Activity Workbook Student Edition
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Table of Contents To the Teacher.................................................. ii Activity Workbook Local history activities ..................................... 1
Activity 17 ...................................................... 43
Activity 1 ..................................................... 11
Activity 18 ..................................................... 45
Activity 2 ..................................................... 13
Activity 19 ..................................................... 47
Activity 3 ..................................................... 15
Activity 20 ..................................................... 49
Activity 4 ..................................................... 17
Activity 21 ..................................................... 51
Activity 5 ..................................................... 19
Activity 22 ..................................................... 53
Activity 6 ..................................................... 21
Activity 23 ..................................................... 55
Activity 7 ..................................................... 23
Activity 24 ..................................................... 57
Activity 8 ..................................................... 25
Activity 25 ..................................................... 59
Activity 9 ..................................................... 27
Activity 26 ..................................................... 61
Activity 10 ..................................................... 29
Activity 27 ..................................................... 63
Activity 11 ..................................................... 31
Activity 28 ..................................................... 65
Activity 12 ..................................................... 33
Activity 29 ..................................................... 67
Activity 13 ..................................................... 35
Activity 30 ..................................................... 69
Activity 14 ..................................................... 37
Activity 31 ..................................................... 71
Activity 15 ..................................................... 39
Activity 32 ..................................................... 73
Activity 16 ..................................................... 41
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The First Inhabitants Part 1
DIRECTIONS: Before European settlers came to North America, Native Americans lived in groups throughout what would become the United States. Look in your local library or historical society to find out what Native American nations lived closest to your community before settlers arrived. Then answer the questions about them below. ★
1. What was the name of the Native American group or groups?
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2. Describe their social organization. Who led the group? Who was the spiritual leader? What role did women and children play? 3. What did the Native Americans in your area eat? How did they get their food? 4. What happened to the Native Americans when European settlers came into the area? 5. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the typical home for these Native Americans. The American Journey
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Part II Different groups of non-native settlers came into different areas in North America. Find out who the earliest non-native settlers in or near your community were. Then answer the questions about them below. 6. From where did the largest number of settlers come? 7. What were the settlers seeking when they arrived? 8. What sort of community did they establish? What religion or religions did they practice?
10. Was this early community successful? Did it continue to grow? If not, why did it fail? Part III Visit the site of a local Native American settlement or museum, if possible, or use the media center to find out more about local Native Americans. Find a creative way to present what you learn to the class—in a play, a bulletin board, or a painting, for example.
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9. How did the settlers get food and supplies?
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EARLY GOVERNMENT DIRECTIONS: After the United States Constitution was ratified, each state sent senators and representatives to Congress. As states were admitted to the Union, they also sent representation to Congress. Research to find information about your state’s senators and representatives; then answer the questions. (Some places to search for the information you need include your local library, the Internet, or the League of Women Voters.) ★
1. Who were the first senators and representatives sent to Congress from your state? Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. To what political party did each official belong? 3. Who was president of the United States at the time? 4. Describe one issue on which your state’s first senators had to vote. 5. Who are your state representatives today? How are their backgrounds and experiences similar to or different from your state’s first representatives? 6. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the flag of the United States at the time your state sent its first officials to Congress. The American Journey
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LAB ACTIVITY REPORT
Moving Across America
DIRECTIONS: In the early 1800s people began moving across the country in covered wagons and on steamboats. Research an early method of transportation used in your state. Draw a labeled diagram of the vehicle on a separate sheet of paper. Then answer the questions about it that follow. ★
Method of Transportation: 1. When was this method of transportation used in your state? 2. How fast could the vehicle go? How many people could it carry?
it could not carry? 4. Imagine you are traveling on the vehicle you have drawn. Write a diary entry describing a typical day of travel.
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3. What were the vehicle’s limitations? Were there places it could not go or things
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Early Schools DIRECTIONS: Educational reform was an important issue in the mid-1800s. What were early schools like in your community? Research the earliest schools in your area at your local library or historical society. Then answer the questions below. ★
1. What grades were taught in the earliest schools in your community? 2. Were all the grades taught together, or were there separate rooms for different age groups? 3. What subjects did students study?
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4. How were students disciplined? 5. How was the classroom designed? How was it heated? If you can find the information, draw an illustration on a separate sheet of paper. 6. What kind of training did teachers receive? 7. How long was the school year? What events or situations might have interrupted the school year? 8. How did students travel to school? 9. Compare your school to the earliest schools in your community. What aspects are similar? How have schools changed?
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An Immigrant’s Experience DIRECTIONS: The United States is a nation of immigrants. Most people who live here came from another place. Interview someone in your community who immigrated to the United States from another country or research the life of an immigrant to your state. Answer the questions below. ★
1. From where did the person come? 2. What year did he or she come to the United States? 3. Why did the person leave his or her home country?
meet those expectations? 5. What surprised him or her about the United States? 6. What in your community is most like his or her home country? What is the most different from his or her home country? 7. Share your understanding of immigrants with classmates and learn about the people that they interviewed. How were their persons’ experiences similar to yours? How were they different?
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4. What was the person expecting to find in the United States? Did this country
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LAB ACTIVITY REPORT
The Great Depression
DIRECTIONS: The Great Depression affected every community in the United States. Research to learn more about the effects of the Great Depression on your community. If possible, interview older residents or family members who remember what life was like in your community during the Great Depression. Then answer the questions below. ★
1. What jobs were available in your community in 1928? Were people factory workers, farmers, or ranchers?
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2. How did the Depression affect workers in your community? 3. Describe a New Deal project in your state. What did government workers create? 4. How was family life during the Great Depression different from family life today? 5. Find the statistics on the number of workers in your state from 1928 to 1933. Create a line graph on a separate sheet of paper showing the information.
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World War II DIRECTIONS: States made various contributions to the war effort during World War II. Find out how your state helped. Then answer the questions below. ★
1. How many soldiers from your state fought in World War II? 2. How many soldiers from your state died in World War II? 3. How did your state or community contribute to the war effort at home?
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4. At your local library, find a microfilm or microfiche edition of a local newspaper for August 15, 1945, V-J Day, or “Victory Over Japan” day. Copy the headline and first paragraph of a story about the armistice below. Then create a second paragraph for the story, detailing the war’s effect on your area.
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The 1960s
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LAB ACTIVITY REPORT
DIRECTIONS: Political events in the 1960s affected many people. Conduct interviews with subjects whose lives were affected by the civil rights movement or the war in Vietnam during the 1960s. Use the questions below to help you plan your interviews. Then think carefully about other questions you would like to ask. Use the information from your interviews to write a profile of one of your interview subjects and share with your classmates. What did you find out about the war in Vietnam or the civil rights movement that surprised or shocked you?
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Interview Subject: • How did you first become aware of the civil rights movement? • Were you in agreement with your friends and neighbors about civil rights? Why or why not? • In what ways do you think the civil rights movement changed the lives of people in your community?
Interview Subject: • How did the controversy about the Vietnam War affect your community? • Were you involved in either the military or the protests against the war? What experiences did you have because of your involvement? • Was your life changed in any way by the war or the reaction to it? In what way?
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Technology and You DIRECTIONS: Technology touches every part of life. Think about the impact technological advances such as the personal computer, Internet, VCR, satellite dish, and advances in medicine and industry have had on you and your community. Then answer the questions below. ★
1. What technological advance has had the greatest impact on your life? 2. How has it changed your life? 3. What aspect of technology has most affected your community?
4. How might technology have had a negative impact on your community? 5. Make a prediction about the future. What new technological advances do you see coming? How will it change your community and your life? 10
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What was its effect?
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The First Americans DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. B 1. The Hohokam were experts at which of the following? A. building mounds C. hunting buffalo B. irrigating fields D. fishing for salmon D 2. The Anasazi lived in an area known as the Four Corners, the meeting place of the present-day states of A. Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho. B. Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and California. C. Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. D. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.
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B 3. The Great Serpent Mound, a huge burial mound, was built by the A. Natchez people. C. Mississippians. B. Hopewell people. D. Hohokam people. C 4. The city of Cahokia, in present-day Illinois, contained A. an apartment building with hundreds of rooms. B. dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs. C. a great pyramid-shaped mound, with a temple on its summit. D. square houses called hogans. A 5. What was the main food of the Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook peoples? A. salmon C. roots and berries B. deer D. caribou C 6. The Pomo people, of the central valley of present-day California, A. fished for food. C. pounded acorns into flour. B. followed wandering herds. D. planted vegetables. B 7. Scientists think the Inuit, who live in North America’s Arctic region, A. crossed the land bridge from Asia first. B. crossed the land bridge from Asia last. C. always lived in North America. D. migrated north from Central America. The American Journey
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★ Workbook Activity 1 DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists early civilizations of the Americas. Review the information about these peoples in your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes on the chart. Early Civilizations of the Americas Civilization Location Dates The Olmec
The Maya
Major Achievements
Gulf coast of
flourished between
farming supported large cities;
Mexico,
1500 B.C. and 300 B.C. sculpted large stone monuments;
Guatemala, and
built stone pavements and drainage
Honduras
systems
rainforest areas of
height of civilization
built many large cities and a network
present-day
from about A.D. 200
of roads in the jungle; built pyramids
Mexico,
to A.D. 850
of stone; created a 365-day calendar based on astronomical observations;
Honduras, and
developed a complex vocabulary of
Belize
hieroglyphics; engaged in longdistance travel
The Aztec
present-day central
found a permanent
built the great city of Tenochtitlán
and southern
home in A.D. 1325
on an island in Lake Texcoco
western highlands
established capital
built 10,000 miles of stone-paved roads
of South America;
city in A.D. 1200
over mountains, across deserts, and
Mexico
The Inca
12
empire stretched
through jungles; built city of Machu
from present-day
Picchu on a mountain top; developed
Colombia to
a system of record keeping with string
northern Argentina
called quipus; built stone-walled
and Chile
terraces on steep slopes to plant crops
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Guatemala,
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Exploring the Americas DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with an accomplishment in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
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Column A F 1. Henry the Navigator J
2. Bartholomeu Dias
H
3. Vasco da Gama
L
4. Christopher Columbus
M
5. Vasco Núñez de Balboa
B
6. Ferdinand Magellan
A
7. Hernán Cortés
E
8. Francisco Pizarro
C
9. Juan Ponce de León G 10. Hernando de Soto K 11. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado I 12. John Cabot N 13. Giovanni da Verrazano D 14. Henry Hudson
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Column B A. landed in Mexico in 1519, completed conquest of Aztec in 1521 B. discovered strait around southern tip of South America in 1520; some of crew completed first circumnavigation of globe C. landed in Florida in 1513 hoping to find the legendary “fountain of youth” D. discovered and sailed up the Hudson River in 1609 E. captured the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, in 1532, and gained control of most of the Inca Empire within a few years F. brought astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians to share their knowledge with Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders G. led three-year expedition through southeastern United States; crossed the Mississippi River in 1541 H. sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean, reaching India in 1498 I. rediscovered Newfoundland for England J. sailed around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 K. led expedition through northern Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico hoping to find the legendary “Seven Cities of Cibola” L. reached the Bahamas in 1492; went ashore on a small island, named it San Salvador M. crossed the mountains in Panama in 1513 and discovered the Pacific Ocean N. explored coast of North America from present-day Nova Scotia to the Carolinas in 1524
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★ Workbook Activity 2 DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete the sentence. lines of latitude circumnavigate immunity
conquistadors stern rudder astrolabe
magnetic compass mercantilism caravel
astrolabe 1. An is an instrument that measures the position of stars. magnetic compass 2. The was invented by the Chinese and then passed on to the Europeans by the Arabs in the 1200s. stern rudder 3. The and the triangular sail enabled ships to sail into the wind. lines of latitude 4. Distance north and south of the Equator is indicated on a map by . caravel 5. The was a three-masted ship developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400s. immunity 6. Because they had no , entire communities of Native Americans were wiped out by diseases brought to the Americas by the Europeans. circumnavigate the world, you would have to sail completely around it. 7. In order to conquistadors 8. Early Spanish explorers in the Americas were known as .
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided. 10. What was the Columbian Exchange? Answers will vary but should indicate that the voyages of Christopher Columbus and other explorers brought together the continents of the Americas with those of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This contact led to an exchange of goods and ideas that altered life on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. 14
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mercantilism 9. The economic theory of describes how a nation’s power was based on its wealth.
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Colonial America The English defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the end of Spanish control of the seas and cleared the way for England and other European nations to establish colonies in North America. DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answer the questions. 1. In what year did the English first attempt to settle on
The First English Settlements
Roanoke Island? 1585
Cape Cod 5. How many Native American nations are shown on this map? seven 6. If you were a member of the Susquehanna Nation and you wished to visit the Powhatans, in which direction would you south travel? 7. In which direction would you travel if you left Roanoke
Colonial arrivals 50
0
100 miles
0 50 100 kilometers
Hudson Rive r
Lake Ontario 1620
Massachusetts
rie
eE
Lak
N E
W S
HI
AN
O M
T UN
AI
NS
Susquehanna
omac Ri Pot
Nanticoke Virginia J ame sR
iver
Delaware River
James River 4. What piece of land extends into the Atlantic Ocean near Plymouth, Massachusetts?
English settlement
r ve
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100 miles 3. Jamestown was built along the banks of which river?
Native American Nation
AP PA LA C
2. Approximately how many miles from Roanoke Island was the colony of Jamestown?
Plymouth Wampanoag Narragansett
Leni-Lenape
Chesapeake Bay Jamestown
Powhatan
Roa nok e
Cape Cod
ATLANTIC OCEAN
16 15
07
, 85
15
87
Ri
ve Tuscarora r
Roanoke Island
northeast Island for Plymouth?
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★ Workbook Activity 3 DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. C 1. The colony of Jamestown survived because the settlers A. discovered gold and silver. C. began to grow tobacco. B. always had plenty of food. D. lived under strict military rule. B 2. Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims at Plymouth make a treaty with A. the Dutch. C. the French. B. the Wampanoag people. D. the Massachusetts Bay Colony. D 3. Roger Williams, who founded the colony of Rhode Island, believed that A. people should be free to follow any religion. B. the church and the government should be completely separate. C. it was wrong for settlers to take land away from Native Americans. D. all of the above
A 5. The Dutch West India Company gave large estates to landowners called A. patroons. C. platoons. B. patrons. D. dragoons. D 6. In 1682 William Penn sailed to America to supervise the building of A. Baltimore. C. Boston. B. Pittsburgh. D. Philadelphia. C 7. Southern Carolina was settled mainly by A. poor farmers from Virginia. C. English colonists from Barbados. B. tobacco growers.
D. Dutch colonists.
C 8. The French had good relations with the Native Americans because A. Native Americans spoke French. C. they respected local customs. B. they rarely left Quebec. D. they paid high prices for furs.
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B 4. Conflicts often arose between settlers and Native Americans because A. settlers refused to learn Native American languages. B. settlers moved onto Native American lands without payment or permission. C. settlers traded with the Native Americans. D. settlers refused to plant corn.
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The Colonies Grow DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read each paragraph and write a V in the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be a valid conclusion. A. New England’s long winters and thin, rocky soil made large-scale farming difficult. Farmers in New England practiced subsistence farming, producing just enough to meet the needs of their families. Everyone in the family worked. Important farm jobs included spinning yarn, preserving fruit, milking cows, fencing in fields, and sowing and harvesting grain. V 1. New England farmers had little food left over to sell or exchange. 2. New England farm families bought most of what they needed in town. 3. Most farms in New England were very large. V 4. Children of New England farm families had to work. 5. New England farmers were able to provide jobs for many of the people in town.
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V 6. Many jobs were done by New England farm families. B. The warm climate and rich soil of the Southern Colonies enabled Southern farmers to cultivate large areas of land and produce abundant harvests of cash crops—mainly tobacco in Maryland and Virginia, and rice in South Carolina and Georgia. Southern plantation owners relied on enslaved Africans to work in the fields. During the 1700s the population of African Americans in the colonies grew from 28,000 to more than 500,000. Many plantation owners became extremely wealthy during this period. 1. Southern farmers grew wealthy because every member of the family worked. V 2. Because of their profitable lifestyle based on agriculture, the Southern Colonies had little need to develop other industries. 3. During the 1700s Africans were eager to come to America. 4. Most Southern farmers practiced subsistence farming. V 5. Southern farmers specialized in growing crops that they could sell at a profit. V 6. Slavery was legal in America during the 1700s.
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★ Workbook Activity 4 DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks. Column A H
1. Tidewater
E
2. Edward Braddock
K
3. Royal colonies
M
4. Iroquois Confederacy
G
5. Middle Passage
N
6. Treaty of Paris
C
7. Fort Necessity
O
8. Proclamation of 1763
B
9. Albany Plan of Union
P 10. Pontiac F 11. Plains of Abraham
L 13. Great Awakening I 14. Charter colonies D 15. Navigation Acts J 16. Proprietary colonies
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A 12. William Pitt
Column B A. British secretary of state and then prime minister during French and Indian War B. Benjamin Franklin’s plan for a single elected legislature that would govern all the American colonies C. a small post established in 1754 by George Washington near the site of present-day Pittsburgh D. a series of laws regulating the flow of goods between England and the colonies, passed by Parliament between 1651 and 1673 E. commander in chief of British forces in America in 1754 F. field outside Quebec where the British army defeated the French G. the shipping of enslaved Africans to the West Indies H. location of most of the large Southern plantations I. Connecticut and Rhode Island J. Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania K. Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia L. a religious revival that swept through the colonies from the 1720s through the 1740s M. a group of five Native American nations N. a treaty signed in 1763, marking the end of the French and Indian War O. King George III’s declaration that the Appalachians were the western boundary for all the colonies P. chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit who put together an alliance of Native American peoples to fight the British
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Road to Independence DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words from the box that best complete the sentence. boycott Townshend Acts writs of assistance
Sugar Act Declaratory Act Coercive Acts
Tea Act nonimportation Stamp Act
Stamp Act 1. The of 1765 placed a tax on almost all printed material. Townshend Acts 2. The of 1767 placed taxes on imported goods such as glass, tea, paper, and lead. 3. An effective method used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act was to boycott British and European goods. Coercive Acts 4. The purpose of the of 1774 was to make colonists in Massachusetts pay for their resistance to British control.
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Sugar Act 5. The purpose of the of 1764 was to stop smuggling between the colonies and the French West Indies. 6. Legal documents that allowed customs officers to search homes and warehouses writs of assistance for smuggled goods were known as . Declaratory Act 7. The of 1766 stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” nonimportation 8. In 1765 merchants, artisans, and farmers signed agreements, pledging not to buy or use goods imported from Great Britain. Tea Act 9. The of 1773 gave the British East India Company the right to ship tea to the colonies without paying the taxes colonial tea merchants had to pay. DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided. 10. Why did the colonists refer to the Coercive Acts as the “Intolerable Acts”? Answers should include that the Coercive Acts closed Boston Harbor; took away many rights of Massachusetts colonists; prohibited most town meetings, an impor tant form of self-government in New England; and forced Bostonians to shelter British soldiers in their own homes. The American Journey
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★ Workbook Activity 5 DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether the statements below are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank next to each statement. 1. James Otis, a young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament.
O
2. The Sons of Liberty acted courageously when they protested against the Stamp Act.
F
3. When Patrick Henry’s political opponents accused him of treason because of his opposition to the Stamp Act, he replied, “If this be treason, make the most of it!”
O
4. When Parliament repealed all of the Townshend Acts taxes except the one on tea, the colonists should not have ended their boycott.
O
5. Britain should have granted the colonies independence when the colonists first asked to be free.
F
6. On December 16, 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Mohawks boarded three tea ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.
O
7. It would have been more appropriate for Patrick Henry to say “I am not a Virginian, but an American” after the American Revolution rather than before.
O
8. By stating that “blows must decide” who would control the colonies, King George III showed that he was a powerful leader.
F
9. With his forces at Bunker Hill low on ammunition, Colonel William Prescott reportedly shouted the order, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”
F 10. The Declaration of Independence lists the many grievances Americans held against King George III and Parliament.
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F
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★ Workbook Activity 6
The American Revolution DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. C 1. Loyalist strength was the greatest in which regions? A. New England and New York C. the Carolinas and Georgia B. Pennsylvania and New Jersey D. Virginia and Maryland B 2. Which one of the following women did not fight in the American Revolution? A. Deborah Sampson C. Molly Pitcher B. Dolley Madison D. Margaret Corbin D 3. The Quakers would not participate in the war because they A. supported the Loyalists. C. were allies of the Hessians. B. sympathized with Great Britain. D. opposed all armed conflict.
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A 4. At first, soldiers who enlisted in the Continental Army usually signed up for A. one year. C. five years. B. three years. D. the length of the war. D 5. “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country” were the immortal last words of A. Thomas Paine. C. Benedict Arnold. B. John Burgoyne. D. Nathan Hale. D 6. African Americans joined the Patriots for all of these reasons except A. belief in the Patriot cause. C. to earn their freedom. B. need for money. D. preserving the right to own slaves. B 7. Several European nations helped the American cause, mostly because they A. believed in the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence. B. hated the British. C. were afraid the Americans might declare war on them. D. needed an excuse to declare war on Great Britain. C 8. British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at A. Charleston, South Carolina. C. Yorktown, Virginia. B. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D. Wilmington, North Carolina. (continued) The American Journey
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★ Workbook Activity 6 DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answer the questions. 1. Which battle occurred first, Saratoga or Trenton?
The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777
Trenton 2. General William Howe was a commander in which army?
Quebec
CANADA Montreal
about 210 miles 6. If the British had been able to capture Albany, they would have gained control of which river?
Ft. Ticonderoga
Lake Ontario
Ft. Ontario
Ft. Stanwix Saratoga
Mohaw k R.
Oriskany Albany N.Y. 2 Americans take Trenton and Princeton, 1776
4 Burgoyne surrenders N.H. 1777 at Saratoga,
Bennington Boston Mass. Conn. R.I.
Morristown
Long Island
New York Princeton
Pa. Trenton Brandywine Germantown Philadelphia N. J. Md.
1 British capture New York, 1776
WASHINGTON
Del.
3 Howe captures Philadelphia, 1777
E
W S
Hudson River 7. Which event shown on the map occurred first?
22
N
American victory British victory
British capture New York, 1776
0
0
50 50
100 miles
100 kilometers
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Philadelphia 5. British Colonel Barry St. Leger led his troops from Montreal, down the St. Lawrence River, through Lake Ontario, to Fort Stanwix in New York. Mark his route on the map and estimate how many miles his troops traveled.
. ce R Lake en r aw Champlain
Hudson R.
Pennsylvania 4. Which city was captured by General Howe in 1777?
St .L
British 3. In which state did the battle at Brandywine take place?
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★ Workbook Activity 7
A More Perfect Union While fighting for their independence, the Americans drew up plans for creating governments at the state and national levels. Under the Articles of Confederation, the states gave up little of their power to the central government. As the weaknesses of the new central government became clear, delegates drafted a new Constitution providing for a strong central government.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
DIRECTIONS: Comparing and Contrasting Write an A in the blank next to each statement that refers to the Articles of Confederation, a C next to each statement that refers to the United States Constitution, and a B if the statement refers to both. C
1. The federal government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
A
2. The Congress is the one and only branch of the federal government.
C
3. The Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional.
C
4. A president is elected to head the executive branch of the government.
B
5. The federal government has the power to declare war or make peace.
A
6. The federal government does not have the right to collect taxes.
C
7. The Congress is made up of two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives.
B
8. The federal government has the power to coin money.
A
9. The federal government does not have the power to organize a court system.
C 10. The Bill of Rights guarantees basic human freedoms. C 11. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the Electoral College. A 12. The federal government cannot regulate trade.
The American Journey
(continued) 23
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 7 DIRECTIONS: Writing Essays Answer the questions below in the space provided. The Federalists were Americans who were in favor of a 1. Who were the Federalists? strong central government, and they supported the Constitution. The Federalist was 2. Who wrote a book called The Federalist and what is it about? written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It is a collection of essays explaining and defending the Constitution. They thought the Constitution 3. Why did the Antifederalists oppose the Constitution? gave too much power to a central government and would take away too many liberties from the states and individuals. They felt that a 4. Why were the Federalists in favor of a strong central government? powerful government was necessary to prevent disorder, such as occurred during Shays’s Rebellion. 5. What helped the state of New York to overcome its reluctance and ratify the New York City threatened to leave the state and join the Union on its Constitution?
Patrick Henry 7. What is the most distinctive feature of the United States government, as set forth in The government is divided into three branches—the legislative, the Constitution? executive, and judicial—and through a system of checks and balances, each branch plays a role in limiting the power of the others so that no branch can dominate the government. 8. What important powers did the Constitution leave in the hands of the states? The states could pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders; establish local governments, schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare of their citizens; collect certain taxes; and build roads.
24
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
own. 6. What famous Virginian gave fiery speeches against ratification of the Constitution?
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 8
A New Nation DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. C 1. Some states had supported the Constitution on the condition that A. no amendments be added. C. a bill of rights be added. B. a bill of goods be added. D. states could nullify amendments.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B 2. As a Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson favored A. a strong federal government, a national bank, and protective tariffs. B. strong state governments, state banks, and free trade. C. strong state governments, state banks, and protective tariffs. D. a weak federal government, a national bank, and no tariffs. B 3. Who did George Washington nominate as chief justice of the United States? A. Henry Knox C. James Madison B. John Jay D. Edmund Randolph D 4. Alexander Hamilton proposed a tariff to encourage United States citizens to A. trade with other nations. C. buy British products. B. consume less. D. buy American products. A 5. Jefferson favored the French in the 1793 British-French War because A. he thought a French victory would drive the British out of North America. B. he was an admirer of the French Revolution. C. he hoped France and the United States would become strong allies. D. he wanted France to establish new colonies in North America. D 6. The Whiskey Rebellion of July 1794 was an armed protest by farmers in western Pennsylvania against A. the use of whiskey. C. whiskey made from corn. B. the sale of imported whiskey. D. a special tax on whiskey. A 7. What did the Native Americans agree to do in the Treaty of Greenville? A. surrender land in present-day Ohio C. fight at the Battle of Fallen Timbers B. combine forces with the French D. move north of the Ohio River
The American Journey
(continued) 25
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 8 DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks. Column A N H C G O A M B
1. Judiciary Act of 1789 2. Treaty of Greenville 3. Proclamation of Neutrality 4. Jay’s Treaty 5. Pinckney’s Treaty 6. Federalists 7. DemocraticRepublicans 8. XYZ Affair
F
L 11. Sedition E 12. Naturalization Act J 13. Edmund Randolph I 14. Henry Knox D 15. Report on the Public Credit
26
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions K 10. Aliens
Column B A. Political party in favor of a strong federal government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution B. French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand sends agents to demand a bribe and a loan from the United States government (1797) C. George Washington discourages United States involvement in war between Great Britain and France (1793) D. Alexander Hamilton’s proposal to pay off the national debt (1790) E. Congress passes a law making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens F. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson write two resolutions on the rights of states (1798, 1799) G. British agree to withdraw from American soil (1794) H. General Anthony Wayne forces 12 Native American nations to sign treaty opening most of Ohio to white settlement (1795) I. Secretary of war appointed by President George Washington J. Attorney general appointed by President George Washington K. Immigrants living in a country who are not citizens L. Activities aimed at weakening established government M. Political party favoring strong state governments and a strict interpretation of the Constitution N. Law passed by Congress establishing a federal court system O. Spain gives the United States unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and promises to dismantle all forts on United States territory (1795)
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 9
The Jefferson Era DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete the sentence. Charles de Talleyrand Napoleon Bonaparte Meriwether Lewis
Missouri River Zebulon Pike Mississippi River New Orleans Toussaint-Louverture
St. Louis William Clark
Mississippi River 1. In 1800 the Louisiana Territory extended west from the to the Rocky Mountains. 2. The Spanish allowed the Americans to sail on the lower Mississippi River and to New Orleans trade in . Napoleon Bonaparte was forced to abandon plans for an American empire because 3. of a revolt in Santo Domingo in 1802. Toussaint-Louverture was an ex-slave who led a revolt in Santo Domingo. 4.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Charles de Talleyrand informed the American diplomats 5. French Foreign Minister that the whole Louisiana Territory was for sale. Meriwether Lewis William Clark 6. Thomas Jefferson chose and to lead the exploration of the Louisiana Territory. St. Louis 7. The expedition left in the spring of 1804. River 8. The expedition traveled along the Missouri and kept a journal of their voyage. Zebulon Pike 9. Lieutenant led two expeditions through the upper Mississippi River valley and into the region now known as Colorado. DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided. 10. Why were Lewis and Clark, Pike, and others sent to explore the wilderness? Answers will vary but should include that Jefferson was interested in obtaining scientific information about the plants and animals of the West. Congress was interested in obtaining information about the commercial possibilities and in sites for future forts. (continued) The American Journey 27
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 9 DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answer the questions. 1. What area was blockaded by the British in 1812?
The War of 1812
their blockade?
0
100 200 kilometers
Lake Michigan
0
Ft. Dearborn
strengthen their troops on
N 2 Perry defeats the British on Lake Erie, 1813
S
from reaching the Americans.
4. Which American city was burned by the British? Washington, D.C. 5. Through which body of water did the British sail in order to
Pa. Baltimore Ft. McHenry Washington
N.J. Maryland Chesapeake Bay
S.C. Ga.
Horseshoe Bend
New Orleans
Mass. Conn.
N.C.
5 General Jackson defeats the British at New Orleans, 1815
La.
Vt. N.H.
4 Americans win the Battle of Lake Champlain, 1814
Tennessee
Commander Perry
Lake Champlain
Pensacola
Fla. (Spain)
ATLANTIC OCEAN 1 The British navy blockades the coast, 1812
Gulf of Mexico
Chesapeake Bay reach Washington, D.C.? Andrew Jackson defeated the British. 6. What happened at New Orleans in 1815? General Spain 7. To which country did Florida belong in 1812?
28
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1813?
io
Virginia 3 The British torch Washington. Americans recapture the city and defeat the British at Ft. McHenry, 1814
Kentucky
3. Who was commander of the Lake Erie naval forces in
rie
eE
Lak
Oh.
E
W
r nta
York Lake O (Toronto) N.Y. Ft. Niagara
Ft. Detroit
The British hoped to
land by preventing supplies
(British Territory) n u ro eH Lak
United States 2. Why do you think the British navy set up and maintained
American forces Superior British forces r. Ind. Ter American victory British victory 100 200 miles
Montreal
CANADA
Lake
the East coast of the
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 10
Growth and Expansion DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read the paragraphs and write a V in the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be valid conclusions. A. The Industrial Revolution began in the United States in New England around 1800. Although New England’s soil was poor and farming was difficult, New England’s rushing rivers provided water power to run machinery. New England was close to resources, such as coal and iron in Pennsylvania, and had many seaports that allowed goods to be shipped. Most important, New England’s population included wealthy merchants eager to provide the money necessary to build industries. V 1. Because farming was difficult, people were willing to leave their farms and work in the new factories. V 2. Machinery in New England’s factories ran on water power.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Industry developed in New England because all New Englanders were wealthy. V 4. The Industrial Revolution in the United States occurred first in New England because of a combination of several important factors. 5. Industry in the United States developed wherever there were wealthy people interested in progress. B. In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant in Waltham, Massachusetts. Lowell’s mill was based on the factory system, which for the first time brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency. About 80 percent of Lowell’s workers were young unmarried women who left their farms to work in the factories in towns. The “Lowell girls” endured difficult working conditions—long hours of monotonous work—for low pay. Most of them worked in the mills for a few years. V 1. Keeping all of the manufacturing steps of textile production together in one place was a more efficient method of production. 2. The Lowell girls left their farms because factory work was more interesting than farm work. V 3. The Lowell girls left their farms because at the textile mill they had an opportunity to earn a wage. V 4. At least 20 percent of Lowell’s workers were not young unmarried women. 5. Lowell girls often left the mill to return to work on the farms. The American Journey
(continued) 29
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 10 DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Read the paragraphs and then answer the questions in the space provided. A. In 1790 the United States undertook the first official count of its population. The census takers counted a population of nearly 4 million. In the next few decades land and water transportation improved, and the number of settlers heading west increased dramatically. Thirty years later, in 1820, the population of the United States had more than doubled to about 10 million, with nearly 2 million people living west of the Appalachians. 1. In 1820 approximately what percentage of the United States population lived west of 20 percent the Appalachians? million 2. How many more people lived in the United States in 1820 than in 1790? 6 8 million 3. About how many people in 1820 lived east of the Appalachians? and water 4. Why did the number of settlers west of the Appalachians increase? Land transportation improved.
1. About how long would it have taken to travel the length of the Erie Canal in 1825? 15 days 2. What two regions of the United States were connected by the Erie Canal? East and Midwest (or Great Lakes) 363 miles 3. What is the distance from Albany to Buffalo? tons 4. A two-horse team was capable of pulling how much weight? 100
30
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B. The 363-mile-long Erie Canal across New York State, which connected Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie, was completed in 1825. People could now travel on water all the way from Buffalo to New York City. In the early years, a two-horse team pulled a 100-ton barge about 24 miles in one day.
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 11
The Jackson Era Democracy in the United States expanded during Andrew Jackson’s two terms as president. For the first time poor white males were allowed to vote, and by 1828 most states allowed the people, rather than state legislatures, to choose presidential electors. DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. D 1. From 1816 to 1824, the United States had A. two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. B. only one political party, the Whigs. C. two political parties, the National Republicans and the DemocraticRepublicans. D. only one political party, the Jeffersonian Republicans.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B 2. According to the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, when no presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the president is selected by the A. Supreme Court. C. attorney general. B. House of Representatives. D. secretary of state. B 3. In the election of 1828, Jackson received many votes in the South because he A. supported slavery. C. supported a strong federal bureaucracy. B. supported states’ rights. D. all of the above C 4. In 1832 South Carolina’s state legislature passed the Nullification Act, declaring it would A. nullify the Constitution. C. not pay the “illegal” tariffs. B. nullify the Bill of Rights. D. not pay any of its debts. A 5. The Force Bill of 1833 allowed the president to A. use the United States military to enforce acts of Congress. B. force Congress to pass legislation the president supported. C. use military force against his political opponents. D. force the Supreme Court to support his executive decisions. C 6. Who took William Henry Harrison’s place as president after his death in 1841? A. Martin Van Buren C. John Tyler B. Henry Clay D. James Polk
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(continued) 31
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 11 DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks. Column B
D
1. Daniel Webster
H
2. Robert Hayne
F
3. John C. Calhoun
K
4. Baltimore, Maryland
B
5. Nicholas Biddle
M
6. Old Hickory
N
7. Florida
L
8. Indian Removal Act
J
9. Indian Territory
A. Seminole chief who led his people to war against the United States in 1835 B. President of the Bank of the United States C. United States army general who removed the Cherokee from their homes and led them west D. United States senator who defended the Constitution and the Union in a debate in 1830 E. Chief justice who ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee in 1832 F. Vice president during Jackson’s first term; a Southerner who supported states’ rights G. Forced march of the Cherokee into the Indian Territory H. United States senator from South Carolina who debated Daniel Webster in the Senate I. Sauk chieftain who led a force of Sauk and Fox people back to their homeland in Illinois J. Area in present-day Oklahoma created by Congress in 1834 for Native Americans K. Site of the Democrats’ first national party convention in 1832 L. 1830 congressional act allowing the government to pay Native Americans to move west M. Nickname given to Andrew Jackson N. Site of the Seminole rebellion
C 10. Winfield Scott G 11. Trail of Tears A 12. Osceola I 13. Black Hawk E 14. John Marshall
32
The American Journey
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Column A
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 12
Manifest Destiny From the early through mid-1800s, the United States pursued various policies that expanded United States borders from coast to coast. DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists various territories acquired by the United States in the 1800s. Review the information about these territories in your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes in the chart. Territories Added to the United States Year How Territory Territory Acquired Was Acquired Oregon Country
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mexican Cession
Louisiana Purchase
1846
1848
1803
Treaty with Great Britain
After losing war with the
New Mexico, California, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Utah
United States, Mexico ceded its provinces of California and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million
Purchased from France for $15 million
1845
Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
after negotiating territorial boundaries
Texas Annexation
Today’s States and Parts of States Included in the Territory
Annexed nine years after
winning its independence from Mexico
Montana, Wyoming
Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana Texas
Gadsden Purchase
1853
Narrow section of southern
Arizona and New Mexico purchased from Mexico for $10 million
Arizona, New Mexico
The American Journey
(continued) 33
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 12 DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. Who were the first Americans to reach the Oregon Country, and why did they go there? Fur traders arrived first. They came to trap beaver, whose skins were in great demand in the eastern United States and in Europe. 2. In 1843 a thousand American pioneers traveled along the Oregon Trail to Oregon. They had Why were so many people willing to embark on such a difficult journey? heard about the fertile land in the Willamette Valley south of the Columbia River, and they wanted to settle there. 3. Since colonial times Americans had believed that their nation’s mission was to serve as a model of freedom and democracy. How did that vision change in the 1800s? Many Americans came to believe that their nation was destined to extend to the Pacific coast, and that its mission was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent. It offered new 4. What did the Mexican government do to attract new settlers to Texas? settlers large tracts of land at extremely low prices, and no taxes for four years. 5. What did the Mexican government expect from the settlers in return for the land?
Northerners were independence from Mexico until agreeing to annex Texas as a state? against adding another slave state to the Union, and President Martin Van Buren, like Andrew Jackson, did not want to inflame the slavery issue or risk war with Mexico. 7. Why were many Americans, particularly Northerners, opposed to the Mexican War? They were afraid that if the United States expanded into the West, the Southern states would carry slavery into the new territories. 8. Thousands of people came to California during the Gold Rush of 1848 and 1849. What world’s gold supply more than was the result of their frantic search for gold? The doubled, but very few of the forty-niners achieved lasting wealth. However, California’s economy expanded in the areas of agriculture, shipping, and trade, and California’s population grew from about 20,000 in 1848 to more than 220,000 only four years later. 34
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
It expected the settlers to learn Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law. 6. Why did the United States government wait for nine years after Texas had declared its
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 13
North and South DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Use the map to answer the questions. St. Joseph 1. Which Missouri River city has a rail connection to a Mississippi River city? and Ontario 2. Which Great Lakes are near the New York Central Railroad lines? Erie 3. Which railroads could Midwestern shippers use to send goods to the East Coast? Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central northeast 4. Which direction does a train from Chattanooga to Lynchburg travel? miles per hour 5. What is the fastest speed at which trains could travel in 1860? 30 4 hours 6. How long would it take a train to go from Charleston to Hamburg? about 7. If you wanted to travel from Buffalo to Boston, which rail line would you take? New York Central Major Railroads, 1860
W
Chicago
E
L ak
Lake M i chigan
L ak e uro n Buffalo Detroit rie eE k a L
eH
NE W
Madison
N
souri R. Mis
S
Indianapolis P
Quincy St. Joseph Kansas City
St. Louis
Americans loved their railroads in spite of irregular schedules, frequent breakdowns, and being showered with sparks from the locomotives.
O hio R
r iv e
New Orleans
Railroad
New York Philadelphia
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Washington, D.C. Richmond Trains clipped along at 20 to 30 miles per hour by 1860.
Atlanta
Wilmington Hamburg Charleston In 1833 the 136-mile Charleston and Hamburg line was the longest railroad in the world.
Vicksburg
The American Journey
Lynchburg
Chattanooga
Memphis
Boston
O n ta ri o AL ENTR KC R YO
IA VAN Baltimore YL S N N E D OHIO E AN R O B A L TI M
Cairo.
Mis s i ss ipp iR
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
La Crosse
0
Gulf of Mexico
0
200 miles 200 kilometers
Albers Equal-Area projection
(continued) 35
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 13 DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Study the graph and then answer the questions in the space provided. 7.1 percent 1. Cotton was what percentage of United States exports in 1800? 57.5 percent In 1860? 2. Between which two of the four dates listed on the graph was there the greatest between 1800 and 1820 increase in cotton as a percentage of United States exports? 24.9 percent What was the increase? 3,768,000 3. How many more bales of cotton were produced in 1860 than in 1800? 4. How does the size of the enslaved population of the United States in 1860 compare to The number of enslaved Americans is five times as great in 1860 as in 1800. that in 1800? 5. What might you infer about the relationship between the increase in production of Cotton growers relied on cotton and the increase in the numbers of enslaved Americans? increasing numbers of enslaved people to enable them to increase their output of cotton. 6. What information on the graph points to the increasing importance of slave labor over The estimated auction price per field slave the years in the growing of cotton?
Cotton Production in America, 1800–1860 200,000 bales of cotton produced 200,000 slaves in the United States
Total Cotton Production Est. Auction Price per field slave Total Crop Value
3,841,000 bales $ 1,800 $ 248,757,000
Cotton as a percentage of U.S. exports 7.1% 32.0 %
Total Cotton Production Est. Auction Price per field slave Total Crop Value
73,000 bales $ 600 $ 8,085,000
1800
1820 57.5 %
51.6 %
1840 1800
36
1820
1840
1860
1860
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
increased from $600 in 1800 to $1,800 in 1860.
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 14
The Age of Reform During the early and mid-1800s, idealistic men and women in the United States wanted to improve society. They worked hard to bring about changes in politics, religion, and education. These reformers wanted the United States to live up to the ideals and goals stated in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete the sentence.
Ashmun Institute
Underground Railroad
Horace Mann
Trancendentalists
utopian
Mount Holyoke
abolitionist
temperance movement
Thomas Gallaudet
utopian 1. In 1825 Robert Owen established New Harmony, Indiana, a community in which people cooperated instead of competed with one another.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
temperance movement opposed the use of alcohol. 2. The Horace Mann 3. In 1839 , a Massachusetts educator, founded the nation’s first state-supported teacher-training school. Ashmun Institute 4. , the first college for African Americans, opened in Pennsylvania in 1854. Mount Holyoke 5. In 1837 in Massachusetts, Mary Lyon opened , the first permanent women’s college in America. Trancendentalists 6. stressed the relationship between humans and nature as well as the importance of the individual conscience. Thomas 7. The Hartford School for the Deaf was opened in Connecticut in 1817 by Gallaudet . abolitionist 8. Frederick Douglass was an African American who devoted his life to speaking out against slavery. Underground 9. Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery and became a conductor on the Railroad .
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(continued) 37
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 14 DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether the statements below are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank next to each statement.
1. If he was truly serious about improving education, Horace Mann should have lengthened the school year to ten months instead of six months.
F
2. American artists explored American themes beginning in the 1820s.
F
3. Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than obey laws he thought were unjust.
O
4. Emily Dickinson’s greatest poem is titled Hope.
F
5. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the most successful best-seller of the mid-1800s.
F
6. Isabella Baumfree changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843 and began to work for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.
O
7. Southerners who did not hold enslaved people should not have opposed abolitionism.
O
8. The abolitionist sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimké engaged in unfeminine activities, and men in the movement were right to criticize them.
F
9. In July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and a few other women organized the first women’s rights convention.
O 10. Although the women’s rights convention issued a declaration calling for an end to discrimination against women, the declaration did not go far enough.
38
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
O
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 15
Road to Civil War As new Western territories were added to the United States, the tension between the North and the South over slavery reached a dangerous level.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. C
1. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union A. as a slave state, provided that all enslaved people in Missouri be given their freedom within 10 years. B. as a free state but allowed current slaveholders to keep their slaves. C. as a slave state and Maine as a free state. D. as a free state if all territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase were admitted as slave states.
D
2. Which political party nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848? A. Democrats C. Republicans B. Whigs D. Free-Soilers
D
3. According to the Compromise of 1850, A. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. B. the New Mexico Territory would have no restrictions on slavery. C. the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia. D. all of the above
B
4. argued that the only way to save the Union was to protect slavery. A. Daniel Webster C. Henry Clay B. John C. Calhoun D. David Wilmot
B
5. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 A. was supported in the North. B. required citizens to catch runaways.
A
C
C. protected enslaved people. D. punished slaveholders.
6. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed to decide whether to allow slavery in those states. A. citizens of Kansas and Nebraska C. the president B. Congress D. the Underground Railroad
7. In his speech entitled , Charles Sumner lashed out against proslavery forces in Kansas. A. “Bleeding Kansas” C. “The Crime Against Kansas” B. “Marching to Kansas” D. “The Civil War in Kansas” (continued) The American Journey 39
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 15 D
8. Afraid that a Republican government would not protect Southern rights, South Carolina voted to A. disobey unpopular federal laws. C. recall its representatives in Congress. B. organize an armed civilian militia. D. secede from the Union.
C
9. The Wilmot Proviso specified that slavery should be A. prohibited in Missouri. C. banned in former Mexican lands. B. allowed in Missouri. D. allowed in former Mexican lands. 10. The Know-Nothing Party took its name from an organization that opposed A. immigration. C. slavery. B. public education. D. democracy.
D
11. In the Dred Scott case, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that A. an enslaved person was not a citizen, and had no right to bring a lawsuit. B. an enslaved person was property. C. living on free soil did not make an enslaved person free. D. all of the above
A
12. This act, in effect, repealed the Missouri Compromise. A. Kansas-Nebraska Act C. Fugitive Slave Act B. Compromise of 1850 D. Dred Scott Act
D
13. In their debates in 1858, and Abraham Lincoln argued mostly about the issue of slavery. A. John C. Calhoun C. Frederick Douglass B. Daniel Webster D. Stephen A. Douglas
B
14. Where did John Brown lead a raid on an arsenal to spark an uprising of enslaved people? A. Fort Sumter, South Carolina C. Freeport, Illinois B. Harpers Ferry, Virginia D. Richmond, Virginia
C
15. Mississippi Senator became president of the Confederacy. A. John C. Calhoun C. Jefferson Davis B. Robert E. Lee D. Francis Pickens
C
16. attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina, to start the Civil War. A. Union forces C. Confederate forces B. National Guard troops D. the South Carolina militia
40
The American Journey
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A
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 16
The Civil War DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answer the questions. (For questions 1–7, refer to the map for 1861–1863; for questions 8–14, refer to the map for 1864–1865.)
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of the Civil War, with more than 20,000 Union and Confederate casualties.
L E E 18 6
Civil War Battles Pa.
Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
3
Md.
Antietam (Sept. 1862)
N
Harpers Ferry (Sept. 1862)
1861–1863
30
0
30
S
Bull Run (July 1861 & Aug. 1862)
60 miles
Chancellorsville (May 1863)
60 kilometers
M c C L E LLA
Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862) L E E 1 8 62
Va.
Richmond
Union victory Confederate victory
Washington, D.C.
Ohio
Indecisive battle
Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865.
Ind.
Union naval blockade
The Wilderness (May 1864)
Va. W. Va. 50
Appomattox Court House
Ky.
50 100 kilometers
Nashville (Dec. 1864)
THOMAS
Franklin (Nov. 1864)
Tenn. Chattanooga
Kennesaw Mountain (June 1864)
HOOD
MA
THE SE A
EE
Cold Harbor (June 1864)
Richmond
S.C.
186 4
GRANT
N.C.
65 18
Wilmington (Feb. 1865)
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Ga. R CH TO
Del. Md.
Petersburg siege (June 1864– April 1865) Bentonville (Mar. 1865)
Charleston
AN
The American Journey
Atlanta (Sept. 1864)
RM
Ala.
SHE
Miss.
1864–1865
Sherman ordered Atlanta to be destroyed in November 1864.
SHE RM AN
0
Monitor v. Merrimack (March 1862)
LEE
100 miles
Ill.
GRA NT
ATLANTIC OCEAN
L
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Confederate troops
N 1862
Seven Days (June 1862)
“Stonewall” Jackson was mortally wounded the night after the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Union troops
0
E
W
Del.
Washington, D.C.
W. Va.
0
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the battle at Antietam.
MEADE 1863
N E
W S
Sherman marched his troops through South Carolina swamps at a rate of 10 miles per day for 45 days.
Savannah
(continued) 41
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★ Workbook Activity 16
1. The Monitor and the Merrimack fought a battle in March 1862 off the coast of which state? Virginia 2. What were the dates for the two battles at Bull Run? July 1861 and August 1862 3. In which state was “Stonewall” Jackson mortally wounded? Virginia more than 20,000 4. According to the map, how many soldiers died at Antietam? 5. Which battle on the map was fought in the state of Pennsylvania? Gettysburg 6. In which direction did Union General George McClellan lead his troops on the way to the Seven Days battles? south and then northwest 7. The Confederacy chose the city of Richmond, Virginia, as its capital. About how far is this city from Washington, D.C., the Union capital? 100 miles 8. Which side won a victory at Atlanta? the Union 9. How many miles did William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops travel on their march from Atlanta to Bentonville? about 500 10. Why do you think the Union organized a blockade off the Atlantic coast? The Union organized the blockade to prevent supplies of food, manufactured
11. The siege of the city of Petersburg, Virginia, by General Ulysses S. Grant’s forces, began in June 1864. When did the siege end? April 1865 12. Before General Sherman’s historic “March to the Sea,” what happened to Atlanta? Sherman captured Atlanta and ordered it to be destroyed.
13. In which state did the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Cold Harbor take place? Virginia 14. What happened at Appomattox Court House? Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.
42
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
goods, and firearms and ammunition from getting through to the Confederates.
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 17
Reconstruction and Its Aftermath DIRECTIONS: Using Graphic Organizers Write the features of each Reconstruction plan in the spaces provided. Then answer the questions that follow.
Punishing South serves no useful purpose
Southerners (except Confederate leaders) get amnesty if they swear loyalty to the Union
State constitutions must ban slavery
LINCOLN’S PLAN
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African Americans who were educated or had served in the Union army to be given the right to vote
When 10% of voters swear loyalty to the Union, state can form government
Southern states would not have to give African Americans equal rights
50% of white males must swear loyalty to the Union
Only white males who swore they never took up arms against the Union could vote for convention delegates RADICAL REPUBLICANS’ PLAN
Former Confederates do not have right to hold public office
The American Journey
State constitution must abolish slavery before state can be readmitted to the Union (continued) 43
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 17 DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. At the end of the Civil War, why was it only the South that faced the enormous problems of Reconstruction? Most of the fighting and destruction took place in the South. 2. What was the Ten Percent Plan? The Ten Percent Plan was Lincoln’s first plan, offered in December 1863. When 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government. 3. What was the main difference between the way Abraham Lincoln and Congress felt about rebuilding the South? Congress wanted to punish the Southern states, but Lincoln disagreed. Lincoln’s goal was to heal the nation’s wounds as soon as possible. 4. When Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864, why did Lincoln refuse to sign it into law? Lincoln believed the plan, which required 50 percent of the white males in a state to swear loyalty to the Union and banned former Confederates from holding public office, would prevent order from quickly being restored. 5. President Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction, which he called “Restoration,” required that a state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment before it could be readmitted to the
Congress had passed in January 1865, abolished slavery in all parts of the United States. 6. What were the black codes? A series of laws passed by the new legislatures of Southern states in 1865 and 1866 that were designed to control the lives of freed men and women and to enable plantation owners to exploit African American workers. 7. When Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution in June 1866, why did 10 of the 11 Southern states hesitate to ratify it, so that its adoption was delayed until 1868?
The Fourteenth Amendment, which granted full citizenship to all people born in
the United States, would entitle freed African Americans to “equal protection of the laws.” 8. What major piece of Reconstruction legislation did Congress pass in February 1869 that the Republicans believed would enable African Americans to protect themselves? Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave African American men the right to vote. The amendment was ratified and became law in February 1870. 44
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Union. Why was this important? The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 18
The Western Frontier During the mid- to late 1800s, the frontier kept being pushed westward by waves of settlers. By 1890 the frontier had ceased to exist. Railroads crossed the country from coast to coast, and hundreds of new towns, many of them boomtowns, seemed to have sprung up almost overnight. DIRECTIONS: In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete the sentence. Exodusters
George A. Custer
Geronimo
stampede
reservations
sodbusters
William Cody
vaqueros
Sitting Bull
1. Hispanic ranch hands in the Spanish Southwest were called vaqueros
.
2. One of the greatest dangers faced by cowhands was the stampede when thousands of cattle ran in panic.
,
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3. Exodusters were African Americans who migrated from the Southern states into Kansas in the late 1870s. 4. Plains farmers, known as sodbusters , needed new tools, such as lightweight steel plows, to penetrate the tough, dry soil. 5. William Cody became known as Buffalo Bill.
, hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad to kill buffalo,
6. In 1867 the federal government’s Indian Peace Commission recommended moving the Native Americans to a few large reservations
.
7. Sitting Bull , a leader of the Lakota Sioux, refused to sell land in the Black Hills to the federal government. 8. General George A. Custer battle at the Little Bighorn River. 9. The Apache leader Geronimo army in Arizona in the 1880s.
The American Journey
and all of his troops were killed in the led raids against settlers and the
(continued) 45
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★ Workbook Activity 18 DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. The pioneers who settled the Great Plains were faced with numerous challenges to their survival as they attempted to build new lives in the vast open spaces of the prairie. What were the main problems the settlers were up against? Because traditional building materials were usually unavailable, the settlers had to build houses out of sod; the dry soil required new methods of farming; the climate featured extremes of heat and cold; crops would periodically be destroyed by droughts, floods, and occasionally by plagues of grasshoppers; brushfires during drought years would destroy everything in their paths; and careful planning was required in order to survive winter blizzards. 2. Why was the disappearance of the buffalo a catastrophe for the Plains Native Americans? The Plains Native Americans depended on the buffalo for most of the essentials of life—food, clothing, and shelter. They used buffalo skin to make tepees, clothes, and bags for carrying food; they dried the meat into jerky for winter food; they shaped the bones into tools such as hoes, knives, and fishhooks; and they used dried manure, called buffalo chips, for fuel. When the buffalo were no longer available, the traditional lifestyle of the Plains Native Americans was no longer possible.
metals, but once the mines no longer yielded ore, the booms were followed by busts. The populations of the boomtowns dwindled until many of them became empty ghost towns. 4. How did the government help expand the nation’s railroad network? The federal government agreed with the railroad companies that the railroad network would benefit the entire nation, therefore the railroad companies should receive free public land on which to lay railroad track and financial aid and land grants. The government gave the railroad companies more than 130 million acres of land, which included land for the tracks plus 20- to 80-mile-wide strips of land along the railway. State and local governments gave the railroad companies cash subsidies to make sure the railroad came to their communities. 46
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Why did boomtowns develop in the West, and what eventually happened to them? When prospectors discovered gold or silver in various places in the West, the news traveled quickly and attracted many other people eager to try their luck at striking it rich. Investors financed large-scale mining operations to extract most of the ore, which was buried deep underground. Mining required many workers. New towns arose around all of the businesses that provided the services needed by the miners and prospectors. The boomtowns thrived as long as men continued to seek precious
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★ Workbook Activity 19
The Growth of Industry DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. Why did many businesses that were looking to expand form corporations? By forming corporations, companies could raise the capital they needed to buy raw materials and equipment, pay workers, and cover shipping and advertising costs. 2. How did John D. Rockefeller create a monopoly in the oil industry through his Standard Oil Company? He lowered prices to drive his competitors out of business; he pressured his customers not to deal with competitors; he combined competing firms into one organization; and he formed a trust. 3. What method did Andrew Carnegie use to build the nation’s largest steel company? He used vertical integration, buying other companies that provided the equipment and services he needed, such as iron and coal mines, warehouses, ore ships, and railroads. 4. How did the government respond to public pressure to prohibit trusts and monopolies?
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
During the 1880s, 15 states passed laws restricting business combinations that limited competition. 5. Describe typical working conditions for industrial workers in the late 1800s. Factories and mines were noisy, unhealthy, and unsafe. Laborers worked 10 or 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. Dim, crowded sweatshops were filled with flammable materials; airborne lint damaged textile workers’ lungs; cave-ins and gas and coal dust killed mineworkers; and spills of hot steel burned steelworkers. 6. How did the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, differ from other labor organizations? The Knights of Labor recruited workers who had been kept out of trade unions, including women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers. 7. What did the American Federation of Labor (AFL), under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, hope to accomplish? The organization pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, and the right to engage in collective bargaining.
The American Journey
(continued) 47
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★ Workbook Activity 19
8. What event at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory led the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to organize the women there? Nearly 150 workers were killed in a fire when the crowded sweatshop where young immigrant women were locked in to prevent them from leaving early. 9. Why did antilabor feelings in the United States grow stronger after the strike by workers from the McCormick Harvester Company in 1886? A bloody clash took place between strikers and police in Chicago’s Haymarket Square where workers had gathered to protest the killings of four strikers the previous day. When the police ordered the crowd to break up, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer. Americans began to associate the labor movement with terrorism and disorder. 10. Why did the 1892 steelworkers’ strike at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, fail? Homestead managers hired nonunion workers. In a battle between the strikers and 300 armed guards, 10 people died, and Pennsylvania’s governor sent the state’s militia to protect nonunion workers. 11. How did George Pullman end the strike by the employees at his railway-car plant?
obtain an injunction against the strike. They said that striking workers interfered with the delivery of the mail. Union leader, Eugene V. Debs, was jailed, and President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end the strike. 12. How did Henry Ford’s manufacturing method revolutionize the automobile industry? Ford developed the assembly line process in which each worker does the same task over and over. The assembly line made producing large numbers of cars quicker and cheaper, so millions of Americans could afford automobiles. 13. How did George Westinghouse improve upon Thomas Edison’s electric power plant? Edison’s power plant in New York City in 1882 provided electricity to light up 85 buildings. Westinghouse developed and built transformers to send electric power more cheaply over longer distances so whole cities had electric power. 48
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pullman and the railroad owners persuaded the United States attorney general to
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 20
Toward an Urban America 50
Population (in millions)
Between 1860 and 1910, America’s urban population grew from a little over 6 million people to more than 40 million. By 1914, the number of Americans living in the cities was the same as those living in rural areas. People left the farms and flocked to the cities to find new manufacturing and industrial jobs. Also fueling the explosive growth in urban population were waves of immigrants.
Urban and Rural Population Growth, 1860–1900 Urban
Rural
40 30 20 10 0
1860 1870 1880 1890 DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank Year Source: Historical Statistics of the United States. at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. To answer questions 9–14, refer to the graph. A 1. In the mid-1880s large groups of “new” immigrants arrived from
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A. eastern and southern Europe. B. southeast Asia.
1900
C. northern Europe. D. Mexico.
C
2. Among the immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were A. Jews, Germans, and Dutch. C. Greeks, Russians, and Italians. B. Italians, Poles, and Scotch. D. Greeks, Italians, and Germans.
C
3. Many Jews who came to the United States in the 1880s A. planned to homestead on the Great Plains. B. planned to return to Russia at a later date. C. fled persecution in Russia. D. intended to eventually settle in Israel.
D
4. The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States usually took A. 60 days. C. 12 weeks. B. 6 months. D. 12 days.
B
5. After 1892, immigrants in the East were processed at A. Castle Garden. C. Angel Island. B. Ellis Island. D. Staten Island.
C
6. Many immigrants spent long hours in sweatshops, which were A. health clubs. C. crowded garment workshops. B. sauna rooms. D. steam baths. (continued)
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49
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★ Workbook Activity 20
B
7. The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Congress in 1882, A. prohibited Chinese workers from ever entering the United States. B. prohibited Chinese workers from entering the United States for 10 years. C. prohibited Chinese immigrants from leaving the United States. D. ordered Chinese immigrants to return to China.
A
8. The new immigrants enriched communities with their A. customs and culture. B. expensive jewelry. C. knowledge of farming. D. quick assimilation into American culture.
D
9. There were three times as many urban dwellers in than in 1870. A. 1860 C. 1890 B. 1880 D. 1900 10. About people lived in rural areas in 1860. A. 7 million C. 26 million B. 20 million D. 30 million
A
11. About more people lived in rural areas in 1900 than in 1860. A. 18 million C. 26 million B. 23 million D. 44 million
C
12. The year with the biggest numerical difference between urban and rural dwellers was A. 1860. C. 1880. B. 1870. D. 1890.
B
13. In 1900 there were about more rural dwellers than urban dwellers in America. A. 6 million C. 30 million B. 14 million D. 44 million
B
14. According to the graph, urban population was growing rural population. A. at about the same rate as C. more slowly than B. faster than D. three times slower than
50
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 21
Progressive Reforms During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States experienced a period of rapid growth that resulted in major economic and social changes. DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete the sentence. 1. Journalists who wrote about corruption in society were called muckrakers
.
2. Robert La Follette brought about significant reforms—raising taxes for corporations and improving civil service—while governor of Wisconsin. 3. Ida Tarbell , writing for McClure’s Magazine, warned about the unfair practices of the oil trust. 4. One of the most successful civic reformers was Tom Johnson Cleveland, Ohio, from 1901 to 1909. 5. Eugene V. Debs
, mayor of
helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Boss Tweed and a ring of corrupt city officials controlled the police, the courts, and some newspapers in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s. 7. In 1912 Theodore Roosevelt
formed the Progressive Party.
8. People who fought for women’s right to vote were called suffragists 9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Suffrage Association.
.
founded the National Woman
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 10. What did Upton Sinclair write about in his 1906 novel The Jungle, and how did Americans react to the book? In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair described the horrors of the meatpacking industry in Chicago, hoping to arouse sympathy for the workers. But Americans were mainly upset by his vivid descriptions. Public outrage led to congressional passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.
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(continued) 51
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★ Workbook Activity 21
11. What was La Follette’s great accomplishment that led to other states’ reformers copying this “Wisconsin idea”? LaFollette reformed Wisconsin’s electoral system. He introduced a direct primary election in which the state’s voters could choose their party’s candidates. 12. How did the state of Oregon reform its political process? Oregon gave voters more power and limited the influence of political parties through a series of reforms known as the Oregon System. The reforms included a direct primary election and the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. The initiative allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election. The referendum gave voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted. The recall enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office. 13. What progressive actions did Theodore Roosevelt take during his presidency to earn the nickname “trustbuster”? He directed the Justice Department to act against several trusts, including a railroad monopoly, the beef trust, the tobacco trust, and
had authority over big business. 14. Why did progressives support the Sixteenth Amendment, which gave Congress the power to tax people’s income? Progressives hoped that the revenue generated by the income tax would enable the government to lower tariffs. This, in turn, would lead to lower prices for goods. Lower prices would be especially beneficial to the poor.
52
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Standard Oil—a petroleum trust. He wanted to prove that the federal government
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★ Workbook Activity 22
Overseas Expansion By 1890 the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, and the frontier was gone. Americans, for whom the frontier had always symbolized growth and opportunity, were eager to find new frontiers to replace the one that was lost. DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. To answer questions 6–11, refer to the map. The Spanish-American War 150
0
f F l o ri d
it s o
m
s la
San Juan Hill Santiago dee Cuba
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JAMAICA
The Caribbean
CERVERA (FROM SPAIN)
E S
nd
s(
U.S. forces
B ri
Spanish forces U.S. naval blockade Battle
t.)
El Caney
DOMINICAN HAITI REPUBLIC San Juan Santo Domingo
PACIFIC OCEAN
Luzon Island
Y
aI
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Hong Kong (Brit.) WE
Str a
W
ha
Taiwan
N
150 300 kilometers
CUBA
Caribbean Sea
CHINA
300 miles
DE
Havana
0
Ba
Key West
a
Gulf of Tampa Mexico Fla.
South China Manila Sea Bay
Manila
PHILIPPINES
Mindoro Island
The Philippines
Guánica
PUERTO RICO
0 0
200
N
400 miles
200 400 kilometers
W
Mindanao Island
E S
B
1. In 1867 United States Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for A. $700,000. C. $72 million. B. $7.2 million. D. $720 million.
A
2. In 1889 United States Secretary of State invited Latin American nations to attend a Pan-American Conference in Washington, D.C. A. James G. Blaine C. William H. Seward B. Alfred Thayer Mahan D. Theodore Roosevelt
D
3. In 1893 American planters overthrew the Hawaiian ruler A. King Kamehameha I. C. King Kalakaua. B. King Kamehameha II. D. Queen Liliuokalani.
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(continued) 53
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★ Workbook Activity 22
4. United States Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policy regarding China so that A. Americans could settle in China. B. the United States could trade with China. C. Chinese could immigrate to the United States. D. none of the above
C
5. The Panama Canal reduced shipping costs by cutting more than off the voyage from New York to San Francisco. A. 700 miles C. 7,000 miles B. 1,700 miles D. 70,000 miles
B
6. American troops bound for the south coast of Cuba set sail from the city of A. Havana. C. Santo Domingo. B. Tampa. D. San Juan.
D
7. In order to reach Santiago de Cuba, the Americans had to sail A. south of Haiti. C. north of the Bahama Islands. B. around the western tip of Cuba. D. around the eastern tip of Cuba.
C
8. Spanish forces approached Santiago de Cuba from the A. north. C. south. B. east. D. west.
B
9. The United States maintained a naval blockade of Cuba to A. help the United States fleet navigate in the Caribbean. B. prevent supplies from reaching the Spanish forces. C. force Cubans to buy products made in Cuba. D. help American companies supply American forces.
A 10. Commodore George Dewey sailed in a direction across the South China Sea to reach Manila Bay. A. southeasterly C. northwesterly B. northeasterly D. southwesterly C
54
11. Manila is located on the island of A. Mindanao. B. Mindoro.
C. Luzon. D. none of the above
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 23
World War I During the early 1900s European powers competed with one another for colonies and markets around the world. To protect their interests, they established a complicated system of alliances. By 1914 Europe had become a powder keg. DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists the major participants in World War I. Use your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes. Then answer the questions that follow. World War I Date of Entry Country Into War Austria-Hungary
July 28, 1914 August 6, 1914
Declares war on Serbia, blaming it for assassination of Austrian archduke Declares war on Russia, Serbia’s ally
Russia
July 30, 1914
Obliged by treaty to protect Serbia, its ally; begins to mobilize armed forces in preparation for war
Germany
August 1, 1914
Declares war on Russia in order to help its ally, Austria-Hungary Declares war on France because of France’s alliance with Russia, and begins invasion of Belgium
August 3, 1914 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Reason for Entering War
Great Britain
August 4, 1914
Declares war on Germany because of treaty obligation to protect Belgium August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany’s ally
France
August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany’s ally
Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
October 1914
Joins war as ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary
United States
April 6, 1917
Declares war on Germany because German U-boats attacked and sank American merchant ships
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. World War I involved a struggle between two great alliances—the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. Identify the countries in each alliance. The Allied Powers at first consisted of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Then Japan joined in August 1914, Italy joined in 1915, and the United States joined in 1917. The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire). The American Journey
(continued) 55
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★ Workbook Activity 23 2. Why did Italy refuse to honor its alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary? Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised territory in Austria after the war.
3. What happened at the Battle of the Marne? The British and the French stopped the advance of the German army just a few miles east of Paris, but it became clear that neither side would be able to win the war quickly or easily.
4. What new weapons were used in World War I that helped contribute to the extremely high numbers of casualties on both sides? Armored tanks, airplanes, the zeppelin, U-boats, submarines, poison gas, and new improved cannons and machine guns. 5. Although the United States was neutral at first and traded with both sides in the war, why did it end up trading exclusively with Great Britain? The British navy blockaded Germany, stopping and searching American ships and sometimes seizing their cargoes. 6. What was the Zimmermann telegram, and why did Americans react angrily to it? In February 1917, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to
New Mexico, and Arizona, if Mexico would agree to help Germany in its war against the Allies. This set off a new wave of anti-German feelings. 7. How much did World War I cost the United States, and how did the United States pay for the war? World War I cost the United States about $32 billion. The government raised two-thirds of the money by selling Liberty Bonds to the American people. The government also raised money by increasing taxes and requiring more people to pay income taxes. The government also imposed high taxes on business profits. 8. What terms did Germany agree to under the Treaty of Versailles? Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war, pay billions of dollars in reparations to the Allies, disarm completely, and give up all of its overseas colonies and some territory in Europe.
56
The American Journey
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the Mexican government offering to help Mexico take back its lost territory in Texas,
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 24
The Jazz Age The 1920s was an exciting time of change—in lifestyles, fashion, and music and the other arts. But the decade also showed intolerance of immigrants, minorities, and radical or foreign political ideas. DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. What caused Americans’ growing fear of radical political ideas? When the Bolsheviks took over Russia in November 1917 and established a Communist state, they also supported the overthrow of capitalism in other countries. Americans felt that their own government and institutions were threatened by bolshevism. In 1919 a series of anarchist bombings occurred in the United States, contributing to antiradical hysteria. 2. What were the effects of the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920? Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and his deputy J. Edgar Hoover ordered the arrest of people suspected of being Communists and anarchists. Government agents raided the Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
headquarters of various groups, ransacked homes and offices, seized records, arrested more than 4,000 people, and deported about 500 foreigners. 3. What was the cause of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti’s arrest, trial, conviction, and eventual execution? Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with robbing a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, and shooting and killing a guard and paymaster. Although both men claimed to be innocent, many Americans demanded their execution. 4. When 350,000 steelworkers went on strike in September 1919, the steel companies accused the strikers of being communists. What effect did this have on the strikers? It cost the strikers public support and helped force them to end the strike. 5. What caused a sharp drop in union membership during the 1920s? Antiunion feelings grew because many Americans connected unions with radicalism and bolshevism. Employers and the government pressured workers not to join unions.
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★ Workbook Activity 24 6. What led to rising racial tensions and outbreaks of racial violence in the North in 1919? During World War I, more than 500,000 African Americans left the South and migrated to the North in search of jobs. Many Northern whites resented African American competition for jobs. 7. What caused Warren G. Harding to promise Americans a return to “normalcy” during his campaign for the presidency? He sensed Americans’ longing for calm and stability after decades of progressive reforms and world war.
8. What kind of foreign policy was responsible for the United States’s refusal to join the League of Nations? Isolationism, favored by presidents Harding and Coolidge and many Americans, discouraged involvement in international disagreements. 9. What effects were caused by the increasing availability of electricity in the 1920s? Consumers eagerly bought electric appliances, which reduced the time spent on household chores and gave people more leisure time. They also bought radios to enjoy during their leisure time.
the development of new roads, gas stations, rest stops, and roadside businesses; growth in the steel, rubber, and glass industries; and a shift in the oil industry, from producing lubricants to refining gasoline. 11. Why did writers during the 1920s leave the United States? Some American writers were disappointed with American values, so they left the country in search of inspiration; many, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, settled in Europe. 12. The prohibition of alcohol ended in failure. What were some of the negative effects of Prohibition? A continuing demand for alcohol led to widespread lawbreaking, as people made wine or “bathtub gin” at home and went to illegal bars. It sparked the rise of organized crime, as gangsters profited from the making and selling of illegal alcohol.
58
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10. What effect did the automobile have on other industries? The automobile led to
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 25
The Depression and FDR The New Deal
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Program
Initials Begun Purpose
Civilian Conservation Corps
CCC
1933
Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridges and parks, and set up flood control projects
Tennessee Valley Authority
TVA
1933
Built dams to provide cheap electric power to seven Southern states; set up schools and health centers
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FERA
1933
Gave relief to unemployed and needy
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
AAA
1933
Paid farmers not to grow certain crops
National Recovery Administation
NRA
1933
Helped devise standards for production, prices, and wages
Public Works Administration
PWA
1933
Built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDIC
1933
Insured savings accounts in banks approved by the government
Rural Electrification Administration
REA
1935
Loaned money to extend electricity to rural areas
Works Progress Administration
WPA
1935
Employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians
Social Security Act
SSA
1935
Set up a system of pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and people with disabilities
Farm Security Administration
FSA
1937
Lent money to sharecroppers; set up camps for migrant workers
Fair Labor Standards Act
FLSA
1938
Established minimum wages and maximum hours for all businesses engaged in interstate commerce
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. To answer questions 8–13, refer to the chart. D
B
C
C
1. Before the 1929 stock market crash, many investors bought stocks on margin, or they paid only a fraction of the stock price and A. never had to pay the rest. C. paid the rest if stock prices rose. B. borrowed the rest from banks. D. borrowed the rest from brokers. 2. The Great Depression was caused by A. the stock market crash of 1929. C. widespread unhappiness. B. a combination of economic problems. D. people’s refusal to work hard. 3. When 9,000 banks closed between 1930 and 1933, millions of depositors A. continued to collect interest. C. lost their money. B. got their deposits back. D. shifted deposits to other banks. 4. By 1932, of American workers were out of work. A. 5 percent B. 15 percent C. 25 percent D. 35 percent
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(continued) 59
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★ Workbook Activity 25
B
D
A
D
A C
B
D
60
12. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration paid farmers A. for their work. C. to grow certain crops. B. not to grow certain crops. D. for the use of their land. 13. The built dams to provide cheap electric power to seven Southern states. A. Rural Electrification Administration B. Civilian Conservation Corps C. Public Works Administration D. Tennessee Valley Authority The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C
5. In June 1932 the Bonus Army marched on Washington, D.C., to demand the A. annual bonuses promised by their bosses. B. early payment of the bonuses that Congress had agreed to give them in 1945. C. bonuses promised for their community volunteer work. D. bonuses promised by President Herbert Hoover. 6. In the 1930s the southern Great Plains suffered an environmental disaster. The area, known as the Dust Bowl, included parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, A. Texas, Colorado, and Nebraska. C. Missouri, Nebraska, and Iowa. B. Texas, Missouri, and Nebraska. D. Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico. 7. Thousands of Dust Bowl farmers went bankrupt and had to A. give up their farms. C. get jobs on neighboring farms. B. take out more bank loans. D. get jobs in town. 8. The Civilian Conservation Corps, set up in 1933, provided jobs for young men to A. plant trees. C. set up flood control projects. B. build bridges and parks. D. all of the above 9. Most of the New Deal programs on the chart on page 59 were begun in A. 1933. B. 1935. C. 1937. D. 1938. 10. The set up pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled. A. Federal Emergency Relief Administration B. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation C. Social Security Act D. Fair Labor Standards Act 11. The employed artists, writers, and musicians. A. Public Works Administration C. Works Progress Administration B. Fair Labor Standards Act D. Civilian Conservation Corps
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★ Workbook Activity 26
World War II N
DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answer the questions. Bering Sea World War II in the Pacific
40
°N
Kiska
Nagasaki
INDIA °N
Kyushu Okinawa
1945
BURMA Hong Kong (Br.)
THAILAND
Formosa Luzon Philippine Is.
Saipan
Leyte Gulf
TH
ERL
A NDS
May 7-8, 1942
°E 180°E 180° 180
19 44 – 45
NE
Marshall Is. Eniwetok Kwajalein Caroline Islands Gilbert Is. Bismarck Coral Sea Tarawa Arch.
Guam
Oct 23-24, 1944 BORNEO
SUMATRA
Hawaiian Islands
Wake Island
Mariana Is.
1944
1942
Midway Island
PACIFIC OCEAN
Iwo Jima
MALAYA Singapore
NEW GUINEA
E A S T I N DIE S
Solomon Is.
Ellice Empire, 1936 Japanese
y;;yyy ;; yy y ; ;;; yyy y ; yy ;; y ; ; ;; yy ;;;; yyyy y ; ;; yyy ;;; y ; ;; yyyy ;;;;; yyyyy yyy ;;; ;; yy y ; ;; yy ;;; y ;;;; yyyy ; y ;;; yyy ; ; yy ;; ; yyy; yyy yyy;;; ;;; ;;;;; yyyyy ;; yy y ; yy ;; y ; ;;; yyy y ; yy ;; ;; yy y ; y ; ;;;;;yy yyyyy ;; 20° S
Islands
Extent of Japanese control, 1942
INDIAN OCEAN °E 100
Major battles
;;;; ; ;; ; ;;;; ;;; ; ; ; ;; ;; ; yy ;; ;;;;;;; ;; ; ;; ; ; ;; ; ;; ; 160°°EE
,
Allied troop movements
Guadalcanal
Coral Sea
AUSTRALIA
and landed on the shores of
Atomic bomb explosions
40
World War ll in Europe and Africa
.
Major Axis Powers Greatest extent of Axis control
ICELAND
3. Supply ships from the United States reached the northern coast of the Soviet Union after sailing around the northern tips of which Scandinavian countries? Norway, Sweden, Finland
Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941
Tokyo
42 –43
20
Midway June 3-6, 1942
JAPAN
Hiroshima
Chungking
Mediterranean
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Allied or Ally-controlled
N
IRELAND
ATLANTIC OCEAN
SWED EN
W
Dunkirk
LITHUANIA
Sea
B
y
SOVIET UNION
FINAL SOVIET DRIVE July-August, 1944
Warsaw
POLAND
LUX.
Paris
D-DAY June 6, 1944
0 250 500 kilometers
500 miles
Aral Sea
GERMANY
BELG.
and
Moscow
250
LATVIA
Berlin
N orm
0
Leningrad
NETH.
London
Supply lines
S
ESTONIA
tic
North Sea UNITED KINGDOM
Neutral nations Allied forces
E
FINLAND
al
Supply lines from U.S.
NOR WA Y
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KOREA
NEPAL
0°
Sicily
Aleutian Islands
Attu
Kurile Is.
MANCHUKUO (MANCHURIA)
Egypt
Sea
Sakhalin
CHINA
FRENCH INDOCHINA Manila
2. On July 10, 1943, Allied forces left Tunisia, crossed the
SOVIET UNION
MONGOLIA
19
1. The British beat the German tank division at El Alamein. In which country did this battle take place?
FRANCE
Vienna
SWITZ. AUSTRIA
Stalingrad
Ca
CZECH.
sp
HUNGARY ROMANIA
ia
nS
ea
Black Sea
SPAIN
Nov. 8, 1942
YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY
PORTUGAL
ALBANIA
Aug. 15, 1944
SPANISH MOROCCO
.
ALGERIA (France)
IRAN
Rome Naples
TURKEY
SUPPLY LINE TO SOVIET UNION
GREECE
Sicily
SYRIA
July 10, 1943
FRENCH MOROCCO
BULGARIA
TUNISIA (France)
LIBYA (Italy)
IRAQ
LEBANON
Mediterranean Sea PALESTINE El Alamein
EGYPT
Cairo
TRANSJORDAN
KUWAIT
1942 The British beat the German tank division at El Alamein
SAUDI ARABIA
(continued) 61
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★ Workbook Activity 26
4. In the summer of 1944, Allied forces converged on Berlin from which directions? from the west and from the east 5. After crossing the English Channel, Allied forces taking part in the D-Day invasion of June 6, 1944, landed on the French coast at Normandy
.
6. Which Soviet city on this map is closest to the Caspian Sea? Stalingrad 7. On their final drive of July–August 1944, Soviet forces had to cross the countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia
in order to reach Germany.
8. What event occurred on December 7, 1941? The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. 9. Where did the battle of the Coral Sea take place? the Solomon Islands 10. When the Japanese took over the northern part of China known as Manchuria, they changed its name to Manchukuo
.
11. The battle of Leyte Gulf took place in Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
which country? the Philippine Islands
12. Allied forces sailing from Australia to Guadalcanal traveled in which direction? northeast 13. What is the closest island to Hawaii on which a major battle took place? Midway Island 14. What happened to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? The United States dropped atomic bombs on both cities. SOURCE: Culver Pictures
62
The American Journey
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 27
The Cold War Era As soon as World War II ended, the wartime cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union turned to mutual distrust. The two former allies became enemies almost overnight, with each nation viewing the other as an evil force striving for world domination. As a climate of fear and intolerance took hold in the United States, certain politicians took advantage of the situation by persecuting those who held different political ideas, in this way ruining the lives of many innocent Americans. DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete the sentence. Warsaw Pact
United Nations
Fair Deal
Winston Churchill
Taft-Hartley
Chiang Kai-shek
George F. Kennan
Douglas MacArthur
Berlin
Yalta
Marshall Plan
Mao Zedong
Joseph McCarthy
Truman Doctrine
demilitarized zone
NATO
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The Marshall Plan contributed nearly $13 billion to the rebuilding of the countries of Western Europe after World War II. 2. In 1949 Mao Zedong in China.
led Communist forces to victory in a long civil war
3. The agreement of July 27, 1953, ending the Korean War, created a demilitarized zone 4. In 1946 Winston Churchill descended on Europe.
between North and South Korea. declared that an “iron curtain” had
5. NATO was established in April 1949 by the United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations to defend against a possible Soviet invasion of Western Europe. 6. On April 11, 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command because the general was opposed to negotiating an end to the Korean War.
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(continued) 63
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★ Workbook Activity 27
7. From June 1948 until May 1949, the Soviets maintained a blockade of Berlin
.
8. George F. Kennan believed that the United States should follow a policy of containment regarding the Soviet Union. 9. President Harry S Truman’s Fair Deal legislation raised the minimum wage, expanded Social Security benefits for senior citizens, and provided funds for housing for low-income families. 10. In February 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin met at Yalta
, a Soviet port on the Black Sea.
11. The Truman Doctrine was a commitment to help nations threatened by communism and Soviet expansion. 12. On June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, 50 nations signed the charter creating the United Nations
.
military alliance in 1955, known as the Warsaw Pact 14. Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy people alleged to be Communists.
.
of Wisconsin publicly attacked many
15. In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek retreated with his forces to the island of Taiwan after being defeated in the civil war in China. 16. In 1947 Congress introduced the Taft-Hartley bill, which limited the actions workers could take against their employers.
64
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
13. The Soviet Union and the Communist governments of Eastern Europe established a
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 28
America in the 1950s Although the 1950s was a period of international cold war tensions, it was also a time of prosperity for many Americans. Economic growth meant more jobs, higher salaries, and greater educational opportunities. DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. B
A
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C
1. In November 1952, Americans elected Dwight D. Eisenhower to the presidency, the first Republican to win the White House since A. 1918. B. 1928. C. 1938. D. 1948. 2. ran against Eisenhower in 1952 on the Democratic ticket. A. Adlai Stevenson C. Richard M. Nixon B. John J. Sparkman D. none of the above 3. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of more than
miles of highway. A. 4,000 B. 14,000 C. 40,000 D. 400,000 C 4. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Oveta Culp Hobby as the first secretary of the of the United States. A. Treasury C. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare B. Department of Energy D. Women’s Air Corps D 5. Alaska and Hawaii, which entered the Union in 1959, were the only states A. without highway systems. C. with rainforests. B. with volcanoes. D. not bordering on other states. B 6. When the first American space satellite was launched in December 1957, it A. orbited the earth. C. crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. B. exploded. D. linked up with the Soviet Sputnik. A 7. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles believed that the best foreign policy for the United States regarding the Soviet Union was a policy of A. brinkmanship. C. isolationism. B. peaceful coexistence. D. massive nuclear attack. C 8. When fighting broke out in the Middle East in 1956, the United States sponsored a United Nations resolution calling for A. Israeli control of the Suez Canal. B. British and French control of Egypt. C. British and French withdrawal from Egypt. D. none of the above (continued) The American Journey 65
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★ Workbook Activity 28 C
B
B
D
D
A
C
66
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C
9. When Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian revolt in 1956, Dwight Eisenhower A. called for a military intervention by NATO forces. B. advised the Hungarians to cooperate with the Soviets. C. condemned the Soviet crackdown. D. threatened an American nuclear attack on the Soviets. 10. When 13,000 French troops were trapped by Vietminh forces in Vietnam, Eisenhower refused to send American military aid because he believed that A. every nation should fight its own battles. B. it would be tragic if the United States became involved in a war in Indochina. C. the French had no business being there in the first place. D. it was always wrong to try to solve political problems with military force. 11. When Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and formed a new government in January 1959, the United States A. cut diplomatic ties with Cuba. C. set up a naval blockade of Cuba. B. supported Castro at first. D. planned an invasion of Cuba. 12. American and Soviet hopes for peaceful coexistence ended in 1960 when A. the Soviets invaded Hungary. B. Fidel Castro invited Soviet officials to Cuba. C. President Eisenhower insulted Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. D. the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union. 13. In the mid-1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk developed an effective vaccine against A. diphtheria. C. polio. B. influenza. D. typhoid fever. 14. The suburbs appealed to many Americans because they offered A. affordable homes. C. isolation from urban problems. B. privacy. D. all of the above 15. Developers of the United States’ postwar suburbs A. often refused to sell homes to minorities. B. were eager to sell homes to minorities. C. reduced the prices of their homes for minorities. D. refused to use precut and preassembled building materials. 16. Between 1940 and 1960, more than three million African Americans moved from the rural South to cities in the North and the Midwest because A. they liked city life. C. they were looking for work. B. they liked snowy winters. D. all of the above
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 29
The Civil Rights Era Minority groups who did not share in the general prosperity of the 1950s organized mass protest movements. African Americans, women, Hispanics, and Native Americans were among those who took part in the struggle for civil rights. DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. Why did the Supreme Court rule in favor of Brown in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas? Linda Brown, an African American student, had been prevented from attending an all-white elementary school near her home. Thurgood Marshall argued that segregated schools were not as good as white schools, and therefore segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 2. What happened in 1957 when a federal judge ordered all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, to admit African American students? Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out the state’s National Guard to prevent the students from entering the school. A federal judge ruled that Faubus had violated federal law, and President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. What event led to the bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, and what was the result of the boycott? When African American Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus and move to the rear, she was arrested. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other leaders boycotted the buses for more than a year, and the bus company lost thousands of dollars. The boycott ended when the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. 4. Why did Martin Luther King, Jr., admire Mohandas Gandhi? Gandhi had used nonviolent protest to help India gain independence from Great Britain. King hoped to use Gandhi’s methods to win equality for African Americans. 5. How did the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) prepare African Americans for the struggle for equal rights? SCLC taught people how to react to taunts and jeers, how to protect themselves from violent attacks, how to identify targets for protest, and how to organize people for support.
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★ Workbook Activity 29 6. Who were the Freedom Riders, and why did they travel through the South? The Freedom Riders were members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) who traveled through the South by bus to see whether the 1960 Supreme Court ruling against segregated bus facilities was being enforced. 7. What did President Lyndon B. Johnson do to bring about progress in civil rights? President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination in employment, voting, and public accommodations, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited poll taxes, literacy tests, and other methods of reducing minority voter registration. 8. What did Malcolm X believe was the best way for African Americans to achieve justice, and how did his ideas change in the early 1960s? At first Malcolm X thought African Americans would be better off separated from whites. He later came to believe that a society of true brotherhood between African Americans and whites would be the best way to achieve justice for all. 9. What was the meaning of “Black Power,” as advocated by Stokely Carmichael?
create their own culture and political institutions. 10. How did President John F. Kennedy help women in the United States in their struggle to achieve equal rights? President Kennedy created the Commission on the Status of Women in 1961, and convinced Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963, prohibiting employers from paying women less than men for the same work. 11. What did César Chávez do to try to improve the lives of Mexican American migrant farmworkers? César Chávez organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to fight for better wages and working conditions. 12. How did the federal government respond to the demand by Native Americans for greater political power? Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which recognized the right of Native American nations to make laws on their reservations. 68
The American Journey
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Black Power was a philosophy of racial pride that said African Americans should
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 30
The Vietnam Era Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, the continuing rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union led to confrontations in Berlin, Cuba, and Vietnam. The Vietnam War caused many Americans to question the foreign policy goals of the United States. As casualties mounted, opposition to the war led to antiwar protests. DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. What were the results of the failed invasion of Cuba by CIA-backed Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs in 1961? President John Kennedy lost confidence in his military and intelligence advisers; other Latin American nations lost trust in Kennedy; and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy could be bullied. 2. What caused the Soviets and East Germans, in August 1961, to build a wall along the border between East and West Berlin? A large number of East Germans had fled to the West during the summer of 1961, and the Soviets wanted to prevent more people from escaping. 3. What discovery caused President John F. Kennedy to become alarmed about Soviet Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
activities in Cuba? Photographs from an American spy plane showed that the Soviets were secretly building launching sites for nuclear missiles in Cuba. 4. What effect did coming close to nuclear war have on relations between the United States and the Soviet Union? The United States and the Soviet Union worked to establish better relations. They set up a hot line, a direct telephone link between Moscow and Washington, and they signed a nuclear test ban treaty. 5. What effect did Soviet achievements in space have on the United States? Soviet and United States rivalry on Earth extended into space. The United States started a major effort to land men on the moon by the end of the 1960s. 6. According to the domino theory, what would happen to the rest of Southeast Asia if the Communists took South Vietnam? According to this view, if the Communists took control of South Vietnam, the other countries of Southeast Asia would also fall to communism, one by one, like a row of dominoes. The American Journey
(continued) 69
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★ Workbook Activity 30 7. What caused a group of South Vietnamese army officers to overthrow the government of South Vietnam and assassinate its leader, Ngo Dinh Diem? The Kennedy administration had ended its support of Diem because Buddhist monks protested by setting themselves on fire when Diem took away their rights. When the army officers realized that Diem had lost the support of Washington, as well as losing the support of many of the people of South Vietnam, they acted. 8. What caused Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to use American forces in Vietnam? In August 1964 North Vietnamese patrol boats allegedly attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam. 9. What effect did the Vietnam War have on Americans at home, as the fighting continued in Vietnam? The war caused a deep division, with mounting anger on both sides, between antiwar protesters and supporters of the war who called the protesters “traitors.” Opposition to the war increased as the war dragged on. 10. What was the effect of draft boards giving military deferments to full-time college
soldiers came from poor or working-class families. 11. What effect did the Vietnam War have on President Lyndon B. Johnson’s popularity? As anger and frustration over the war mounted, Lyndon B. Johnson’s approval rating declined dramatically, and on March 31, 1968, he announced that he would not accept the nomination for another term as president. 12. In May 1970 what caused a wave of antiwar protests on college campuses that resulted in 4 students being shot to death and at least 9 others wounded by the National Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, and 2 students being killed by the police at Jackson State in Mississippi? On April 30, 1970, President Richard Nixon announced that he had authorized a United States attack on Cambodia, a Southeast Asian nation that had been neutral up to that point.
70
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
students, who were mainly from the middle class? An increasing percentage of
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 31
Search for Stability Two Republicans and a Democrat served as president between 1968 and 1980. Certain issues challenged all three presidents; other issues arose only during the period that one party or the other controlled the White House. The three presidents sometimes pursued similar policies; at other times, the approach taken by the president differed depending on which party was in office. DIRECTIONS: Completing and Analyzing a Venn Diagram The Venn diagram below includes the Republican and Democratic presidents who held office between 1968 and 1980. Examine the setup of the diagram and study the list of issues/policies beneath the diagram. Review this period in your textbook and write the numbers of the correct information in the appropriate spaces in the diagram. Use what you learn to answer the essay questions that follow.
SEARCH FOR STABILITY Republicans (Nixon/Ford)
Democrat (Carter) Both
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1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12
4, 9, 11, 15
2, 5, 8, 13, 14
★FACT BANK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
shuttle diplomacy the National Energy Plan a presidential pardon Middle East peace negotiations Iran hostage crisis progress on détente the Watergate scandal emphasis on human rights
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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
arms reduction talks New Federalism energy problems and conservation resignation of a president Panama Canal agreement Soviet invasion of Afghanistan inflation
(continued) 71
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★ Workbook Activity 31 1. Why did Richard Nixon believe that reestablishing trade and diplomatic relations with China was important to détente? Answers may vary. One possible response: Nixon knew the Soviet Union would fear a Chinese-American alliance. He hoped that improving relations with China would make the Soviet Union more willing to cooperate with the United States to reduce cold war tensions. 2. How did New Federalism fulfill one of Nixon’s campaign promises? Answers may vary. One possible response: Nixon promised to reduce the role of the federal government in people’s lives. New Federalism tried to reverse the flow of resources by giving some of the revenue from federal taxes back to the states for use at the state and local levels. 3. What revelation on secret White House tapes led directly to Nixon’s resignation? A conversation on one tape revealed that the president had ordered a cover-up of the Watergate break-in just a few days after it happened. 4. How was the effect of Gerald Ford’s presidential pardon different from what he intended? Answers may vary. One possible response: Ford hoped that the pardon would help heal the wounds of Watergate. Instead it stirred controversy, and he never fully 5. Why did Jimmy Carter’s approach to dealing with the recession make him seem indecisive? Answers may vary. One possible response: At first he increased federal spending and proposed a tax cut to spur growth. When inflation rose, he reversed his policies by proposing spending cuts and delaying the tax cut. 6. In what ways did Carter demonstrate his belief in human rights as the basis for foreign policy? Answers may vary. Students can draw from any or all of the following in their responses: He withdrew economic and military aid from countries that violated human rights. He condemned apartheid in South Africa. He allowed Cubans expelled by Fidel Castro to enter the United States. He halted American grain shipments to the Soviet Union after the invasion of Afghanistan. 7. Which two domestic concerns plagued all three administrations between 1968 and 1980? Energy problems and inflation plagued all three administrations between 1968 and 1980. 72
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
regained the trust he enjoyed in his first weeks in office.
Name Date Class
★ Workbook Activity 32
New Challenges New challenges, both foreign and domestic, faced the United States in the years between 1981 and the present. DIRECTIONS: Completing and Interpreting a Chart Study the chart and the list of events that follow, and review the period 1981–present in your textbook to write the information in the appropriate boxes on the chart. Use what you have learned to answer the questions on the next page.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Toward a New Century Terms of Office President
Party Affiliation
Major Issues/Events
1981–1985
Ronald Reagan
Republican
taxes lowered; defense spending increased
1985–1989
Ronald Reagan
Republican
perestroika begins; Iran-Contra scandal; Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
1989–1993
George Bush
Republican
end of the Soviet Union; Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty; Persian Gulf War; Americans with Disabilities Act
1993–1997
Bill Clinton
Democrat
1997–2001
Bill Clinton
Democrat
2001–
George W. Bush Republican
North American Free Trade Agreement Middle East Peace Accords; Contract With America; attempts at healthcare reform NATO bombing of Serbia; Articles of Impeachment go to Senate inauguration of 43rd president; first African American as Secretary of State
★FACT BANK • taxes lowered • Middle East Peace Accords • perestroika begins • Persian Gulf War • attempts at health-care reform • Contract With America • Americans with Disabilities Act • first African-American U.S. Secretary of State
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• Iran-Contra scandal • NATO bombing of Serbia • defense spending increased • inauguration of 43rd president • end of the Soviet Union • North American Free Trade Agreement • Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty • Articles of Impeachment go to Senate
(continued) 73
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★ Workbook Activity 32
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. 1. During Ronald Reagan’s first term, A. taxes were lowered and the government shut down. B. taxes were lowered and perestroika began. C. taxes were raised and defense spending increased. D. taxes were lowered, but defense spending increased.
C
2. Ronald Reagan’s second term was marred by a secret arms deal known as A. the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. C. the Iran-Contra scandal. B. perestroika. D. the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
D
3. One domestic high point of George Bush’s administration was the A. Persian Gulf War. C. end of the Soviet Union. B. banking crisis. D. Americans with Disabilities Act.
C
4. George Bush’s popularity soared after the 1990 A. banking crisis. C. Persian Gulf War. B. Iran-Contra scandal. D. Contract With America.
B
5. Bill Clinton achieved domestic successes, but support was lacking for the A. Brady Bill (gun control). C. Family Medical Leave Act. B. health-care reform plan. D. North American Free Trade Agreement.
A
6. Bill Clinton sounded a hopeful note in his A. second Inaugural Address. C. Contract With America. B. Middle East Peace Accords. D. government shutdown.
B
7. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was ratified during the presidential term of A. George Bush. C. Ronald Reagan. B. Bill Clinton. D. none of the above
B
8. Bush and Gore needed electoral votes in order to win the 2000 presidential election. A. California’s C. New York’s B. Florida’s D. Texas’s
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D
★ Notes
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