Advanced Nanotechnology

Slides with annotations from a computer-science oriented keynote: Advanced Nanotechnology Advanced Computing on the Critical Path K. Eric Drexler, Ph...
Author: Juniper Cobb
30 downloads 1 Views 2MB Size
Slides with annotations from a computer-science oriented keynote:

Advanced Nanotechnology Advanced Computing on the Critical Path K. Eric Drexler, PhD

Las Vegas 13 July 2009 © 2009 K. Eric Drexler. Not for reproduction. For lectures and permissions, contact: [email protected] © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Two kinds of nanotechnology Solving the circuit board problem Toward atomically precise manufacturing Revolutionary advances The way forward

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

1

What is ‘nanotechnology’? Nanotechnology today: Products that have a significant dimension less than 1/10 micron (= 100 nanometers) — mostly materials, some devices, a lot of nanoscience

A future, revolutionary nanotechnology: Nanoscale machines building products with atomic precision and digital control — Productive nanosystems, a technology leading to high-throughput atomically precise manufacturing

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

The technology roadmap project: Hosts: Oak Ridge Brookhaven Pacific Northwest Leadership: Battelle Memorial Institute

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

2

Organized by: Sponsors:

Hosting National Labs:

Roadmap partners:

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Productive nanosystems: Capabilities, products, and applications Levels of Productive Capability Control of monomer sequence in a chain Control of monomer positions in a solid Control of atomic positions

Applications

Atomically Precise Products

advanced materials water purification clean energy filters binders for directed production smart therapeutic fuel cell self assembly devices clean membranes polymeric water molecular thin, flexible nanoparticles petabyte RAM electronic solar cell arrays improved ceramic chips devices health care nanoparticles programmable cell improved superstrong repair systems semiconductor computation smart materials devices

in a solid

designer catalysts

superstrong fibers molecular machines

engineered membranes

productive nanosystems

nanoelectric circuits aerospace composites

improved transportation

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

3

Two kinds of nanotechnology Solving the circuit board problem Toward atomically precise manufacturing Revolutionary advances The way forward

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Specialized functional structures

Porphyrins

electronic, chemical, biological, structural, electronic, optical, optoelectronic, electromechanical, electrochemical...

Nanotube segments

Metal complexes Metal-oxide clusters

Quantum dots © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

4

What we have: components

Missing pieces: sockets & circuit boards © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Framework-directed molecular self-assembly:

Combine components to build systems: ‒ 3D atomically precise scaffolds, easily re-configured ‒ 100s to 1000s of parts in addressable locations © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

5

Protein ! meat! Young’s modulus of several biomolecular and inorganic materials:

Young’s modulus (GPa) Mechanical stiffness is a key parameter for molecular machinery

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Atomically precise, million-atom scale structures; Can design and make a trillion in one day

Rothemund P.W.K., “Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns.” Nature, 440:297–302 (2006). © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

6

Structural DNA nanotechnology: Design of ‘DNA origami’

Mark Sims, design using Nanoengineer-1 (2007)

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Design software for structural DNA nanotechnology

NanoEngineer-1 © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

7

Backbone structure of a novel protein design (experimental result superimposed)

“Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy”, B Kuhlman et al., Science 302:1364–68 (2003) © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

RosettaDesign server for protein design (a search problem)

www.rosettadesign.med.unc.edu

Liu and Kuhlman, “RosettaDesign server for protein design” Nucleic Acids Res 34:W235–W238 (2006) © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

8

Zinc fingers: a DNA/protein interface technology

Zinc finger protein (blue) binding DNA (orange)

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

A server for zinc-finger protein design

Zinc Finger Consortium, www.zincfingers.org

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

9

Framework-directed assembly revisited:

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Two kinds of nanotechnology Solving the circuit board problem Toward atomically precise manufacturing Revolutionary advances The way forward

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

10

A natural producive nanosystem, the ribosome, builds polymers that can fold to make devices, including machines:

Ribosome: a ~25 nm productive nanosystem Composition: protein + RNA (much like DNA)

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Higher-performance materials can be synthesized from small building blocks; advanced productive nanosystems could fabricate more complex structures. Some crystalline structures (metal-organic frameworks) assembled from synthetic building blocks under mild conditions

“Structural representations of (A) COF-1 and (B) COF-5 based on powder diffraction and modelling projected along their c axes (H atoms are omitted)” A. P. Côté et al., Science, 310:1166 -1170 (2005) Published by AAAS

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

11

A very high performance material synthesized from small building blocks again, advanced productive nanosystems could fabricate more complex structures.

A 222-carbon graphite sheet made by solution-phase chemical synthesis

“Synthesis of a giant 222 carbon graphite sheet” Simpson CD, et al. Chem.-Eur.J., 8(6):1424-9 (2002).

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Structures made of advanced materials can implement the full range of familiar mechanical components, and complex (but modular!) mechanical systems.

Molecular machinery: Gears and bearings on a nanometer scale

— These devices can be simulated, but not yet built — Molecular dynamics by NanoEngineer-1 © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

12

Mechanical systems guide molecular motion to build specific structures; ribosomes use this principle; factory-style systems can eventually do likewise.

John Burch

Machine-phase chemistry

“Design and Analysis of a Molecular Tool for Carbon Transfer in Mechanosynthesis.” DG Allis, KE Drexler, J Comp Theo Nanosci, 2:45–55 (2005). © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

This line of development leads to arrays of productive nanosystems that can make parts that can be combined to make macro-scale products.

Doubling sizes by convergent assembly

Design and rendering by John Burch © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

13

With suitable components and designs, conventional mechanical engineering principles can be applied at any scale above a few nanometers.

Convergent assembly processes scale to industrial size

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

The nature of the technology — Precise:

atomic control

Digital:

processes atoms like bits*

Fast:

millions of cycles per second

Clean:

control of product and waste

Efficient:

low energy and resource needs

Productive:

high throughput per unit mass

* Discrete units, discrete operations, error margins, low error rates

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

14

Two kinds of nanotechnology Solving the circuit board problem Toward atomically precise manufacturing Revolutionary advances The way forward

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

First analogy: The Industrial Revolution

Displaced almost all other physical production methods © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

15

Second analogy: The Digital Revolution

Displaced almost all other information-processing methods © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Physical and digital """combined:

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

16

Moore’s law…

Billion-processor systems

Transistors per chip

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

IBM Blue Gene supercomputer

280 teraflops, 5 megawatts, 100 tons, $350 million

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

17

Billion-CPU laptop computer

1,000 times speed, 1/100,000 power, 1/1,000,000 weight, 1/100,000,000 cost

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Aluminum structure, costly fabrication

70 tons, $2 billion (and unreliable)

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

18

Carbon structure, low-cost fabrication

1/20 times weight, 1/100,000 cost (and reliable)

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Crystalline silicon photovoltaic array

Fragile cells, rigid mounting ~ $1,000/m2

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

19

Nanostructured photovoltaic surfacing

Thin, adherent, tough, abrasion resistant ~ 0.1 kg/m2 => ~ $0.10/m2

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Two kinds of nanotechnology Solving the circuit board problem Toward atomically precise manufacturing Revolutionary advances The way forward

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

20

What has limited progress? • No systems engineering tradition in sciences needed for developing molecular systems engineering • A peculiar political backlash, which peaked in 2001, that equated manufacturing with scary nanobugs • A too-nearly-exclusive emphasis on understanding and imitating biology (leads to feathered aircraft) — These cultural and political problems have delayed development of a system-building technology

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

Fundamental differences between inquiry and design can engender confusion about both objectives and implementation Scientific inquiry (research) abstract model (theory)

abstract model (concept)

concrete compare ! description

= ! design

(data)

concrete description

measure !

= ! make

(spec)

physical system

physical system

Engineering design (development) © 2009 K. Eric Drexler

21

The fundamental differences between inquiry and design can engender contrasting responses to similar concerns

Responses to concerns In science:

In engineering:

Invites study

Discourages use

Informative

Problematic

Defective

Often adequate

Dynamical trajectory:

Initial conditions

Control inputs

Dynamical uncertainty:

Grows with time

Limited by control

Less tractable

More capable

Topic premature

Need more teams

Broad exploration

Poor coordination

Concerns Unknown property: Unexpected outcome: Inaccurate models:

More complex: Multiple problems: Independent teams:

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

What do we need? • Science-intensive engineering — not science instead of engineering • Components and design rules for engineering systems with an increasing range of functions • A focus on developing tools for building better tools • Better software to support nanosystems engineering

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

22

What software capabilities do we need? • Multi-scale, multi-material physical simulation • Integration of specification, search, and modeling • Tools for manipulation and multiple visualizations • Loose integration of existing research software, tight integration of extended tool sets • An open database of component and process descriptions, organized to support design • A robust, open-source architecture for all the above, organized to support design workflows

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

For more information Blog:

metamodern.com

Website:

ericdrexler.com

Roadmap:

productivenanosystems.org/roadmap

© 2009 K. Eric Drexler

23