperture than a single module. The distinct advantage of this approach is that these modules can be packaged in a smaller envelope, reducing the size, weight and cost of the system and providing a new path to an affordable high resolution.

The key to making a distributed aperture optical system work is to properly phase the individual modules. We demonstrated the fundamental feasibility of this approach with the Star-9 test bed and have quantified performance with subsequent test bed activities. Now we are exploring the utility of a distributed aperture system as a Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, providing both high spatial and high spectral resolution without the need for additional hardware by modifying the way the system acquires and processes data. Distributed aperture technology can also be applied to optical projection of laser power. Compared to a single projecting aperture, a properly phased distributed N-aperture system can be used as a transmitter that exhibits N2-fold enhancement of peak intensity and N-fold reduction of spot size in the far field. We demonstrated this behavior in the HighPowered Phased Arrays of Phased Arrays (HIPOP) Program for the U.S. Airforce Research Lab.

Star-9 Laboratory Test Bed

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Star-9 Distributed Aperture Telescope Many small phased telescope modules yield a larger effective aperture. Measured Modulation Transfer Function ( MTF) compares well with theory (upper right) and is near diffraction limited

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Optics and Electro-Optics Optical Design Tool To support distributed aperture development, our optical designers use Optima, an ATCdeveloped proprietary design tool uniquely suited for high-performance systems. Optima is the first optical design tool to implement the features needed to handle distributed aperture systems, giving development teams a competitive advantage, and the first code to implement polarization ray trace capabilities. In addition, ATC code developers can readily customize Optima to a specific configuration, an advantage over commercial packages where the source code is not accessible.

Optima ATC-developed code was used in Star-9 distributed aperture optical design.

Integrated Optical Gauge Design

Metrology Advanced optical systems, such as the Space Interferometer Mission (SIM) for the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, often require knowing the relative positions of components to nano- or picometer accuracies. In response to that need, the ATC has developed a family of heterodyne-interferometric gauges that define a new state of the art in metrology. Using these discrete gauges, we have demonstrated relative precision of 20 picometers.

Measurement Paths

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In a related effort, ATC engineers demonstrated an integrated, optics-based, miniaturized gauge to replace a bulk-optic discrete system with many separate elements. This integrated approach yields cost, size, weight and risk advantages over the conventional approach.

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Integrated Gauge. Miniaturized gauge (on top of can) saves cost and weight compared with a discrete gauge in background.

Integrated Laser and Interferometer

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Phenomenology Many of the technological challenges we face today involve sensing and deciphering subtle changes in electromagnetic radiation. Tasks such as observing ozone depletion in the Antarctic upper atmosphere, measuring the effects of solar flares on Earth’s magnetosphere, and identifying and tracking ballistic missile launches around the globe require an ability to read fluctuations in spectral emissions. A growing core capability at the ATC, phenomenology is the science concerned with predicting, measuring and analyzing spectral observables—from the ultraviolet to the longwave infrared—for such diverse applications as environmental monitoring, scientific research and military surveillance. By accurately measuring and interpreting spectral observables, then coupling that knowledge with an understanding of the critical requirements of practical applications, we develop specific technical solutions for a wide array of customer missions. In essence, phenomenology underpins our ability to “understand the problem,” allowing us to develop the best solution to solve it. ATC phenomenologists support advanced technology development across multiple lines of business. Our work embraces atmospheric physics, atmospheric transmission, remote sensing and detection, spectroscopy, rocket exhaust plume physics and re-entry sciences.

Rocket Exhaust Physics ATC spatial model shows plume exhaust gas and particulate infrared (IR) emission at an altitude of 200 kilometers.

Exploiting Physics to Derive Observables Earth Surveillance The Lockheed Martin Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) HEO-1 instrument scans the Earth to detect missile launches. In this image, SBIRS detects the hot plume and trail of a Delta-IV rocket (upper right hand corner) launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base.

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Phenomenology

Accurate radiometric maps or scenes are an essential aspect of sensor system design. Using high-power computers and special phenomenology models, our engineers and technologists generate scenarios that simulate the real-world conditions under which the sensor must carry out its mission. Because an intricate spectral relationship exists between target, background and atmosphere, minute changes in a sensor’s spectral bandpass can dramatically affect its performance. With a suite of models and expertise available, sensor bandpass optimization has become a core capability at the ATC and a significant benefit to many Lockheed Martin sensor programs. Once a sensor is fielded, phenomenology expertise supports the analysis of data acquired by the sensor in order to characterize and validate the performance of the sensor system. These analyses include the transformation of the sensor output stream into spectral identification, remote sensing feature extraction and/or intelligence data products.

Plexus atm. Trans. Plexus atm. Rad. Ssgm mean rad. Modis mean rad.

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When developing sensors for any application, the ATC’s mission is to translate what nature allows us to see into an optimal design. Sensor design has no “one size fits all” solution. Each application requires a fresh examination of the phenomenology involved with the mission. This often means returning to basic first principles physics to identify relevant phenomena and then constructing models to characterize the emissive and reflective properties inherent in an observable scene.

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Sensor Band Trades Computer models predict the spectral radiance and atmospheric transmission compared with measured satellite data from the MODerate Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). Comparisons such as these provide the spectral basis for models used in system-level band trades. Atmospheric Modeling Our researchers use 4D atmospheric circulation (x,y,z,t) models to predict high spatial and high temporal atmospheric variables with applications to remote sensing and air quality monitoring systems. This example illustrates a simulation of hurricane Katrina (below). Legend: white is cloud ice, light blue is cloud liquid water, dark blue is ocean and light brown is land.

Radiance Image The radiance image above is a simulation of the hurricane model as viewed by a geostationary satellite platform using an MWIR sensor band at 6.95 microns.

High-Altitude Clouds The ATC-built Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) was the first instrument to globally map the frequency of upper tropospheric cirrus cloud occurrence using the infrared. Thin cirrus clouds commonly appear near the tropical tropopause at altitudes between 12 and 18 kilometers.

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Phenomenology Measured

Rocket Exhaust Plume Radiation

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Modeling Medium Wave Infrared (MWIR) Radiance ATC phenomenologists use a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) plume code to predict the exhaust flow field and associated MWIR radiance map of plumes generated from a divert and attitude control system (DACS) employed by a high-altitude interceptor. Tail-on views (inset) of the interceptor and plume show how the model has been validated against actual flight measurement of DACS plumes from a ground-based sensor.

Rocket exhaust plume signatures are a core phenomenology interest area. Our engineers model all aspects of flight from the launch to the post-boost deployment phase. The ATC developed the government standard code for high-altitude missile exhaust radiation and a unique signature model for the exhaust radiance from unconventional missiles flying at extreme angles of attack. We also developed an advanced radiance model for the persistent trail left behind by most missiles. These advanced ATC codes supplement government models and allow missile defense systems to more readily recognize a threat missile’s behavior and respond accordingly. Other areas of expertise include modeling exhaust plume radiance from the small divert jets used to control interceptors. These models allow us to characterize the performance of an interceptor and minimize the potential for sensor blinding.

Remote Sensing Models and Simulation

The ATC employs a high-performance computing environment to develop state-ofthe-art remote sensing phenomenology software and mathematical algorithms to model natural processes. Our computer simulation laboratory hosts a variety of radiative transfer, atmospheric circulation and detailed sensor models to aid in the understanding and exploitation of remotely sensed data.

Three-dimensional Topography This shows the same scene from a simulated scanning LIDAR system on a moving platform. The simulation includes atmospheric contributions and photon counting statistics.

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Hyperspectral Data Exploitation Image (left) illustrates the detection of a controlled gas release at a test facility using state-of-the-art hyperspectral processing tools. The plot (below) illustrates the spectral fit of the gas to the superpixel spectrum after extensive processing. -0.00

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Phenomenology addresses a broad range of atmospheric science and remote sensing topics. These include end-to-end hyperspectral modeling, system analysis trade studies, atmospheric correction algorithms, data extraction algorithms related to the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and chemical detection.

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Active and Passive Remote Sensing A simulated passive image (above) is modeled with Digital Image Remote Sensing Image Generator (DIRSIGRIT). The image represents a 7.0-cm spatial resolution simulation of 218 spectral bands from 0.39 to 2.56 microns. The model includes aerosol, haze and multi-scattering effects.

Phenomenology Critical Analyses for Missile Defense Applications The ATC models the full range of midcourse and reentry objects, incorporating experience in material properties, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, pyrolysis and ablation to generate passive observables in the visible through long wavelength infrared (LWIR). Individual targets are analyzed and rendered in aggregate to feed hardware-in-the-loop simulators. Data are routinely analyzed and compared with predictions. Additional capabilities involve off-body phenomena such as reentry wakes (RF and IR) from ablating heat shield products and trails from residual fuel interaction with the atmosphere.

Missile Detection and Tracking Analysts insert computed theater missile infrared radiance (hard body and plume in the 3- to 5-micron band) into a desert background radiance scene. This type of scene is used to test and develop detection and tracking algorithms for the challenging case of low-intensity targets embedded in highly cluttered backgrounds.

Target Modeling Midcourse and reentry target models generate surface temperatures (right) that are then validated against radiance measurements (far right) using emission and reflection algorithms. The modeling accounts for heat transfer during reentry, in-depth thermal conduction, pyrolysis and ablation and heating effects in rarefied flow regimes.

Characterizing the Battlespace Theater commanders require information that describes the environments they will face. Therefore, phenomenology also characterizes battlespace events such as explosions and fires. We are developing and validating both spectral and temporal models of these events. Other vital information when considering deployments of ground assets includes location of ground fires, estimates of their size and potential for propagation, and direction of propagation. Accurate detection and characterization of fires for remote sensing involves critical waveband and algorithm selection. The ATC is analyzing overhead data to define spectral characteristics useful for early fire detection.

Ground Fire Data Analysis Results of 11-micron observations show the positive contrast flame front and embers (left) and the negative contrast smoke trail (right).

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Precision Pointing and Controls As mission requirements become more demanding, the need for more sophisticated control over the operation of advanced systems increases. How do we stabilize a camera, mounted on a jittering satellite, to achieve ultra-sharp images of Earth from 700 kilometers out in space? How do we point a telescope with enough precision to measure the minute variations in the position of a star located hundreds of light-years away? Finding practical answers to questions like these is one of the great challenges in advanced technology development—and it is one of the core competencies of the ATC. Our Precision Pointing and Controls organization provides mission-critical support for many Lockheed Martin lines of business as well as for external customers’ research and development efforts. Operating across the entire design and development cycle, ATC teams use a variety of tools and rapid prototyping techniques to model complex systems in a short period of time. These end-to-end mission simulations predict the behavior of dynamic systems in the environment in which they are expected to perform.

Space Structures Technologies (SST) Our SST program addresses the needs of future systems requiring deployment and operation of very large structures in space. The SST test bed contains a fully functional spacecraft bus hardware emulator and a 16- by 1.8-meter payload with 1-Hz first structural mode representative of a large space structure. We use the test bed to develop, validate and assess performance of critical technologies such as metrology systems, real-time system characterization, vibration mitigation and adaptive control.

Our pointing and controls engineers and technologists have supported multiple high-profile programs including Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), Airborne Laser (ABL), Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) and Gravity Probe B. In addition, advanced research and development efforts in areas such as innovative system and control architectures, structural dynamics, vibration isolation, precision optical and wavefront control, advanced navigation, and high-speed and ultra-quiet electronics enable future systems with ever greater capabilities. The ATC also explores new frontiers in the development of autonomous and distributed systems. One example is complex robotic systems that can perform difficult tasks in remote locations without human intervention, executing missions with a high level of autonomy. These smart systems will play an increasingly important role in defining and enabling new missions and new business opportunities.

Predicting and Controlling the Behavior of Complex Dynamic Systems 12

Multi-Petal Test Bed (MPT) With dynamics similar to those of future large-scale spacebased optical systems, the MPT is a half-scale version of an 8-meter-diameter deployable telescope containing a segmented primary mirror. The MPT is equipped with flightlike hinges and latches for precision mirror deployment and over 500 accelerometers for dynamics characterization. It is supported by a six-degree-of-freedom hybrid gravity offload system with corner frequencies between 0.1 and 0.2 Hz. We used the MPT to validate novel algorithms capable of performing system identification with modal densities in excess of 40 modes per Hz.

Precision Pointing and Controls Control and Automation The ATC’s Control and Automation Laboratory (CAL) has extensive facilities and demonstrated capabilities for development of autonomous systems—from component technologies such as sensors, actuators, manipulators, interfaces and algorithms to system-level demonstrations using multiple spacecraft hardware emulators.

Spacecraft Hardware Simulators Future space missions will rely on the support of numerous distributed platforms. To enhance understanding of the various issues these missions will encounter, ATC scientists have produced self-propelled robotic platforms that emulate in hardware the functionality of spacecraft. In laboratory tests, these platforms provide crucial first-look data in areas such as navigation, communications, collective planning, resource balancing and integrated behaviors.

Our research focuses on real-time autonomous control of multiple vehicles for varying applications, including precision formation flying for distributed aperture imaging and automated in-space assembly. We develop algorithms and sensors for longrange and proximity operations, collision avoidance, rendezvous and docking, failure detection and remediation, and control reconfiguration that are critical for achieving high levels of autonomy in space.

Spacecraft Sensor Pointing Systems Autonomous Star Trackers (AST) developed and built by the ATC define the state of the art in autonomous, highperformance space sensors. Our AST-201 and AST-301 perform rapid and reliable attitude acquisition without a priori attitude information. They use robust algorithms, self-initialize after power-up and require minimum operator involvement. More than 10 units have been flown. Two redundant AST-301 star trackers serve as the primary attitude sensors for the pointing control system in the Spitzer Space Telescope. These trackers are fully autonomous, allowing acquisition anywhere in the sky in less than 3 seconds with a 99.98 percent success probability. Their accuracy—a bias error of only 0.16 arcseconds per axis—exceeds system requirements by a factor of four. This level of performance enables the Spitzer telescope to be pointed directly at celestial objects in a shorter period of time, significantly improving science observation time during the life of the mission.

Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

Autonomous Star Tracker The AST is a reliable inertial attitude sensor with demonstrated sub-microradian accuracy in operational space systems.

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Precision Pointing and Controls Pointing and Control The pointing and control assembly for a Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) satellite is a high-performance, two-axis gimbaled system with stringent accuracy and agility requirements. Our momentumcompensated gimbal design reduced exported loads to the spacecraft by 97 percent. When combined with sophisticated control systems, this achieved the stringent agility, stability and accuracy requirements.

Modeling, Analysis and Simulation ATC researchers develop high-fidelity dynamics models and design control logic to assess and predict on-orbit performance. ATC engineers developed Autolev and DYNACON for modeling multi-rigid body dynamics and flexible body dynamics, respectively. These proven tools provide exact representation of the dynamics of complex systems and utilize efficient algorithms to speed up simulations.

Space Structures We develop and characterize highperformance structures in support of future space systems such as large radar antennas and optical systems, solar sails and in-space construction. Our structures range from ultralightweight booms of less than 60 gram/meter linear density to highstiffness booms that provide a stable structure for antennas and optical systems. Testing of 8.5-m ultra-lightweight deployable boom: ATC engineers demonstrated real-time characterization of high-performance deployable booms using a sixdegree-of-freedom excitation system and extensive instrumentation. The test results were used to validate thermal and structural dynamics models. Our team developed an approach for in-space testing of large deployable structures including visualization and metrology for imaging during deployment and measurement of mode frequencies and mode shapes after deployment.

Mechanisms Our deployment mechanism developed for the Collapsible Rollable Tube (CRT) boom technology allows multiple controlled deployment and retraction cycles, and provides full stiffness during deployment and state-of-the-art packing ratio.

Vision System Calibration Sample Data Set Position Error vs. True Position at 30 Meters

Image Processing Electronics We develop high-speed adaptive optics and electronics to rapidly track and correct for wave front distortions and aberrations. Development focuses on the demonstration of electronics and algorithms to accomplish a 10-kHz corrective system. Our high-speed closed-loop wave front control consists of a 30-kHz high-speed camera, parallel image processing, 100-kHz Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) deformable mirror driver electronics and associated interfaces.

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Precision Pointing and Controls Innovative Systems and Control Architectures

DFP Test Bed With a 2-meter-diameter structure representative of a large space optical system, the DFP test bed is a fully functional spacecraft hardware emulator. In addition to dynamic similarity, the test bed includes on board computers, sensors and actuators equivalent to those found in spacecraft. Full threeaxis stabilization allows development and demonstration of realtime flight control algorithms. Expected On-Orbit Pointing Performance for Large Space Optical System – DFP and State of the Art 102

The ATC’s Disturbance-Free Payload (DFP) test bed demonstrates a novel system architecture in which a payload and spacecraft bus are separate bodies that fly in close-proximity formation, allowing precision payload control and simultaneous isolation from spacecraft disturbances. The unique control architecture provides isolation down to zero frequency, and sensor characteristics do not limit isolation performance. We have demonstrated broadband isolation in excess of 68 dB (a factor of greater than 2,500). In the test bed, the payload and spacecraft bus are coupled through a fully controlled non-contact interface containing sensors and actuators. The payload contains fine optical-pointing sensors; the spacecraft bus contains a star tracker, three-axis fiber-optic gyros, reaction wheels and thrusters. The test bed operates in closedloop control and is three-axis stabilized. Payload pointing stability is less than 1 microradian in the laboratory environment.

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Simulations High-fidelity simulations of DFP predict over 100 times on-orbit performance improvement over state-of-the-art pointing and isolation systems.

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Control Architecture Our advanced control architecture for systems with multiple payloads allows precision independent control of various payloads and simultaneous isolation from spacecraft disturbances.

HexPak HexPak is a modular deployable space structure consisting of hexagonal bays that stack into a compact structure for launch, and deploy on orbit to a planar structure. This expansive deck area supports large aperture payloads and multiple payloads, enables heat rejection significantly beyond traditional space platforms, permits multiple manifests with minimal support mass, and offers easy access on orbit for expansion, maintenance and reconfiguration of the platform. Since each bay is fabricated and tested individually, and easily accessible from all sides, the time to manufacture a complete spacecraft is greatly reduced.

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Two-Meter-Diameter Test Bed A test bed with three bays was built to demonstrate physical interfaces of the bays, and mechanical assemblies for deployment and latching the structure. The test bed will also be used to measure stiffness of the deployed structure, demonstrate signal and power distribution, and provide a platform for implementing a networkcentric avionics and payload architecture. The modular structure coupled with a networked avionics system makes HexPak the first truly responsive space structure.

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Advanced Telecommunications For space systems—often operating at great distances from Earth—reliable communications systems are essential. Spacecraft operators depend on these systems to control the satellite and its payload and to beam back vital mission data. Mission success hinges on the efficient and successful transfer of this data. The ATC has a long history of designing and implementing advanced telecommunications products and systems to meet these demanding conditions. Our designers and engineers provide end-to-end communication design capabilities to customers who are developing systems ranging from sea- and ground-based applications to deep space exploration. We also support a broad cross section of Lockheed Martin lines of business including military satellite communications, commercial telecommunications, fleet ballistic missiles, commercial remote sensing and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) programs.

Communications Design Communications science laboratories at the ATC offer a gamut of design services—from initial concepts for proposed systems to operation and maintenance of deployed systems. RF communications system engineers design, evaluate and implement tracking, telemetry and command subsystems; RF and laser satellite communication links; and bent-pipe and processing payloads for military, commercial and deep space communication applications. To develop communications systems and components for major programs such as Milstar, Iridium and the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS), we exploit RF, photonic, millimeter-wave and laser hardware spanning a full spectrum of data rates. Our engineers and technologists also develop diverse modulation schemes combined with robust error-correcting codes to provide reliable link performance.

ATC areas of research in the advanced telecommunications field include cognitive radio architecture and system development, advanced phased array antenna design, direct-to-optical radio frequency (RF) sensor development, optical and RF beamformers, RF-photonic channelizers and frequency translators, and tunable narrowband optical/RF filters. The combination of group expertise and facility is well-suited to provide unique design, fabrication and testing capabilities that are advantageous for rapidly evaluating research and development concepts and developing new products.

ATC communications modeling and simulation capabilities form the basis for predicting performance for a wide variety of communications designs. For example, we pioneered the turbo code model for the Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) system, using a parallel concatenated convolutional code to demonstrate the effects of gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) and scintillation on the system. In addition, in-house experts developed an acquisition and tracking model to meet key Milstar and Astrolink requirements.

Our expertise in telecommunications focuses on three key areas:

Iridium ATC role: System performance analysis, including ground coverage modeling and simulation

• Communications architecture and system design • Antenna design and development • RF and photonic product design, development and production

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Advanced Telecommunications

Lunar Prospector ATC role: Development of antennas and other subsystem elements; communications support and integration

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Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) ATC role: Key communication system engineering and traffic modeling analysis and support

IKONOS ATC role: Communications support, engineering and key subsystem elements

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Advanced Telecommunications Antenna Design The ATC has more than 40 years of experience in developing reflectors, phased arrays, horn antennas, planar and conical spirals, helixes, patch antennas, log periodic dipole antennas and RF lenses for antenna systems—our designs are as varied as the applications. Reflector antenna technologies include deployable mesh reflectors, extremely lightweight aluminum reflectors, and both solid and foldable graphite reflectors. We have built reflector feeds using spiral and horn antennas; wideband and narrowband horn antennas using corrugated, dual or quad ridge designs; and horns capable of operating at dual frequencies (20 and 44 GHz) from a single aperture. ATC engineers have developed a specialty in conical and planar spirals with multi-octave, multimode operation that simultaneously receive righthand and left-hand circular polarizations. We have built end-fire and side-fire helixes from UHF to X-band, and dielectric lenses for horn antennas to shape the beamwidth and to adjust the phase center. And we have used Rotman lenses for phased array beamforming applications.

SMART This large S-band phased array antenna operates from 2.2 GHz to 2.4 GHz. Capable of seeing out 1100 nautical miles, the antenna generates sufficient beams to track eight independent targets. It has no moving parts and is electronically steered over a 120-degree field of view. The highly integrated sub-array design, which uses multi-layer microwave boards, reduces cable and connector counts by 70 percent, resulting in a lighter weight, more compact and more reliable system.

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We have designed, built and delivered phased array antennas (ranging from L-band to Ka-band), developed X-band communication phased arrays and high-power arrays. ATC antenna design engineers built the S-band Mobile Array Telemetry (SMART) antenna system for the U.S. Navy. This large-scale integrated-electronic scanning array antenna system receives telemetry data and autonomously tracks missiles during fleet ballistic missile testing. It includes low-noise amplifiers and beamforming networks integrated onto the array subpanel. The SMART antenna system architecture has led to simplifications in software development, beamforming networks and calibration. We have also done extensive research in true time delay, control of spectral regrowth and FPGA-based command and control of phased arrays. ATC antenna design engineers have also built X-band and Ku-band phased array antennas for airborne applications such as the DARKSTAR UAV, ground applications such as the Portable Array Terminal System (PATS) and space applications such as Iridium where we designed the main mission phased array.

2.5-Octave Horn Antenna

Absorber Loaded 8-Arm Spiral Helix

Deployable Mesh Reflector

EHF Luneberg Lens Antenna

Advanced Telecommunications RF and Photonics Development The Advanced RF/Photonics Group resides in a 35,000square-foot building in Sunnyvale, Calif., that includes a 14,000-square-foot clean room dedicated to design, fabrication, assembly, testing and qualification of RF, optics, photonics and hybrid components and assemblies. The facility possesses state-of-the-art semiconductor and photonic integrated circuit fabrication equipment that enables process development and custom component fabrication in a variety of material platforms to support cutting-edge RF/photonic research and product development.

Electro-Optical Receiver

In particular, the ATC’s Advanced RF/Photonics Group designs and builds communications assemblies for multiple frequencies. The group pioneered the development of advanced photonic devices for spacebased applications. RF engineers have designed and delivered specialized RF devices and assemblies (ranging from UHF to wideband), including low-noise amplifiers, solid-state power amplifiers, filters, transmit/receive modules, frequency-hopping receivers, frequency synthesizers, narrowband and wideband up- and down-frequency converters, transceivers and other RF assemblies. Recent developments include an 8- to 10-GHz synthesizer assembly with 1-Hz step size.

RF-Photonic Frequency Translator Test Bed

The ATC also is responsible for the first space-qualified electro-optical receiver (EOR) that operated from DC to 18 GHz. This EOR was designed, built, tested and delivered to the customer in less than 14 months. Based on this design, the ATC has developed similar photonic receivers to support other research and development programs. Recent development projects in our lab include RFphotonic channelizers, optical beamformers, RF-photonic frequency translators, direct-to-optical RF sensors, wideband modulators, tunable narrowband optical/RF filters. Overall the combination of group expertise and facility is well-suited to provide unique design, fabrication and testing capabilities that are advantageous for rapidly evaluating R&D concepts and developing new products.

IKONOS Wideband Upconverter

Optical Beamformer Test Bed

60-GHz High-Power Solid-State Amplifier

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Materials and Structures Materials are fundamental to the success of any mission. Our technological progress through the millennia has been enabled by and reflected in our ability to modify and use materials to our own ends in such a profound way that historical epochs are named for the materials used within them. In 4000 years, we have advanced from the Bronze Age to an age of nanotechnology where we are developing and exploiting the ability to manipulate and tailor materials atom by atom. The ATC’s materials scientists and engineers were intimately involved in the materials advances that allowed us to send men to the Moon and satellites to space; we have worked on thermal protection systems for the space shuttle and have experts in the chemistry of rockets. Today our attention extends from the traditional aerospace focus on strong, lightweight materials that operate under severe conditions to a 21st century focus on using modifications at the nanoscopic level to create multi-functional materials or achieve materials with novel optical, electrical or thermal properties. We emphasize materials that make a difference in aerospace applications. Therefore, we specialize in active materials and devices; materials with tailorable interactions with electromagnetic radiation, materials and devices for spacecraft energy production and storage; energetic materials; and high-temperature materials. ATC scientists support hardware programs with advanced structural simulation and failure analysis, nondestructive inspection and chemical/gas sensing. We are actively engaged in leading-edge technology such as nano-materials and microelectro-mechanical systems. Our work in advanced materials technologies spans a variety of applications that range from developing polymers for RF and optical processing to monitoring the properties of solid rocket propellants. For more than 40 years, we have been finding answers to difficult problems and developing cutting-edge enabling technologies for customers requiring ever-increasing capabilities. A few current beneficiaries of our research and investigative capabilities include the U.S. Navy's Fleet Ballistic Missile Program (FBM), the Air Force’s Airborne Laser (ABL), NASA’s Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) for the James Webb Space Telescope, and the Army’s Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD).

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Designing New Materials and Structures for Applications from Radio Frequency to Rockets Virtual modeling and investigative analyses are routinely performed by the Materials and Structures Department. Computer models are used to simulate complex events such as progressive failure in a composite panel or predict the performance of a spacecraft under orbit environments (above). Forensic analysis is performed on flight hardware using resident, state-of-the-art instruments such as a scanning electron microscope (below) and real-time x-ray radiography.

Materials and Structures

Advanced hot gas control system designs require metallic materials, such as rhenium, with high strength and gas compatibility above 2000ºC. The ATC developed and demonstrated a low-cost rhenium processing technology for hot gas missile control systems. Potential program applications are future Navy and Air Force strategic missile systems. Other possible applications include civil space and tactical missiles.

Ln ρ Density

Advanced Propulsion Systems

3 2 1

Conventional Rhenium

Ln Sintering Time (min)

Improved Rhenium Using a solid-state diffusion process, the ATC successfully homogenized rhenium and increased its density and strength. The cost and process time were dramatically decreased compared to conventional powder metallurgy material. The ATC also has active work in nanodeposition of rhenium coatings.

ATC Rhenium

Thermal Protection

Tile Repair The ATC developed the STA-54 On-orbit Tile Repair System, a crewoperated backpack system to repair damage to the space shuttle thermal protection tiles. Future applications include materials processing and structure fabrication in space (above left). Hardware Applications. Materials we have fabricated to improve space environment survivability include the arc-sprayed thermal control coating for the Genesis heat shield (above right).

Spacecraft subsystems require thermal and optical properties to meet performance requirements and maintain long mission life. The ATC has developed and demonstrated thermal and optical coating capabilities for a wide range of flight hardware including XSS-11, Genesis, Mars98 and the International Space Station. Our Denver facilities support space and reentry environment test, simulation and flight qualification evaluation. Large in-situ vacuum chamber systems provide inchamber mechanical manipulation to test and verify components and systems prior to space deployment. Reentry environments can be simulated with a 500-kW arc lamp and surface shear system or an 80-kW plasma jet thermal source.

Ceramic Nozzle Throat The ATC received a 2004 Aviation Week Technology Innovation Award for a rocket motor nozzle throat made from ceramic material. Previous experimental ceramics had poor thermal shock resistance and low tensile strengths, preventing their use in rocket applications. Our materials scientists solved these problems using unique ceramic compositions and fabrication methods. This new near-zero erosion, net-molded ceramic nozzle promises to improve solid rocket motor performance and affordability. The ceramic nozzle significantly outperformed the industry standard 4D carbon-carbon material. The net-molding fabrication technique is expected to reduce fabrication costs by 50 percent. Potential program applications are future Navy and Air Force strategic missile systems. 21

Materials and Structures Chemical Sensing and Energetic Materials Analysis

30-Meter Path-Length Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy The materials sampled have been analyzed by virtually every standard analytical technique including the FTIR spectroscopy shown above.

The ATC’s Materials and Structures Department has amassed extensive expertise in sampling and analysis of trace volatile and semi-volatile organic material, inorganic gases and solid residual materials associated with combustion processes primarily in rockets. We have leveraged these capabilities in the detection of general inorganic and organic material with a strong emphasis on energetic materials. Sampling of target materials is also performed using solid-phase micro-extraction technology, standard absorbent materials, impinger systems and cryo-coolers. Virtually every standard analytical chemistry technique and many exotic techniques have been employed for these analyses. The emphasis on energetic materials stems from Lockheed Martin’s interest in maintaining critical launch vehicle systems, characterizing weapons of war and developing detection systems for homeland security applications.

Active Materials To enable the next generation of agile and adaptive optical systems, we are working on the fundamental active materials technology that drives wavefront correction systems. Our effort includes developing and testing next-generation high-speed deformable mirror systems, MEMS micromirror arrays and spatial light modulators as well as the high-speed wavefront sensors and algorithms needed for high-speed adaptive optics. The ATC has developed and patented a suite of compositions for electrostrictive ceramic materials for actuation. These materials have the highest strain and lowest hysteresis in this family of materials. They have been used to build sonar transducers (for the US Navy) as well as high-speed continuous face sheet deformable mirrors.

Next-Generation Adaptive Optics

MEMS Device Test beds use a 1024pixel MEMS deformable mirror from Boston Micromachines Corporation (BMC).

Coherent imaging and targeting systems, directed energy and laser communication systems require adaptive optics for correcting wavefront aberrations induced by propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The ATC has developed compact, low-power, high-speed adaptive optics test beds that use MEMS deformable mirrors/spatial light modulators. These test beds include both hardware and custom drive electronics to evaluate mirrors, novel wavefront sensors and control algorithms for adaptive optics systems. We use the test beds to develop free space laser communications, directed energy systems and multiple target track/designate systems. 22

Active Deformable Mirror With 76 actuators and a 10- kHz frame rate, this is the fastest mirror of this type in existence.

Test Bed MEMS-based adaptive optics test bed uses the MEMS device above.

Materials and Structures Aerospace Applications of Nanotechnology The Materials and Structures Department is actively conducting research and development in the field of nanotechnology in conjunction with university, national lab and small-business partners. We seek to develop, understand and utilize nano-enabled materials for energy generation and storage and nanoenergetic materials for controlled propulsion. We have active projects in the area of carbon nanotube-based materials for thermal control and sensing applications. We implement nano-enabled processes for deposition of protective coatings on complex interior shapes. First and foremost, our nanotechnology projects carry a strong technology maturation emphasis, spanning the stages of fundamental development through device demonstrations—all aimed toward ultimate use in the products and missions that define our company. Within the field of nanotechnology, ATC Materials and Structures has several focus areas that are relevant to aerospace applications. Device physics: Devices utilizing quantum effects are increasingly available. While these commercial products have been tested for durability in terrestrial environments, Lockheed Martin frequently wishes to utilize them in exotic locales, for instance, Mars. We seek to understand the impact of shrinking feature sizes and the use of more complex materials systems in electronic devices and to develop the modeling and simulation tools to predict performance over lifetime in our use environment. Tailorable materials: The synthetic flexibility of organic and inorganic materials, especially those formed into nanocomposites, permits development of new materials with tailorable optical, thermal and electronic properties. Using this approach, we are actively developing new molecules and materials for diverse applications ranging from nonlinear optical materials to solar cells. Energy applications: Multiple platforms, be they individual soldiers or interplanetary probes, are frequently “off the grid” and must carry their own power generation and/or storage capability. We investigate innovative means of converting and storing energy, including nanomaterials such as thermophotovoltaics, thin film photovoltaics and nanophotonic devices. We incorporate these materials and others into energy devices, including thermoelectric devices, fuel cells and solar panels, and utilize our customized test facilities to evaluate their performance.

Molecular Model Molecular modeling techniques are employed to help us design polymer-surface systems where these molecular interactions are critical to the composite system’s function.

Carbon Nanotube Grass Scanning electron microscope image shows 25-mm-tall carbon nanotubes grown at the ATC. Inset is a single nanotube at 300,000 times magnification.

Nanorhenium Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) image of rhenium nanoparticles used to economically produce protective coatings for parts with 2000ºC operating temperatures.

0.5 mm

1.5 mm

3D Photonic Crystal Tungsten photonic crystals are produced by Sandia for Lockheed Martin for use in our energy applications.

Flexible Antenna The ATC has a clean fabrication facility capable of incorporating nanomaterials into photolithographically defined devices. Shown is a polymer-based flexible RF sensor.

Falcon Reentry Vehicle Power System Concept Thermoelectric converters generate power in reentry body heat shield.

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Thermal Sciences Temperature variations profoundly affect the operation of advanced aerospace systems— from precision optics to rocket motors. Even small changes in temperature can impact the way a system operates, and Lockheed Martin customers often are faced with managing operations in extreme thermal environments. Thermal scientists and engineers pursue a variety of research and development endeavors aimed at understanding the dynamic influence temperature has on cutting-edge technology, and develop new systems that can perform successfully within the demands and constraints presented by severe operational environments. Areas of emphasis include: • Precision thermal measurement and analysis

Precision Multidisciplinary Modeling and Analysis Development of advanced optical systems involves a complex multidisciplinary process to ensure that the system will operate as intended. Following an initial optical design, ATC thermal and structural engineers analyze thermal response and deformations induced in the optics by temperature gradients. An optical designer then uses these deformations to characterize the impact of the displacements on the wavefront quality of the optical system. Our precision modeling capabilities can accurately predict milli-Kelvin level temperature results and unprecedented picometer level thermally induced deformations in world-class space-based optical assemblies. Correlated Milli-Kelvin Temperature Predictions

• Thermal design and analysis • Thermal and structural modeling • Computational fluid dynamics • Multi-phase flow and heat transfer • LADAR thermal engineering • Space environmental simulation and testing

Modeled Hardware

Analysis Model

Our expertise in thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics is also applied to the design, modeling and fabrication of premier cryogenic space-based cooling systems. These systems include open-cycle cooling using stored cryogens, mechanical pulse tube cryocoolers and adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators.

Correlated Picometer Deformation Predictions

The ATC is instrumental in developing powerful technical discriminators for Lockheed Martin lines of business and in leveraging technological innovation to create possibilities for our customers and new opportunities for the company.

Experimental Hardware

Cryogenic Cooling Systems

Managing the Effects of Temperature in Extreme Operating Environments 24

The ATC has been providing cryogenic cooling systems for space applications for more than 35 years. The cooling systems utilize stored cryogens such as superfluid helium and solid hydrogen, neon, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, nitrogen and argon to achieve a wide range of temperatures down to 1.8K.

The Gravity Probe B Dewar

Thermal Sciences Computational Fluid Dynamics High-speed and large-memory computers enable computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve many thermal flow problems, including those that are compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, and chemically reacting or non-reacting. Rocket Motor Design ATC engineers developed a CFD model to characterize temperature, pressure, flow field, heat transfer, particulate transport, water droplet evaporation and other related phenomena in a solid rocket motor firing chamber. This simulation model, in conjunction with scale-model tests, provides the basis for the design of a full-scale firing chamber.

Problem Solving Researchers applied CFD to help solve a cooling problem on a modified electronic warfare training aircraft in which the specialized electronic equipment generated too much heat for the environmental control system. Thermal engineers created a CFD model used to design a heat exchange system to channel air from the cold aircraft skin to cool the aft cabin that housed the electronics. Model predictions were then tested and verified in laboratory experiments.

LADAR Thermal Engineering The advent of laser sources on space-borne optical systems has made thermal management an even greater concern due to potentially greater temperature gradients. In the case of laser diodes, temperature can also affect the desired frequency of the transmitter, requiring tighter temperature control. What is desired is a thermal management system that is transparent to the mission— one that weighs nothing, takes up no space, is rigid, uses no power, has no disturbances and is robust. Thermal management is a system-level enabler to the success of the payload. LADAR thermal management is focused toward these goals. Combining Lockheed Martin’s high-capacity variable conductance spiral groove heat pipes with laser diodes and waveguides is a step in this direction. Integrating the variable conductance heat pipes into the thermal management system yields a system with minimal space, mass, and power requirements. 25

Thermal Sciences Cryogenic Cooling Systems •

Confirming Einstein’s general theory of relativity



Searching for planets in distant galaxies



Studying ozone depletion in Earth’s atmosphere



Looking at “first light” from the birth of the universe

All of these disparate scientific objectives share a common requirement: They need space-based sensing systems that operate at extremely low temperatures. Missions like these present unique challenges. Cooling an infrared sensor on a distant spacecraft to less than 5 Kelvin, for several years of continuous operation, is no small task, yet the ATC has been providing such cryogenic cooling systems for space applications for more than 35 years. Our thermal scientists, engineers and technologists utilize their expertise in thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics to model and predict the performance of advanced cooling systems. They also have the design and manufacturing expertise to transform analytic models into qualified hardware for space. The ATC has built and tested more than 20 opencycle cooling systems for space using stored cryogens such as superfluid helium and solid hydrogen, neon, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, nitrogen and argon.

Open Cycle Cooling Recent open cycle cooling systems developed at the ATC Program

Units

Life

Cooling Method

Optimum Temp.

Wide-field IR Survey Explorer (WISE)

1

7 mo

Two-stage solid hydrogen

7.2/9.8 K Launch in 2008

Gravity Probe B

1

16 mo

Superfluid helium

1

4 mo

Two-stage solid hydrogen

1

10 mo Solid hydrogen

2

20 mo

3

5 yr

7

3 yr

Wide-field IR Survey Explorer (WIRE) Special Infrared Imaging Tel. (SPIRIT-III) Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) Extended Life Cooler Long Life Cooler

The Gravity Probe B Dewar This is the largest superfluid helium Dewar in space, cooling the science instrument to 1.8K for 16 months.

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Solid neon / solid CO2 Solid methane / Solid ammonia Solid methane / Solid ammonia

1.8 K

Status

Launched 4/04. Achieved all temperature/lifetime objectives

6.6/12 K Launched in March 1999 9.5 K

Launched 4/96. Achieved all temperature / lifetime objectives

Launched 9/91. Achieved 15.5/128 K all temperature / lifetime objectives Achieved all temperature / lifetime objectives Achieved all temperature / 64/146 K lifetime objectives 64/146 K

Thermal Sciences Compact, Flexible, Reliable Mechanical Systems The ATC also produces mechanical pulse tube cryocooler systems. These cryocoolers are lightweight, power efficient and highly reliable, with lifetimes of 10 years or more.

Cooling Power (mW)

200

180 W

100

100 W

50

60 W

0

4

6

8 10 12 Cold Tip Temperature (K)

14

Cryocooler Performance Testing An ATC scientist prepares a cryocooler for test. The results show excellent cooling performance.

Two-stage Cryocooler This pulse tube cryocooler provides cooling at two temperatures, 55K and 140K, resulting in more efficient sensor cooling.

Input Power 240 W

150

Heat Rejection Temp = 300K First Stage Temp = 140K, Second Stage Temp = 55K 10 2.00 9 1.75 8 1.50 7 1.25 6 1.00 5 0.75 4 0.50 50 70 90 110 130 150 Compressor Power (W)

Second Stage Cooling (W)

First Stage Cooling (W)

Multi-stage cryocoolers, which produce temperatures as low as 4 Kelvin, can provide operating environments at different temperatures for simultaneous cooling of detectors and optics. They have produced extremely low temperatures in a compact space-based system and represent a major breakthrough in cryogenic cooling technology.

16

Four- Stage Cryocooler This pulse tube cooler is being developed for Jet Propulsion Laboratory space applications and has achieved 3.8K cooling, which is required for advanced astronomical missions.

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Modeling, Simulation and Information Science In a world of rapidly evolving events, complex interactions and ever-increasing volumes of information, the ability to efficiently collect, manage and manipulate large volumes of digital data from multiple sources and turn it into actionable intelligence is paramount. At the ATC, cutting-edge skills in end-to-end system modeling, simulation, data fusion, machine-machine coordination and human-machine interaction translate into improved performance for our customers’ space systems. The ATC’s expertise in information science offers the company a critical edge that applies across a broad range of customer missions. The ATC is developing advanced technical discriminators in software algorithms, architectures and modeling tools to enhance Lockheed Martin’s competitive posture in key markets. • Advanced software development and integration for effective coordination and validation of systems and services in a net-centric world • •

• • • •



Sensor Signal and Image Understanding Optical imaging systems are limited in resolution, not only by the passband of the imaging optics, but also by the detectors on the image formation plane. When the detector size is larger than the optical spot size, high and low spatial frequencies may merge, forming image degradation known as “aliasing.” Algorithms can mitigate aliasing artifacts by combining multiple aliased views of the same scene so that the formerly merged high spatial frequency features are separated out and restored to their correct locations. The effect is to reconstruct a sharp, de-aliased, high-resolution image from multiple blurred views.

Composable simulations and plug-and-play software architectures for more agile, responsive space systems Network services analysis and development for complex network topologies and architectures for communications and navigation System-of-system analysis and tradespace optimization for engineering analysis of complex systems Multi-mission tasking algorithms and advanced image processing for remote sensing Data fusion for target tracking and discrimination in missile defense including end-to-end engagement Autonomy technology including planning, world modeling, adjustable autonomy and fleet management for space missions such as proximity operations Human-system interaction for managing complex cooperative systems including human-robotic teams for warfighting and space exploration

The ATC develops and fields systems and software applications that respond intelligently and robustly to the data deluge. These systems are self-aware, embedded in complex topologies and capable of dealing with heterogeneous sensors and disparate resources. Our information scientists are pioneering methods of combining, configuring, synthesizing and presenting information for space systems. These efforts pay dividends in improved technical capability, reduced development risk and better prediction of system performance.

Managing the Deluge… Transforming Data into Action 28

Super Resolution Under sampling during detection can blur a video image (top). Super-resolution algorithms can restore the original image quality. The de-aliased image (below) is derived from a set of 10 blurred images.

Modeling, Simulation and Information Science Digital Communications and Networking

Data Fusion and Target Engagement

Because increasingly complex global networks may include multiple ground- and space-based assets, there is a need to assess and analyze the optimal configuration for these networks to ensure operational efficiency and cost-effective development and deployment.

Missile defense presents complex engineering challenges that must be addressed across a wide variety of threat engagement scenarios. Among many critical requirements, successful engagements depend on defensive systems maintaining continuous and accurate tracks through all phases of the threat trajectory.

To address this need, the ATC has developed network simulation and emulation test beds. These test beds allow engineers and technologists to synthesize, visualize, analyze and emulate space and ground networks. They include terrestrial and orbital propagators coupled to network topology generation and 3D visualization components. A suite of algorithms (encompassing parameters such as time schedules, antenna/aperture numbers and affinities, line-of-sight, range constraints, antenna pointing constraints, priorities and geo coordinates) is combined to synthesize optimal network topologies for given nodal capabilities and locations.

For missile defense, the tracking problem is particularly challenging due to the high density of targets and differing sensor views. The challenge is to put each sensor’s measurements together into a set of tracks that are continuous and pure, and that further lead to resolved tracks on individual targets as quickly as possible. To help address this challenge, the ATC has developed a tracking algorithm that combines multiple hypotheses with multiple frame resolutions. Using this algorithm has effectively reduced the time required to resolve object tracks by over 125 seconds—an extremely significant period in the missile engagement timeline.

All Targets Resolved by Advanced Tracker (requires resolution by 1 sensor) 675 s

Relative CEI (m)

1000

(requires resolution by 2 sensor) >800 s

0

-1000 Projected Sensor Resolution Cell

300

450

600

750

Time (s)

Global Network Emulation Test Bed (GNET) GNET can analyze network topologies for specific attributes (such as latency) or to emulate actual, real-time, IP networks conforming to the topologies. For that purpose, it utilizes a computing cluster in which each network node and its associated links are emulated by one CPU. Scriptable traffic generation and performance monitoring are provided at each node. The emulation capability also can interface directly to hardware-in-the-loop or external network components and applications through standard Ethernet and serial interfaces and over virtual private networks.

Advanced Tracker This tracker correlates measurements directly with the fused track file and only requires resolution by a single sensor to create resolved tracks. The standard approaches correlate measurements first with sensor track files and then correlate the sensor track files to create the fused track file. These track-totrack approaches require object resolution by both sensors before the correlations can be reliable, and dual sensor resolution may require much more time than single sensor resolution.

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Modeling, Simulation and Information Science Autonomous and Distributed Systems

Human Systems Interaction

Environmental monitoring, homeland defense, robotic space exploration, missile defense and other critical new applications often require systems with remote autonomous operation. The ATC develops many technologies that enable the operation of autonomous and adaptive embedded networked systems.

Lockheed Martin fields complex systems. For systems analysis and operational usage, human system interaction is a critical link in getting our solution correct. Users must have visibility into their space systems as they are being built and when deployed. For these users, mission-specific visualization helps turn disparate data sets into coordinated, actionable information. The ATC’s mission visualization systems synthesize vast amounts of data from far-reaching sources, creating interactive environments that enable operators to improve real-time analysis and situational awareness.

Autonomous systems enable operation in complex environments when human presence is not acceptable due to safety, time, cost, distance, environment, volume, weight, etc. For many space missions, autonomy is the most viable solution; for missions with remote control, autonomy still plays a major role due to distance, time or bandwidth limitations; and even manned systems have autonomous capabilities that support mission success due to the complexities of the requirements. Working with members of the ATC Precision Pointing and Controls department and our Autonomous Robotics group in Denver, we are developing autonomy technology for system validation, networked collaboration, planning and fusion in support of Lockheed Martin’s need for autonomous capabilities in spacecraft. We are developing new distributed autonomous control strategies for cooperative missile defense engagement, where the decision time cycles are too short for human oversight and the probability of intercept is optimum.

Autonomous Coordinated Teams Teams are based on different dynamic optimum control strategies for each phase of the engagement.

Autonomous Coordinated Teams

Coordinated Aimpoint Kill

Boost Phase Intercept

Optimized Formation Control

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Advanced Concepts in Global Situational Awareness New visualization concepts impact the design and success of integrated sensors in the sensor-shooter feedback loop. The ATC is researching and prototyping game-changing concepts that link end users and sensor systems to improve the perception, comprehension and prediction necessary for global situational awareness.

Enhanced situational awareness is achieved by combining both modeled and sensed data with visual representations to improve perception, comprehension and prediction of battle space events. The ATC’s Multi-Intelligence Exploitation and Tangible Mission Visualization prototypes integrate next-generation human-system interaction concepts with advanced visualization, multi-modal interface and automation technologies. These prototypes address the future needs of the command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) user community. They also promote enhanced situational awareness by providing coordinated visualizations of multiple information types, including geo-spatial, sensor coverage, mission planning and archived imagery information.

Modeling, Simulation and Information Science Mission Architectures and Analysis We perform system-of-system mission analysis to aid the enterprise in developing new mission-derived technologies Improving business and engineering processes can dramatically affect the cost, quality and development time of complex technological systems. Collaborative engineering systems developed at the ATC integrate data and models from a variety of sources—including design, engineering, manufacturing and logistics—into systems that enable program teams to optimize their decision-making process. We are pioneering ways to perform large-scale system trades using common engineering tools for a wide range of customer problems. These solutions can then be applied to program management decision-making processes.

Program Value (PV)

0.14 Original Data Pareto Front

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 300

400 500 Option Cost ($M/yr)

600

Optimized Decision-Making Optimization is a search through thousands of options across many performance variables. At left is a plot showing significant cost savings with optimized options in blue versus manually selected options in red. Above is a 3D spreadsheet with subset of the system options plotted on more than twelve performance dimensions.

Advanced Modeling Tools We build modeling and simulation frameworks that are used end to end from sensing to decision-making to process refinement and what-if analysis. Our expertise in architecting software for space applications, from business development concepts through flight software and across the range of sensors and processors, enables us to field advanced software and modeling tools for use across the enterprise. We are fielding advanced software technology for generating models from specifications, establishing workflow approaches for service-oriented architectures and deploying reusable simulation frameworks for missile defense studies One example is our commercially licensed software for connecting the Phoenix ModelCenter Optimization software with STK. Phoenix Integration licenses the technology that links STK and ModelCenter from Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin’s ATC developed the connection with a Java “wrapper.” This wrapper queries Satellite Tool Kit (STK) using the STK/Connect interface for design and output variables, then maps the parameters into ModelCenter. Trade study tools in ModelCenter enable the system designer to perform parametric studies, design of experiments, carpet plot analysis and optimization studies.

Tool integration and multidisciplinary optimization enable rapid formation and exploration of tradespaces to perform integrated engineering analysis and gain greater insight into better design options.

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Space Sciences and and Instrumentation Space Sciences Instrumentation The Sun and the heliosphere that surrounds it present an ever-changing space environment to the Earth and other planets in the solar system. Understanding the Sun’s variability and its effects on planetary space environments contributes to our body of scientific knowledge and has important practical implications for day-to-day life on Earth. The ATC continues to be deeply involved in investigations to understand how the Sun works and how it affects space weather for the Earth and other planets. Scientists, engineers and technologists at the ATC have conducted research in solar physics, space physics, astrophysics and earth science for more than 40 years. This research includes the full spectrum of space science activity: modeling phenomena, analyzing data acquired in space, defining future research requirements, designing and building spaceand ground-based instruments and publishing results derived from these instruments. Our investigations focus on understanding how and why the Sun’s output changes, how these changes connect to Earth’s environment and climate, and what effects these changes might have on our ability to explore the solar system. Much of this work is done in collaboration with several universities, the U.S. government and other research institutions. We share the results with scientists around the world. The ATC’s space sciences effort constitutes an internal line of business that leverages cutting-edge research in disciplines such as phenomenology, optics and sensor design, cryogenics, and pointing and controls. This line of business builds world-class space science instruments for NASA, the European Space Agency, the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

Examining Our Place in Space, from the Sun’s Interior, to the Earth’s Magnetosphere, to the Edge of the Heliosphere…and Beyond 32

Our Sun The Yohkoh Solar X-ray Telescope sees the Sun in X-ray wavelengths.

Space Sciences and Instrumentation Studying the Sun and Solar System as an Integrated Environment When studying the complexities of the sun-solar system environment, it is important to look at its operation as an integrated system. A key aspect of our work in space science is our unique ability to combine scientific expertise and instrument design capability with Lockheed Martin’s extensive systems engineering knowledge. ATC research teams collect data on solar and space physics phenomena using a wide variety of tools to examine everything from functions in the solar interior to the dynamics at work in the farthest reaches of the solar system. As all of this data accumulates, it can be fused to build a more comprehensive understanding of the complex physical interactions that drive the Sun and govern its system of planets. Our expertise has benefited numerous scientific missions. The ATC built the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), flying on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a joint mission of NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). We also built the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) instrument, the Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) and the Far Ultraviolet Imaging System (FUV) for NASA’s IMAGE spacecraft. In addition, we are participating in NASA’s Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) and Terrestrial Planet Finder missions.

Courtesy of Stanford University

Solar Rotation MDI measurements enabled scientists to deduce varying speeds of rotation inside the Sun. Colors represent the difference in speed: red-yellow is faster than average and blue is slower than average. Sunspots, caused by disturbances in the solar magnetic field, tend to form at the edge of these bands.

Solar Mosaic This full-disk view of the Sun was created from multiple views captured by the TRACE instrument. TRACE views the Sun in ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, providing detailed images of the magnetic activity taking place in the transition region just above the solar surface.

Solar Storm Severe magnetic disturbances on the Sun can result in solar flares and ejection of tons of solar matter into space. This LASCO image shows a large coronal mass ejection. The ejected material became part of the solar wind that flows out from the Sun at very high speeds and interacts with other bodies in the solar system, including Earth.

The Edge of the Solar System NASA’s IBEX mission will determine the global nature of the heliopause, where the solar wind interacts with the interstellar medium. These images show predictions for strong (top) and weak (bottom) terminal shock interactions. Variations in these global images will illuminate flow patterns beyond the terminal shock and provide new insight into our heliosphere.

Aurora Captured by the FUV aboard NASA’s IMAGE spacecraft, this image shows Earth’s northern aurora during a major geomagnetic storm. The storm was triggered by a fastmoving coronal mass ejection that entered Earth’s magnetosphere at a speed of three million miles per hour. Such storms can disrupt terrestrial communications systems and damage space-based systems.

Magnetosphere Scientists derived this image of energetic particle flux measured in Earth’s magnetosphere from data gathered by TIMAS. The spectrograph contributes to our understanding of the effect of the solar wind.

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Space Sciences and Instrumentation As an integral part of space sciences research, the ATC builds premier instruments for astrophysics, solar physics, space physics, Earth observation and planetary science. Exploiting our core technical capabilities, we build cutting-edge instruments that expand our understanding of the inner workings of the Sun, the effects of space weather on the interplanetary environment, the chemistry and dynamics of Earth’s atmosphere, and the mechanisms at work on other stars. Over the past 40 years, we have flown 164 space instruments, which have accumulated more than 700 years of combined operation in space.

TRACE NASA’s Transition Region and Coronal Explorer images the Sun from the 10,000 K surface (photosphere) through the gradually increasing temperature of the lower atmosphere (transition region) to the base of its multimillion K upper atmosphere (corona).

Space Science Instruments Developed at the ATC

STEREO/SECCHI The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) consists of identical instruments on each of two spacecraft observing the Sun. SECCHI is part of the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission.

CLAES The Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer instrument aboard the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite measures concentrations of elements in Earth's atmosphere including carbon dioxide, ozone and complex fluorocarbons (CFCs).

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SXI The Solar X-Ray Imager aboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) will image the solar corona in X-rays and continuously monitor events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The GOES Program is a joint effort of NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

IMAGE The instrument packages aboard the NASA Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration—the Far Ultraviolet Imaging System and the Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager—determine the response of Earth’s magnetosphere to variations in the solar wind.

MDI The Michelson Doppler Imager aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory measures intensities, velocities and magnetic field strengths of material in the solar photosphere. SOHO is a cooperative effort between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).

Space Sciences and Instrumentation

NIRCam The Near Infrared Camera for the James Webb Space Telescope will detect and identify the “first light” objects in the Universe.

ROSINA Following the orbit of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014, the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis aboard ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft will provide information about the origin of our solar system.

POLAR/PIXIE The Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment aboard NASA’s Polar spacecraft images Earth’s northern and southern auroral regions in X-rays.

Tunable Filter The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) Tunable Filter first flew on the Spacelab 2 shuttle mission in 1985 and has been used for ground-based observations ever since.

FPP The Focal Plane Package for the Solar Optical Telescope of the Hinode mission images the solar surface (or photosphere) and overlying chromosphere with 0.1-arcsecond spatial resolution.

LIS The Lightning Imaging Sensor is used to detect the distribution of lightning. LIS has operated continuously since its launch aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Observatory in 1997.

SXT From 1991 to 2002, the Soft X-ray Telescope took high-resolution images of the 6-million-degree solar corona in X-rays. SXT is part of the Yohkoh mission, a joint project of NASA and the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautial Sciences (ISAS).

700+ Years of Combined Operation in Space Represented by 164 Successful Space Instruments across Four Decades 35

Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Solar and Astrophysics Events taking place on the Sun profoundly affect the Earth, influencing everything from changes in our climate to the operation of our technology, including communication systems, satellite operations and human spaceflight. Solar activity provides an unparalleled look at fundamental forces at work throughout the universe. Lockheed Martin applies the ATC’s expertise in this area to address our customers’ practical problems resulting from our increasing dependence on space-based systems. For more than 30 years, solar physicists at the ATC have been responsible for defining, designing, building and flying solar-observing instruments. Working with scientists, universities and government agencies on a global scale, we have made major contributions to understanding the dynamic interactions taking place on the everchanging Sun.

Predicting the Behavior of an Active Sun

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Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Solar and Astrophysics Observations across the Spectrum

Heating in the Solar Corona This series of images traces the heating effects of the Sun’s magnetic field by making observations at different wavelengths, each showing emissions at different temperatures. The dark and light areas of an active magnetic field (top left) correspond to different polarities. Dark patches on the Sun’s surface, shown in visible wavelengths at about 10,000ºF (top right) are sunspots, which appear dark because they are cooler, approximately 6,000ºF. Note: The sunspots are clearly aligned with the active magnetic regions. Two EUV images (center) and an Xray image (bottom) show the dramatic heating at increasingly higher levels of the solar atmosphere directly above the active magnetic regions. Emissions are at 50,000ºF, 4,000,000ºF and 10,000,000ºF, respectively. The image in the bottom left shows an overlay of three atmospheric layers from 2,000,000 to 6,000,000°F.

The Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory builds unique instruments to reveal, measure and predict solar activity. These devices have flown on numerous high-profile spacecraft, including the NASA STEREO and TRACE missions, the ESA SOHO mission and Japanese YOHKOH and HINODE missions. Our scientists and engineers specialize in telescopes, filters and high-resolution cameras to image the Sun in visible, ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths. In the visible bands, these instruments—such as the MDI on the SOHO spacecraft—include very-highwavelength resolution techniques to measure solar magnetic fields and solar oscillations. Applying techniques like those used to analyze earthquakes, we can probe the Sun’s interior structure. Cameras built to image in the extreme ultraviolet region (such as SECCHI and TRACE) and X-ray band (SXT and SXI) provide detailed information on the structure and formation of the solar corona and are used to monitor solar activity. In the shorter EUV and X-ray wavelength bands, the output of the sun changes dramatically over the 11-year sunspot cycle. These instruments open a window onto the complex events occurring in the solar atmosphere throughout this cycle and offer insight into the mechanisms behind these events. The SECCHI telescopes on STEREO allow a three-dimensional view of the solar atmosphere and associated solar wind propagating into the solar system. The FPP of Japan’s Hinode mission investigates regions of the solar surface with high accuracy while the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) will explore the atmosphere of the entire Sun on the same scale. SDO will also carry the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI), adding to the helioseismic database of SOHO/MDI. Astrophysics researchers at the ATC also study variations in the activity of other stars. The results of these studies help us to better understand and, perhaps, to predict the variation in activity on our Sun.

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Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Solar and Astrophysics Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE)

The TRACE Instrument Millions of images of the solar atmosphere from the TRACE telescope have given us the first detailed images of magnetic reconnection, an energy release mechanism believed to be important at the Sun, near Earth and in a wide variety of other astrophysical conditions.

Tunable Filter

Tracking the Source of Plasma Jets Using the Lockheed Martin Tunable Filter to focus on specific Doppler-shifted frequencies, the Swedish 1-meter solar telescope took images of plasma jets on the solar surface. “Blue-shifted” emissions (left) indicate plasma jets (dark areas) moving toward us at approximately 30,000 miles per hour. This image was part of a recent research effort that discovered a strong correlation between periodic sound waves occurring at the solar surface and the incidence of the plasma jets.

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Sun Earth Connection Coronal Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)

Three-Dimensional Sun Twin telescopes aboard NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Observatory (STEREO) image the Sun in four ultraviolet wavelengths. The telescopes are aboard two spacecraft positioned on either side of the Earth: one preceding and the other trailing the planet in orbit around the Sun. The distance between the two spacecraft allows a stereo view of our star. The two images are from each of the SECCHI telescopes.

Focal Plane Package

Solar Photosphere Sunspots appear dark in the solar photosphere, as shown in this image taken by the Focal Plane Package of the Solar Optical Telescope aboard the Hinode mission. Magnetic activity causes the region to be cooler, therefore darker, than its surroundings.

Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Solar and Astrophysics Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) Orbiting the Sun aboard SOHO, the MDI instrument uses visible imaging with very-high-wavelength resolution to measure oscillations on the solar surface that yield insight into solar activity and interior structure. Magnetic Map An MDI observation of the solar surface shows an active region surrounding a large sunspot group in the southern hemisphere. Red and blue represent the two polarities in the solar magnetic field.

SOHO Spacecraft Launched in 1995, SOHO observes the Sun continuously from its orbit at the L1 Lagrangian Point, 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. MDI is one of several European- and American-built instruments on board.

Computer Simulations Understanding the solar dynamo and the propagation of material and energy through the convection zone below the solar surface helps scientists predict short-term solar activity and investigate long-term effects of the Sun on our climate.

Computer Model A model of the heliosphere, calculated from MDI data, is used to forecast the effects of solar activity on spacecraft and astronauts in orbit.

Yohkoh/Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) Operating for most of the 1990s aboard the Japanese Yohkoh satellite, the Soft X-Ray Telescope provided high temporal and spatial resolution X-ray images of the Sun’s 6-milliondegree corona. The instrument used a glancing incidence telescope of 1.54-m focal length, which forms X-ray images in the 0.25 to 4.0 keV range on a 1024 x 1024 virtual phase CCD detector. Yohkoh was the first solar mission launched by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It gave unprecedented information about the Sun’s upper atmosphere. The ATC built the Focal Plane Package that is currently operating aboard the second solar mission, Hinode, launched in 2006.

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X-Ray Radiance Variation These SXT images show how the violently hot solar corona varies during the Sun’s 11-year activity cycle. High activity occurred in September 1991 (left) near solar maximum. Lower magnetic activity occurred in 1995 (right) when the solar cycle was near its minimum.

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Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Space Physics Space physicists at the ATC study the space radiation and plasma environment, space weather and activity in the Earth’s atmosphere. Data from their instruments helps other scientists build a comprehensive picture of the dynamic forces at work in our protective atmosphere and magnetic field and how these forces may impact life on Earth. In addition, our space instrumentation work provides key support to several Lockheed Martin lines of business and enabling technologies to new programs ranging from missile defense applications to deep space research missions. We focus on research and development in three core areas: •

Space instrumentation



Space environment



Atmospheric physics

Our space instrumentation effort includes the development of high-speed, low-noise, low-power CCD focal planes that have been successfully deployed in several space-based imaging systems. This work also includes the development of analog and digital electronics for a variety of spaceflight applications. Space environment studies include mission development and design, observations and modeling, and research to understand and mitigate the potential hazards in the space environment to humans and other space assets. Space physicists at the ATC have a long history of building and flying instruments for missions to examine a wide range of Sun-Earth interactions. While conducting atmospheric physics research, our scientists, engineers and technologists design and develop infrared remote sensing instrumentation with high spectral resolution to determine atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. The primary focus of this work has been to understand the response of the stratosphere and upper troposphere to various factors, including those associated with manmade effects such as the Antarctic ozone hole and the role of chlorofluorocarbons.

Studying Earth from Platforms in Space

Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) This space-based science instrument detects the distribution and variability of total lightning—cloud-to-cloud, intra-cloud and cloud-toground—in tropical regions of the globe. It has operated continuously since its launch aboard NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission observatory in 1997. LIS consists of a staring imager optimized to locate and detect lightning with storm-scale resolution (4 to 7 km) over a large region (600 x 600 km) of the Earth’s surface. The instrument records the time of occurrence, measures the radiant energy and determines the location of lightning events within its field of view (FOV).

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Detecting Lightning LIS uses a wide-FOV expanded optics lens with a narrowband filter in conjunction with a high-speed chargecoupled device detection array. A realtime event processor inside the electronics unit determines when a lightning flash occurs, even in the presence of bright sunlit clouds. The color scale shows the rate of lightning flashes. Red indicates the greatest number of lighting flashes and blue indicates the fewest.

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Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Space Physics The Polar Ionospheric X-Ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE)

Imager for Magnetopause to Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE)

Launched on the Polar spacecraft in 1996, PIXIE provided the first global images of the precipitating energetic electrons, thereby revealing the electron spectra, energy inputs into the upper atmosphere and the resulting ionospheric electron densities and electrical conductivities. Scientists used these images to determine properties of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere during “regular” space weather intervals and during severe space storms.

NASA’s IMAGE satellite images the Earth’s magnetosphere and aurora. It has produced global images of the effects of space weather on the near-Earth space environment and upper atmosphere. The ATC helped develop and build two instruments on IMAGE: the Far UltraViolet imager of the Wideband Imaging Camera and the Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) detector.

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Auroral X-rays PIXIE, a multiple-pinhole camera designed to image an entire auroral region in X-rays from extremely high altitude, measured the spatial distribution and temporal variation of auroral X-ray emissions in the 2 to 60 keV energy range on both the day and night sides of Earth. The color scale indicates total X-ray intensity from 2 to 12 keV.

Auroral Storm This sequence of images from the Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) on the IMAGE spacecraft shows the development of an auroral storm over the period of one hour on Oct. 29, 2003. The storm was initiated by a large coronal mass ejection from the Sun. The auroral oval increased in size and became brighter during the storm. Auroras were visible from Colorado, California and other mid-latitude locations in the continental United States.

Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES)

Antarctic Ozone Depletion These images, from an altitude of about 20 km over the South Pole, show that in the very cold temperatures inside the Antarctic vortex, chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), a normally inactive form of chlorine, is greatly depleted, indicating that it has been converted to active forms of chlorine, which catalytically destroy ozone.

Launched aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), CLAES provided the first global, annual cycle view of many critical photochemical processes involved in the formation of the ozone hole in the Antarctic spring. Temperature

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In addition, nitric acid (HNO3) also has been depleted, another important factor in rapid ozone loss. In the central image, ozone is depleted inside the vortex coincident with the regions of cold temperature and photochemically conditioned air. A primary source of the chlorine for both active and inactive forms is the chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CFC12) that is shown to be present throughout the polar vortex. Together, these measurements contributed to compelling evidence for the definitive link between manmade CFCs and ozone destruction.

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Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Space Physics The ATC’s space physicists also focus on interplanetary space and the environments of other planets and comets. We are actively engaged in research that examines physical dynamics occurring beyond Earth’s atmosphere—ranging from the interactions between Earth’s magnetosphere and the solar wind to the physics that underlies the interstellar boundary at the extreme edges of the Sun’s influence.

Results from these investigations yield new insights into how the Sun, heliosphere and planetary environments are connected as a single system, how this system may have enabled the formation and evolution of life, and how it may affect life conditions in the future.

Looking Beyond the Near-Earth Environment

Our researchers design and build instruments that help shed new light on the forces at work in our solar system.

Cusp/Plasma Entry Observations of solar wind ions penetrating the northern magnetosphere are used to understand the processes occurring at the magnetopause. Changes in energy provide information on the processes that allow solar wind ion entry.

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Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) NASA’s Polar mission has played an integral part in advancing our understanding of energy and momentum transfer across the magnetopause and of electrodynamic coupling within the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. TIMAS was launched in 1996 aboard the Polar spacecraft into a highly elliptical, highly inclined orbit. The instrument measures the full three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of all major magnetosphere ion species.

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TIMAS Instrument The TIMAS instrument measures the full threedimensional velocity distribution functions of all major magnetospheric ion species. It is a firstorder double-focusing imaging spectrograph that simultaneously measures all mass per charge components from 1 atomic mass unit (AMU/e) to greater than 32 AMU/e over a nearly 360-degree by 10-degree instantaneous field of view.

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A Protective Barrier Earth’s magnetic field forms a protective barrier around the planet, deflecting many of the highspeed charged particles contained in the solar wind. The boundary layer of this protective barrier is the magnetopause.

Space Sciences and Instrumentation / Space Physics Heliosphere The heliosphere is the region of space inflated by the Sun’s solar wind. As the Sun moves through space, a shock wave forms where the heliosphere collides with the interstellar medium. Bow Shock

Termination Shock

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Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) How does the Sun’s heliosphere interact with the interstellar medium? There have been no direct measurements of the complex interactions taking place at the farthest reaches of the solar system. IBEX, a NASA Small Explorer mission, will change that. This mission is designed to map the activity of plasma and energetic particles at the interstellar boundary beyond the Termination Shock, where the solar wind slows to subsonic speed and meets the gas, dust and radiation environment between the stars. The IBEX spacecraft will be launched in 2008 and will fly in a highly elliptical orbit far outside the Earth’s magnetosphere. A team led by ATC scientists and engineers is designing and building the IBEX-Lo sensor. It is one of two sensors that will take all-sky images from inside the bubble of the heliosphere, measuring the number of energetic neutral atoms at different energy levels arriving from interstellar space. These measurements will determine many of the properties of the heliosphere-interstellar boundary.

IBEX-Lo Cross Section The IBEX-Lo sensor will measure neutral atoms created by the interaction of the solar wind and the interstellar medium. The sensor has a large annular opening to allow neutrals to enter, a conversion surface to ionize them, and an energy analyzer and mass spectrometer to measure their energy and mass.

Rendezvous with a Comet The ATC-designed ROSINA instrument will analyze the composition of the Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Rosetta image courtesy of European Space Agency

European Space Agency’s Rosetta Spacecraft

ROSINA

The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) ROSINA is an ion mass spectrometer launched aboard the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft. Rosetta’s mission is to rendezvous with Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. Once there, ROSINA will analyze the comet’s atmosphere—data that will yield important insights into the formation and evolution of comets and the similarity between cometary and interstellar material present at the birth of the solar system. The spectrometer also will carbon date the comet’s nucleus to help determine the composition of the interstellar medium that formed our Sun. 43

Advanced Technology Center Expanding What’s Possible Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Technology Center makes new things possible by pushing the boundaries of technology. Our scientists, engineers and technologists endeavor to build systems that are more capable, smaller, lighter weight, more reliable, longer lasting or less costly than ever before. Developing these emerging technologies—and applying them to our customers’ missions—requires a specific set of conditions: •

A passion for searching out and executing innovative solutions



Profound knowledge of the fundamental physics that impacts the task at hand



Dedication to the successful completion of the mission



An understanding of what it takes to meet business and performance commitments

The ATC seeks to advance the state of the art in aerospace technology by utilizing domain expertise in an array of technical disciplines, in conjunction with a cooperative interdisciplinary approach, to address the ongoing needs of our customers. These technical solutions provide vital support to national security, space exploration and environmental awareness, and make fundamental contributions to our body of scientific knowledge.

Mission Solutions The ATC draws on its heritage, expertise and resources in spacecraft buses, ground systems and test facilities to provide solutions for both small and large missions. We build instruments as mission systems and supply the total mission packages—from developing initial concepts to processing the resulting data. As the technology center for Lockheed Martin, we follow common practices and procedures for a smooth transition between the company and our customers.

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Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Technology Center… Innovations in technology driven by customer needs

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Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Advanced Technology Center 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304 [email protected]