About the WTO The World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

About this publication “World Trade Statistical Review” provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in world trade. It will be produced on an annual basis and replaces “International Trade Statistics”, the WTO’s former annual statistical publication.

For more information All data used in this report, as well as additional charts and tables not included, can be downloaded from the WTO web site at www.wto.org/statistics

Contents I.

Introduction Acknowledgements A message from Director-General Roberto Azevêdo Abbreviations and symbols

2 4 5 7

II.

Trends in world trade: Looking back over the past ten years

8

III.

World trade in 2015-2016 General trends and drivers of world trade in 2015 World trade and output in early 2016

16 18 26

IV.

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services Merchandise trade Trade in commercial services Global value chains

28 30 34 39

V.

Trading patterns: Global and regional perspectives Merchandise trade Trade in commercial services

42 44 48

VI.

Developing economies’ participation in world trade Developing economies Least-developed countries Aid for Trade

52 54 59 63

VII.

Trade policy developments

64

VIII. Composition, definitions & methodology

70

IX.

88

Statistical tables

1

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chapter I

Introduction

2

Introduction

Acknowledgement s

4

A me s s a ge from Director- General R ob erto Azevêd o

5

Abbreviations and sy mb o ls

7

3

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Acknowledgements

T

his publication has been prepared under the direction of Hubert Escaith, WTO Chief Statistician, and Andreas Maurer, Chief, International Trade Statistics Section. The coordination and supervision of the preparation of tables, charts and production of the report was undertaken by Ninez Piezas-Jerbi, with the assistance of Alessandro Nicolò Giambrone. Statistical research, data compilation and the preparation of estimates were conducted by Alejandra Barajas Barbosa, Lori Chang, Barbara d’Andrea-Adrian, Christophe Degain, Florian Eberth, Deen Lawani, Antonella Liberatore, Coleman Nee, Ninez Piezas-Jerbi and Ying Yan. Additional contributions to this publication were made by Maria Mercedes Ycaza Nowak, Jürgen Richtering, WTO Aid for Trade Unit of the Development Division and the WTO Trade Monitoring Section of the Trade Policies Review Division. Acknowledgements are owed to the multilateral, national and private institutions for providing their statistics. Special thanks also go to our colleagues at UNCTAD and ITC for jointly producing the data set on trade in services. The detailed statistical sources used in this report are presented in Chapter VIII. The International Trade Statistics Section also wishes to thank colleagues from the Information and External Relations Division (IERD) and the Languages Documentation and Information Management Division (LDIMD) whose collaboration is vital in the production of this report. In particular, recognition is owed to Anthony Martin and Serge Marin-Pache for the editing and production of the publication, and to Steve Cooper and João Dos Santos De Almeida for preparing the publication for the website. Recognition is also owed to the French and Spanish translators for rendering the report in the WTO’s other official languages. Finally, we wish to thank the community of “WTO Statistics” users for their loyalty and their suggestions and comments for improvements to WTO statistics. Their regular feedback allows us to better provide relevant statistical data. This publication is also available online at www.wto.org/statistics

For more information on the contents of this report, comments or suggestions for improvement may be sent by email to the International Trade Statistics Section ([email protected]).

4

Introduction

A message from Director-General Roberto Azevêdo “World Trade Statistical Review” is the WTO’s new flagship statistical publication. Like its predecessor, “International Trade Statistics”, the aim of the publication is to show the latest trends in world trade and to improve understanding of global trade patterns. This publication has existed in many guises since it was first produced as “International Trade” in 1952. Over the years, it has evolved in many ways, just as world trade has evolved. For example, in 2014 it included for the first time data on global value chains, a key measure for understanding the impact of global trade. This new edition sees a transformation of the publication from a “statistical compendium” to a publication that analyses these statistics within a global economic context, using statistical data to explain how and why global trade is changing.

“World Trade Statistical Review combines detailed statistics with an analytical review of trade data to enhance understanding of the latest developments in global trade.”

The new structure of the publication allows for more comprehensive information about trade and trade policy developments to be provided, and in a more timely way. This new publication will be released online in July each year, bringing it closer to the reporting period. A print version will be published in early September. Inevitably, this means that the publication will rely more on estimates of trade over the previous year rather than final data but by publishing the information earlier, it will allow us to highlight and analyse the latest trends more quickly. This is of obvious benefit to policy makers, trade analysts and all those involved in world trade. A further update of the statistical data will be made online in October once final data are available, in line with previous years. This new publication continues to provide comprehensive data on trade in goods and services but now has a broader coverage of world trade developments, including a particular focus on trade policy, an analysis of the participation of developing economies in world trade and a more detailed look at selected goods and services. All of this is accompanied by a detailed explanation of how the information is sourced and the methodology used in compiling the data. In parallel to the revamping of our flagship statistical publication, we are also making improvements to our other annual statistical publications. Rather than having separate “profiles” for merchandise trade and trade in commercial services, these will be combined into one publication, with two pages of key data devoted to each economy.

5

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

The new version of “Trade Profiles” will be published alongside “Tariff Profiles”, which will continue to provide information on tariffs and non-tariff measures applied by over 170 economies around the world. This publication will continue to be prepared in cooperation with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC). Both these publications will continue to be published in October each year. Other profiles, on the Aid for Trade initiative and on trade in value added, will only be made available online. Finally, I would like to thank everyone who has worked on this report. The gathering of these statistics and the analysis of the data would not be possible without the cooperation of our WTO members’ missions, other international organizations and national statistical authorities. Within the WTO, a number of divisions across the Secretariat have come together to help create this publication. I thank all of them for their invaluable contribution to this report.

Roberto Azevêdo Director-General

6

Introduction

Abbreviations and symbols ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area BOP Balance of Payments BPM5 Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition BPM6 Balance of Payments Manual, sixth edition CACM Central American Common Market CARICOM Caribbean Common Market CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFTA European Free Trade Association EU European Union EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Communities FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FATS Foreign Affiliates Statistics FDI Foreign Direct Investment GCC Gulf Co-operation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product

c.i.f.

cost, insurance and freight

f.o.b.

free on board

n.e.s.

not elsewhere specified

n.i.e.

not included elsewhere

GNP Gross National Product HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System IEA International Energy Agency IMF International Monetary Fund GTIS Global Trade Information Services Inc. ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification LDCs Least-developed countries MERCOSUR Southern Common Market NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation SADC South African Development Community SAPTA South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement SITC Standard International Trade Classification UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNSD United Nations Statistics Division WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union

The following symbols are used in this publication:

...

not available or growth rates exceeding 500%

0

figure is zero or became zero due to rounding

-

not applicable

$

United States dollars

Unless otherwise indicated, (i) all value figures are expressed in U.S. dollars; (ii) trade figures include the intra-trade of free trade areas, customs unions, geographical and other groups; (iii) merchandise trade figures are on a customs basis and (iv) merchandise exports are f.o.b. and merchandise imports are c.i.f. Data for the latest year are provisional. The statistical data in this publication are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant statistical authorities. The use of such data by the WTO is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, or to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries.

Q1, Q2 1st quarter, 2nd quarter I

break in comparability of data series. Data after the symbol do not form a consistent series with those from earlier years.

Billion means one thousand million. Minor discrepancies between constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.

Closing date for provision of data: 15 May 2016

7

Chapter II

Trends in world trade: Looking back over the past ten years

World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services, 2005-2015

10

Wo r l d me rcha ndi s e trade growth in value terms, 2 00 5- 2 0 1 5

11

Me rcha ndi s e tra de of W TO memb ers by region, 2 00 5- 2 0 1 5

12

Merchandise exports of developing economies, 2 00 5 and 2 0 15

13

Economi es by size of merchandise trade, 2 0 1 5

14

E conomi e s by s i z e of trade in commercial services, 2 0 1 5

15

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services, 2005-2015 The value of merchandise trade and trade in commercial services in 2015 is nearly twice as high as in 2005.

The value of merchandise trade and trade in commercial services declined in 2015 following modest growth in 2012 to 2014.

World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services, 2005-2015

20,000 19,000 18,000 17,000 16,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 , 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000

Billion US dollar

4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 2005 20 005

Merchandise trade

10

2006

2007

2008

2009

Trade in commercial services

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Trends in world trade: Looking back over the past ten years

World merchandise trade growth in value terms, 2005-2015 A decline in world commodity prices had a significant impact on the value of global merchandise trade in 2015.

45%

World energy prices dropped by 45% in 2015.

Growth of world merchandise trade, 2005-2015 20

Exports

Imports

15

10

5

Annual percentage change hange

0

-5 5

-10

-15

-20 2005

2006

2007

8 2008

2009

20 2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

The ratio of merchandise trade to GDP fell sharply in 2009 following the economic crisis but bounced back quickly in 2010-2011. In 2012-2014 it declined gradually, before falling significantly in 2015. Ratio of world merchandise trade to GDP, 2005-2015 27%

24%

21%

18%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Note: Merchandise trade to GDP ratio is estimated as merchandise trade (average of exports and imports values) divided by GDP, measured in nominal dollar terms at market exchange rates.

11

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Merchandise trade of WTO members by region, 2005-2015 Asia, Europe and North America have accounted for 88% in total merchandise trade of WTO members over the past ten years.

The share of developing economies in merchandise exports increased from 33% in 2005 to 42% in 2015.

Merchandise trade of WTO members by region, 2005-2015 (percentage share, %) 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 2005

North America

12

2006

2007

South America

2008

Europe

2009

2010

2011

Commonwealth of Independent States

2012

Africa

2013

Middle East

2014

Asia

2015

Trends in world trade: Looking back over the past ten years

Merchandise exports of developing economies, 2005 and 2015 Merchandise trade between developing economies has increased from 41% to 52% of their global trade in the last ten years.

55% 1% 3%

To developed economies To developing economies

2005

To Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Not elsewhere specified

41%

43%

2% 3%

To developed economies To developing economies

2015 To Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Not elsewhere specified

52%

13

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Economies by size of merchandise trade, 2015

Billion US Dollars

0 - 125 125 - 250 250 - 500 > 500

US$16.2 tn

52% The top ten merchandise traders accounted for 52% of the world’s total trade in 2015.

42% Developing economies had a 42% share in world merchandise trade in 2015.

Merchandise exports of WTO members totalled US$ 16.2 trillion in 2015.

Note: Merchandise trade is calculated as an average of exports and imports and including significant re-exports or imports for re-export.

14

Trends in world trade: Looking back over the past ten years

Economies by size of trade in commercial services, 2015

Billion US Dollars

0 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 50 > 50

US$ 4.68 tn

53% The top ten traders in commercial services accounted for 53% of the world’s total trade in 2015.

36% Developing economies accounted for 36% of total trade in commercial services in 2015.

Exports of commercial services by WTO members totalled US$ 4.68 trillion in 2015.

15

World trade in 2015-2016 •

The volume of world trade continued to grow slowly in 2015 recording growth of 2.7 per cent, revised down from a preliminary estimate of 2.8 per cent in April 2016. Trade growth was roughly in line with world GDP growth of 2.4 per cent.

•

Despite positive growth in trade volume terms, the current dollar value of world merchandise exports declined by 14 per cent in 2015, to US$ 16.0 trillion, as export prices fell by 15 per cent.

•

The dollar value of world commercial services exports also fell 6 per cent in 2015 to US$ 4,754 billion, although the decline was less severe than for merchandise.

•

In the first half of 2015, a sharp slowdown in trade volumes affected all regions to varying degrees, particularly in the second quarter, but this was mostly reversed by the end of the year.

•

The weakness of trade in 2015 was due to a number of factors, including an economic slowdown in China, a severe recession in Brazil, falling prices for oil and other commodities, and exchange rate volatility.

•

Demand for imports slowed in Asia and in resource-based economies in 2015 but strengthened in the United States and the European Union.

•

Merchandise values appeared to be stabilizing in the first quarter of 2016 as the dollar eased and oil prices staged a modest recovery, but the outlook for the year as a whole remained subdued.

General trends and drivers of world trade in 2 0 15

18

O ver vi ew

18

Merchandi s e tr ade i n vol ume term s

19

Trade i n commer ci al s ervi ces

23

World trade and output in early 2 0 16

26

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

General trends and drivers of world trade in 2015 Overview Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade remained sluggish in 2015, at 2.7 per cent as measured by the average of exports and imports. This figure was revised downward from a preliminary estimate of 2.8 per cent released in April 2016 based on available data at the time. Slow global trade growth was accompanied by a modest increase in world GDP, which grew 2.4 per cent in real terms at market exchange rates in the same period. Several factors contributed to the lacklustre performance, including economic slowdown in China, recessions in other large developing economies including Brazil, falling prices for oil and other primary commodities, strong fluctuations in exchange rates, and financial volatility driven by divergent monetary policies in

developed countries. Faster economic growth and rising import demand in developed countries partly made up for weaker demand elsewhere, leaving trade growth and output growth nearly unchanged compared with the previous year (2.8 per cent and 2.5 per cent, respectively, in 2014). 2015 marked the fourth consecutive year with trade volume growth below 3 per cent, and the fourth year in a row with world trade growing at nearly the same rate as world GDP. Growth rates for trade and GDP in 2015 remained below their respective averages since 1990 of 5 per cent and 2.7 per cent (see Chart 3.1). The slow pace of trade growth relative to GDP growth over the past four years stands in contrast to the period from 1990 to 2008, during which world merchandise trade volume grew 2.1 times as fast as world GDP on average. The recent uninterrupted spell of slow trade growth

is unusual but not unprecedented, and its importance should not be exaggerated. Overall, world trade growth was weaker between 1980 and 1985, when five out of six years saw trade growth below 3 per cent, including two years of outright contraction. Unlike merchandise trade in volume terms, which recorded a modest increase last year, the dollar value of world merchandise trade declined sharply in 2015 as exports fell 14 per cent to US$ 16 trillion, down from US$ 19 trillion in the previous year. World trade in commercial services also registered a substantial decline in dollar terms (exports down 6 per cent to US$ 4.7 trillion) (see Table A3). Larger declines were recorded in services categories closely linked to merchandise trade (e.g. transport services, down 10 per cent to US$ 876

Chart 3.1:

Growth in volume of world merchandise trade and real GDP, 2005-2015 (percentage change)

10 0

5

0

-5 5

-10

2005

2006

2007

2008 8

2009

2010

2011

2013

2014

Merchandise trade volume growth (avg. exports and imports)

Average merchandise trade volume growth since 1990

Real GDP growth at market exchanges rates

Average real GDP growth since 1990

Source: WTO Secretariat for trade figures, International Monetary Fund and Secretariat calculations for GDP.

18

2012

2015

World Trade in 2015-2016

billion) than in other types of services, in particular travel and other commercial services, both down 5 per cent to US$ 1,230 billion and US$ 2,495 billion respectively (see Table A25).

Chart 3.2:

Prices of primary commodities, January 2014-March 2016 (indices of dollar values, January 2014=100) 120

80

The appreciation of the US dollar contributed to falling commodity

60

Food and beverages

Agricultural raw materials

Metals

2016M1

2015M10

2015M7

2015M4

2015M1

2014M10

2014M4

2014M7

40

2014M1

The discrepancy between trade growth in 2015 in terms of volume and value was mostly attributable to large swings in commodity prices and exchange rates, as illustrated by Charts 3.2 and 3.3. Fuels registered the largest price decline of any commodity group (down 63 per cent between June 2014 and December 2015), as a result of new sources of supply such as shale oil and an easing of world energy demand as economic growth slowed in Asia. The decline in metals prices (down 35 per cent over the same period) was smaller than the decline in fuels due to the fact that there was no increase in the supply of metals comparable to the development of shale oil in the United States. Prices of food and agricultural raw materials also fell, by around 22 per cent each between June 2014 and December 2015 (more on commodity prices in Table A67).

Fuel (energy)

Source: IMF Primary Commodity Prices.

average in 2015 and 13 per cent between June 2014 and December 2015, due to the Chinese currency’s quasi-peg to the US dollar at the time. The appreciation of the yuan may have contributed to the economic slowdown in China to the extent that it made Chinese exports more expensive in foreign markets. Meanwhile, major natural resource exporters such as Brazil and the Russian Federation saw their currencies drop sharply in value in 2014 as falling prices for oil and other commodities reduced export earnings.

prices since most primary products are priced in dollars and a stronger US currency generally allows the same quantity of goods to be purchased with fewer dollars. The dollar appreciated 13 per cent on average against the currencies of US trading partners in 2015 (i.e. in “nominal effective” terms), and was up even more (19 per cent) between June 2014 and December 2015. The Chinese yuan appreciated along with the dollar, rising 10 per cent on

Merchandise trade in volume terms

Chart 3.3:

Nominal effective exchange rates of selected economies, January 2014 - March 2016 (indices, January 2014=100)

120 110

90 80 70

US

China

India

Japan

Source: Bank for International Settlements.

Euro area

Brazil

Russia

2016M3

2016M1

2015M11

2015M9

2015M7

2015M5

2015M3

2015M1

2014M11

2014M9

2014M7

2014M5

2014M3

2014M1

60

The regional and product composition of export and import growth has changed in recent years. In 2012-13, strong demand for imported goods and services on the part of China and other developing economies helped cushion slow GDP growth and weak import demand in developed countries, particularly in the euro area. However, in 2015 a recovery of imports in Europe and North America compensated for weak import demand in developing countries, especially natural resource exporters and developing Asian economies.

19

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chart 3.4:

Volume of merchandise exports and imports by level of development, 2012Q1-2015Q4 (indices, 2012Q1=100) Exports

World

Developed

Developing + CIS

World trade volume was unusually volatile over the course of 2015, falling sharply in the second quarter before rebounding in the second half of the year (see Chart 3.4). The 1.4 per cent drop in world trade in the second quarter (average of exports and imports) was equivalent to a decline of roughly 5 per cent on an annualized basis, but this was reversed in the third and fourth quarters to the point that trade finished the year above its initial level. The declines in exports and imports of developed economies in the second quarter were less than the world average, but all economies were affected to varying degrees by the trade slowdown.

20

15Q4

Source: WTO - UNCTAD

Asia contributed more than any other region to the recovery of world trade after the financial crisis of 200809. However, the region’s impact on global import demand declined in 2015 as China and other Asian economies cooled. Asia contributed 1.6 percentage points to the 2.3 per cent rise in the volume of world

merchandise imports in 2013, or 73 per cent of world import growth, but in 2015 the region contributed just 0.6 percentage points to the global increase of 2.4 per cent, or 25 per cent of world import growth. Asia’s share in world import growth began to shrink at an earlier point than other regions in the first quarter of 2015

Chart 3.5:

Contributions to world trade volume growth by region, 2011-2015 (annual percentage change) Exports E

Imports

6 5 4

3

The volume of world merchandise trade has grown at a slow, steady pace in recent years, but this consistency belies changes in the contributions of WTO geographic regions to that growth over time. This is illustrated by Chart 3.5, which shows annual contributions of regions to world export and import volume growth.

15Q3

15Q2

15Q1

14Q4

14Q3

14Q2

14Q1

13Q4

13Q3

13Q2

13Q1

12Q4

12Q3

12Q1

15Q4

15Q3

15Q2

15Q1

14Q4

14Q3

14Q2

14Q1

13Q4

13Q3

95

13Q2

95

13Q1

105

12Q4

105

12Q3

110

12Q2

110

12Q1

115

12Q2

Imports

115

2 1

0 -1 2011

World

2012

2013

North America

Source: WTO Secretariat.

2014

2015

South America

2011

Europe

2012

Asia

2013

2014

2015

Other regions

World Trade in 2015-2016

2015, or 35 per cent of export growth, whereas Europe’s 1.3 percentage point contribution accounted for 44 per cent of the rise, thanks in part to a reactivation of trade within the European Union. North America’s contribution to export growth in volume terms was close to zero in 2015 as demand for US goods slowed in Canada, Asia and South and Central America. North American exports were the first to slow in 2015, as its quarterly contribution to world trade growth turned negative in the first quarter before registering a small rebound in the second quarter (see Chart 3.5). Meanwhile, South and Central America made a small positive contribution to export volume growth in 2015.

sovereign debt crisis faded. North America made a positive contribution to world import growth in 2015 (1.1 per cent), while negative contributions were recorded in 2015 for South and Central America (-0.2 per cent) and other regions including Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (-0.6 per cent).

before turning negative in the second quarter along with every other region. In contrast to Asia, Europe mostly weighed down world trade growth since the financial crisis, making a negative contribution to global import growth in 2012 and 2013. However, by 2015 Europe’s contribution was again largely positive, accounting for 1.5 percentage points of the 2.4 per cent increase in world import volume for the year, or 64 per cent of global trade growth. A gradual recovery of trade within the European Union in 2014 and 2015 was responsible for much of the rebound in Europe, as the negative impact from the European

On the supply side, “factory Asia” did more than any other region to lift merchandise export volume growth between 2011 and 2014, but its contribution fell below that of Europe in 2015. Asia was responsible for 1 percentage point of the 3.0 per cent rise in world merchandise exports in

Chart 3.6:

Volume of merchandise exports and imports by region, 2012Q1-2015Q4 (seasonally adjusted volume indices, 2012Q1=100)

North America

Europe

Asia

South America

Other

15Q4

15Q3

15Q2

15Q1

14Q4

14Q3

14Q2

14Q1

13Q4

13Q3

13Q2

13Q1

12Q4

12Q3

12Q1

15Q4

15Q3

15Q2

15Q1

14Q4

14Q3

95 14Q2

95 14Q1

100

13Q4

100

13Q3

105

13Q2

105

13Q1

110

12Q4

110

12Q3

115

12Q2

115

12Q1

120

12Q2

Imports

Exports 120

Source: WTO - UNCTAD

21

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Trade in value and trade in volume: Which one to use when analysing trade? change and a 4.8 per cent change in prices. During the 2009 financial crisis, merchandise trade values dropped 23 per cent, i.e. volume changes accounted for 52 per cent and unit changes accounted for 48 per cent (see chart below). During 2010, both price and volume recovered. Volume developments contributed more than price change, resulting in a 21 per cent increase in value terms (the volume contribution was 68 per cent and the price change was 32 per cent).

The WTO’s merchandise trade volume indices are designed to approximate changes in quantities of goods traded by adjusting trade values in current dollar terms to account for fluctuations in prices and exchange rates. To calculate them, we divide changes in the dollar value of trade flows (represented by trade value indices) by changes in export and import prices (represented by unit value indices) using data collected from national sources. In general, trade statistics in volume terms are used to analyse changes in trade in real terms while trade in value is used when analysing changes in trade using current prices.

2013 and 2015 saw a different contribution to value growth: volume growth stabilized at 2.7 per cent in a context of falling commodity prices. This resulted in a large decrease in value growth (see table below), with relationships between price and volume similar to those registered in the early 1980s before the ratios between volume and prices bounced back.

During the 2000–2010 period, growth in trade value resulted from a balanced contribution of price and quantities: on average, a 9.7 per cent increase in value terms was due to a 4.3 per cent contribution of volume

Contribution to trade growth, in volume and unit price terms, 1981 – 2015 (per cent) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0 -20.0

Volume

Unit Value

2015

2013

2011

2009

2007

2005

2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

1983

1981

-25.0

Value

Average trade growth by volume, value and unit value (per cent) Period

Volume

Unit Value

Value

1981-1985

2.9

-3.5

-0.7

1986-1990

5.8

6.2

12.3

1991-1995

6.2

1.9

8.4

1995-2000

7.0

-2.1

4.8

2001-2005

5.0

5.1

10.5

2006-2010

3.7

4.6

9.0

2011-2015

3.1

-1.3

1.8

2013-2015

2.6

-6.0

-3.6

Source: WTO Secretariat.

22

World Trade in 2015-2016

All geographic regions were affected to varying degrees by the trade slowdown in the first half of 2015, as observed in Chart 3.6. Imports of resource dependent economies (mostly in South and Central America and “Other regions”) were squeezed by falling export revenues and did not see their imports recover in the second half of 2015, whereas imports of the more industrialized regions (Europe, North America, Asia) staged a partial recovery in the second half. The plunge in South and Central America’s imports has been precipitous, with a decline of 11 per cent between the first and fourth quarters of 2015.

is possible for the dollar value of merchandise trade. Chart 3.7 illustrates that fuels and mining products were responsible for more than half of the plunge in trade values in 2015, but that slowing trade in manufactured goods and agricultural products also contributed significantly to the overall decline. Among manufactured goods, the products where trade values notably declined in 2015 were office and telecom equipment, chemicals and other machinery, while clothing and textiles only made small positive contributions to trade growth.

A product breakdown of world trade growth in volume terms in 2015 is not available, but such a decomposition

The 6 per cent (see Table A3) decline in the dollar value of world exports of commercial services in 2015 was

Trade in commercial services

strongly influenced by exchange rate fluctuations, particularly the general appreciation of the dollar against the currencies of US trading partners and more specifically by the depreciation of the euro and the pound against the US currency. Europe accounted for a large fraction of world commercial services trade in 2015 (46 per cent of exports). A large share of this encompassed trade within the euro area and within the European Union more generally, so exchange rate developments within the EU have an outsized impact on world trade. However, all regions were probably affected to some degree by exchange rate movements due to the fact that trade statistics are usually recorded in US dollars. To illustrate the sensitivity

Chart 3.7:

Contributions to year-on-year growth in world merchandise trade by product, 2014Q1-2015Q4 (year-on-year percentage change in current dollar values)

5.0

0.0

-5.0

-10.0

Agricultural products

Fuels and mining products

Manufactured goods

Not elsewhere specified

15Q4

15Q3

15Q2

15Q1

14Q4

14Q3

14Q2

14Q1

-15.0

T To Total merchandise

Source: WTO Secretariat estimates.

23

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

of these data to exchange rates, consider the fact that commercial services exports of the European Union were down nearly 10 per cent in 2015 (see Table A3), but if this trade was measured in euro terms exports would have risen 8 per cent. Chart 3.8 shows quarterly developments in commercial services exports in 2015 broken down by geographic regions. World exports in dollar terms were down as much as 8 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter, but by the fourth quarter the decline had moderated to around 6 per cent. The evolution of European exports followed a similar pattern, although the magnitude of the decline was greater (-12 per cent in the second quarter, -8 per cent in the fourth quarter). North America recorded a more modest contraction, with commercial services exports

Chart 3.8:

World exports of commercial services by region, 2014Q4-2015Q4 (year-on-year percentage change)

5

0

-5

-10

-15 World

14Q4 15Q3

15Q1 15Q4

North America

Europe

15Q2

Asia

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates Note: World and regional quarterly aggregates are based on available reporters, covering at least 90 per cent of trade in commercial services.

Chart 3.9:

World exports of commercial services by main category, 2014Q4-2015Q4 (year-on-year percentage change)

5

0

-5

-10

-15 14Q4

Transport Travel Goods-related services Other commercial services

24

15Q1

15Q2

15Q3

15Q4

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates. Note: World and regional quarterly aggregates are based on available reporters, covering at least 90 per cent of trade in commercial services.

World Trade in 2015-2016

down 3 per cent in the final quarter compared to the same period in 2014. Asia’s decline was steeper (down 6 per cent in the fourth quarter after rising 8 per cent in the equivalent period in 2014) and probably reflected a real slowdown in trade activity as well. Figures for imports by region display similar trends. Chart 3.9 shows the quarterly evolution of the dollar value of world commercial services exports in 2015 by major services categories. Transport recorded the largest contraction at year end, with exports down 12 per cent in the fourth quarter. On the other hand, goods-related services and

seasonally adjusted trend index declined by 2.3 per cent between January and September of 2015 but then increased by 2.8 per cent between September 2015 and January 2016. Meanwhile, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) reports that worldwide tourist arrivals were estimated to have risen 4.4 per cent in 2015, marking the sixth consecutive year of above average growth in tourism since the financial crisis of 2009. These figures suggest that commercial services trade may have suffered a setback in the middle of 2015 but has since started to recover.

other commercial services showed signs of recovery in the second half of the year, with respective declines of 1 per cent and 5 per cent in the final quarter. There is no volume indicator for services trade akin to the WTO’s merchandise trade volume indices, but physical measures of services trade, such as passenger arrivals and container port throughput, point to a resumption of growth after a slowdown in the middle of 2015. Chart 3.10 shows an index of container port throughput compiled by the Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics. The

Chart 3.10:

Container shipping throughput index, January 2007 - January 2016 (seasonally adjusted trend index, 2010=100)

120

110

100

90

Jan-16

Jul-15

Jan-15

Jul-14

Jan-14

Jul-13

Jan-13

Jul-12

Jan-12

Jul-11

Jan-11

Jul-10

Jan-10

Jul-09

Jan-09

Jul-08

Jan-08

Jul-07

Jan-07

80

Source: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics

25

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

World trade and output in early 2016 The outlook for the world economy and world trade remained subdued in the opening months of 2016. Quarter-on-quarter GDP growth was modest in the United States and the euro area in the final quarter of 2015. Meanwhile, output slowed in China and contracted in Japan. China’s economy slowed further in the first quarter of 2016, but indicators of business and consumer sentiment suggested that growth would remain stable at a lower but more sustainable rate. Growth also eased in the United States in the first quarter of 2016 but accelerated in the euro area. Finally, Japan’s GDP continued to alternate between

positive and negative growth with a rebound in the first quarter (see Chart 3.11). Current economic forecasts for the whole of 2016 at the time of writing point to another year of weak, uneven growth in both real GDP and merchandise trade volume.

the previous year, but this was the least negative result in 14 months. Meanwhile, year-on-year growth in both exports and imports for the European Union was effectively zero in February following many months of contraction.

Monthly merchandise trade data for the first quarter of 2016 indicate stabilization in the dollar value of trade flows in the latest months (see Chart 3.12). Imports of the United States were up 4 per cent year-onyear in February, the largest increase since December 2014. On the export side, however, shipments from the United States were down 4 per cent compared to the same month in

China’s exports surged 11 per cent in March while imports were less negative compared with previous months, at -8 per cent. The 1 per cent decline in Japan’s imports for March was the best result since January 2015, and although import growth remained negative at -9 per cent, this was less negative than the 20 per cent declines that became routine in 2015.

Chart 3.11:

GDP growth of selected economies, 2014Q4-2016Q1 (annualized per cent change, seasonally adjusted)

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0 0

-2.0 14Q4 China

26

Euro Area

15Q1 Japan

United States

15Q2

15Q3

15Q4

16Q1

Source: OECD Quarterly National Accounts.

World Trade in 2015-2016

Chart 3.12:

Merchandise exports and imports of selected economies, January 2014-March 2016

Imports

Exports

Jan -14

0

0

-5

-5

-10 10

-10 10

-15

-15

-20

-20

-25

-25

-30

-30 Jan -14

5

Jan -16

5

Oct -15

10

Jul -15

10

Apr -15

15

Jan -15

15

Oct -14

20

Jul -14

20

Apr -14

CHINA a

Jan -14

EUROPEAN UNION (28)

Jan -16

-30

Jan -16

-30

Oct -15

-25

Oct -15

-25

Jul -15

-20

Jul -15

-20

Apr -15

-15

Apr -15

-15

Jan -15

-10 10

Jan -15

-10 10

Oct -14

-5

Oct -14

-5

Jul -14

0

Jul -14

0

Apr -14

5

Jan -16

5

Oct -15

10

Jul -15

10

Apr -15

15

Jan -15

15

Oct -14

20

Jul -14

20

Apr -14

JAPAN

Jan -14

UNITED STATES

Apr -14

(year-on-year percentage change in current dollar values)

a January and February averaged to minimize distortions due to lunar new year. Sources: IMF International Financial Statistics, Global Trade Information Services GTA database, national statistics.

27

Chapter IV

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services The share of manufactured goods in total merchandise exports was just over 70 per cent in 2015, up from 67 per cent in 2014. The share of agricultural products also increased slightly to around 10 per cent in 2015. This was mostly due to the sharp decline in the value of fuels and mining products whose share dropped to 18 per cent in 2015, from 20 per cent in 2014. In 2015, the world transport sector fell by 10 per cent as container shipping rates fell sharply due to lower demand especially in developing economies. Global travel receipts also decreased largely as a result of strong exchange rate fluctuations rather than declining demand for international tourism. The aggregate category “other commercial services”, which account for more than half of services exported worldwide, contracted by 5 per cent. Construction was the hardest hit services sector (-15 per cent), reflecting a fall in exports in both developed and developing economies.

M erchandise trade

30

Trade in commercial services

34

Global value chains

39

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Merchandise trade The dollar value of merchandise trade fell by 13 per cent in 2015. This was mostly caused by a fall in the value of world exports of fuels and mining products, which declined at a dramatic rate (-25 per cent compared with -6 per cent in 2014). The decline was due to a sharp decrease in prices and a significant decrease in demand. Exports of agricultural products fell by 11 per cent, while exports of

manufactured goods declined by 5 per cent (see Chart 4.1). The reduction in the price of commodities in 2015 was especially steep for fuels (see Chart 4.2). For exporting countries, this decline has been partially compensated by an increase in the dollar exchange rate (short-term fluctuations between the US dollar and commodity prices are often

negatively correlated). But the decline in commodity prices was also due to the slow-down in the Chinese economy and an increase in world supply as many projects – fuelled by high prices after 2003 – reached maturity. Financial volatility is also responsible for higher uncertainty and lower investment worldwide, leading to a further reduction in demand for minerals and oil (see Table A67).

Chart 4.1:

World merchandise exports, 2005-2015 20,000 18,000 16,000

US$bn

14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2005

2006

Total merchandise

2007

2008

Agricultural products

2009

2010

Fuels and mining products

2011

2012

2013

2014

2013

2014

2015

Manufactured goods

Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 4.2:

Fluctuations in international prices, 2005-2015 250

(indices, 2005=100)

200 150 100 50 0 2005

2006

Food and beverages Source: IMF

30

2007

2008

Agricultural raw materials

2009

2010

2011

2012

Minerals and non-ferrous metals (excluding crude petroleum)

Energy

2015

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services

Regarding agricultural products in 2015, the ranking of the top six exporters remained unchanged compared with the previous year (see Chart 4.3). India dropped two places to ninth position while Thailand and Australia improved their ranking. Argentina remained in tenth position. All of the major exporters of agricultural products experienced a decline in exports in 2015, with India recording the most significant fall (-19 per cent) and China the smallest decline (-2 per cent) (see Table A14). The top ten exporters represented 72.7 per cent of world agricultural exports in 2015, down 0.2 per cent on their share in 2014. Major exporters of fuels and mining products suffered from the dramatic decline in prices for fuels and minerals in 2015 – recording a significant fall in exports ranging from -14 per cent for China to -47 per cent for SaudiArabia (see Chart 4.4) (see Table A15). The share in world trade of the top ten exporters declined to 50 per cent in 2015, compared with 60 per cent in 2000. This reflects increasing geographical diversification in the exporting of fuels and mining products.

Chart 4.3:

Top ten exporters of agricultural products, 2015 700 600 585

-5 --7 7

500

--7 7 -8 8

--9 9

--10 10

400

-9

--10 10

-10

-13 3

%

300

-15

200 163 16

-20

-20 0

100

80 0

73 3

63 3

9 39

6 36

6 36

Thailand Tha ailand d

Australia Au usstralia a

35 5

35 35 -25

US$bn Euro European E opean Union Un nion

Exports a

United Unit d States Sttates

Brazil

China

Canada Canada

Indonesia Indo onesia a

India In ndia

Argentina Argentin n na

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes Secretariat estimates. Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 4.4:

Top ten exporters of fuels and mining products, 2015 500 440 400 -14 14 300 -28 28 8

200 -30 30 0

195 19 1 95

153 153 5

-29 9 145 145

108 108 0

100

-34 -3 34 4

-35 35 5 104 10 04

-38 -3 8

-39 -3 39 39 71 7

-44 4

68 68

-47 7

66 66

55 55

US$bn European Eu uro opean Un Union nio on (28) on

Exports a

World exports of iron and steel were heavily affected by falling prices for steel and iron ores and a decline in demand in 2015. The top ten exporters saw a marked decrease in annual exports – ranging from -9 per cent for Brazil to -39 per cent for the Russian Federation and Ukraine (see Chart 4.5) (see Table A17). The top four exporters remained the same as in 2014. Russia dropped from fifth to sixth position while Ukraine dropped two places, to ninth position. Brazil broke into the top ten, reaching eighth position compared with 11th place in 2014. Among the major exporters, Brazil’s exports suffered the least.

0 -2 2

R Russian usssia sian Saudii Ara Arabia, ab bia, Fed Federation de eration King eratio Kingdon gdon n of o a

Un United nited d St States tatess

A Australia us ustralia lia

C Canada anad a da

Qatar Q atar a

United United Un d Norwayy Arab E Emirates miratesa

0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 % -30 -35 -40 -45 -50

China

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes Secretariat estimates. Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 4.5:

Top ten exporters of iron and steel, 2015 140 120 100

-5

139 -9 9

-12 -1 12

-10 -15

-18 8

-19 9

-20 0

-20

-20

80

-24 2

-25 %

64 64

60

--28 28

-30

40

-35 0 30

20

3 23 16 6

-39 -3 39

-39 -3 39 5 15

10 10

8

Chinese C Taipei Taipei Ta

Ukraine

US$bn European Euro opean Union Unio on (28)

Exports a

China Ch hinaa

Japan Ja apan

Korea, Ko orea, Repu Republic ublic of o

U United nited S States ta ates

Russ Russian sian Feder Federation ration

Brazil Bra azill

-40

9

8

-45

India

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes significant shipments through processing zones. Source: WTO Secretariat.

31

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

The ranking of the major exporters of chemicals remained mostly unchanged in 2015. Only India improved its position, from tenth to ninth place, while Chinese Taipei dropped one place, to tenth position (see Chart 4.6). All major exporters saw a decrease in their exports in 2015. US exports declined the least (-2 per cent) while Chinese Taipei’s fell by the most (-16 per cent). Between 2000 and 2015, China expanded its share in the world market the most (increasing it by 5 percentage points and reaching a market share of almost 7 per cent in 2015) while the European Union experienced the biggest loss in market share (-6 percentage points). The top ten exporters accounted for almost 86 per cent of world exports of chemicals in 2015 (see Table A18).

Chart 4.6:

Top ten exporters of chemicals, 2015 900

901

--4 4

The ranking of the top ten exporters of automotive products remained unchanged in 2015, with the European Union (49 per cent share of world exports), Japan (10 per cent) and the United States (10 per cent) in the first three positions (see Chart 4.8). Of the top ten exporters, only

32

-4 -4

--4 4

-4

-5 5

700

-6

600

-8

500 -10 %

-10 400

-11 11 -12

300

-13 13 3

-13 13 3 -14

20 2 06 0 6 206

200

3 130

100

-16

-16 16

88

63

58

47

37

36

32

US$bn European Eur ro opean Uni io on (28) Union

Exports a

United Un nited Sttates States

China Ch hinaa

Switzerland Switz itz zerlan nd

Japan Japan Ja

Korea, Ko K orea o rea, rea Singapore Sing Si gapor g apo e Repu ublic o of Republic

Canada

In India ndia

-18

Chinese e Taipei

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes significant shipments through processing zones. Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 4.7:

Top ten exporters of office and telecom equipment, 2015 700

500

4

3

600

Among the top ten exporters of office and telecom equipment (see Chart 4.7), only Hong Kong (China) and the Republic of Korea increased the value of their exports (by +3 per cent and +1 per cent respectively). All other major exporters saw a decline in the value of their exports, varying from -1 per cent (China) to -10 per cent (European Union and Malaysia). The export of office and telecom equipment is still concentrated among a small group of economies – even if the market share of the top ten decreased slightly to 89.6 per cent in 2015 from 90.1 per cent in 2000 (see Table A20).

-2

-2 2

800

591

2

1

0

1 -1

--2 2

-2

--3 3

400 31 31 18 8 318

300 200

14 42 142 100

-4 %

--5 5 --6 6

24 2 44 244

-6 -8

-8 -8

11 1 18 118

110 110 11

Sing Si Singapore gaporre

K Korea, orea a, Repu Republic ublic of

-10 0

93 3

63 63

60 6 0

-10 10

59 5 9

-12

US$bn C Ch China hinaa

Exports a

-10

European European n Hong g Ko Kong, on ng, Unio Union on (28) on (28 C China hina a

Un U United nited St States tates

C Chinese h hinese e Ta Taipei aipei

Mexico M exico oa

Japan Ja apan

Malays Malaysia ia aa

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes significant shipments through processing zones. Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 4.8:

Top ten exporters of automotive products, 2015 6

700

5

653

4

600 500

2

2 1

400

0

300

-2

% -3 3

--3 3

100

--6 6

--6 6

13 1 37 137

--6 6

129 2 129

97 9 7

-6

71 1

-6 62 6 2

US$bn European Eu urropean Union Uniion (28) Un

Exports a

JJapan Ja apan n

United Un nited d States Sttatess

Mexico M Me exico oa

Korea, Korea, Republic Repu ublic of

-4

--4 4

200

Canada Ca anad da

49 9 China Ch hinaa

27 2 7 Th Thailand ha ailan nd d

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes significant shipments through processing zones. Source: WTO Secretariat.

17 7 Turkey Turkey Tu

11 11 India

-8

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services

three saw an increase in the value of their exports in 2015: Mexico (+5 per cent), Thailand (+2 per cent) and Canada (+1 per cent). The other top ten exporters recorded declines (ranging from -3 per cent to -6 per cent). Collectively, the top ten exporters accounted for almost 95 per cent of world exports of automotive products in 2015 (compared with 96 per cent in 2000) (see Table A21).

Chart 4.9:

Top ten exporters of textiles, 2015 0

120 109 100

-2

-2 -3 3

-3 3 -4

80

-6 6

-6

--6 6 -7 7

64 64

-8 %

60 -9 -9

-10

40

-11 11 1 -12

-13 3

20 -14

-14

17 17

4 14

1 11

11 11

1 0 10

9

8

6 -16

US$bn C Ch China hinaa

China, the European Union and India remained the top three exporters of textiles in 2015 (see Chart 4.9). Altogether, they accounted for almost two-thirds of world exports. The top ten exporters all experienced a decline in the value of their exports in 2015, with the highest declines seen in the European Union (-14 per cent) and Turkey (-13 per cent). The smallest decline was recorded in China (-2 per cent) (see Table A22).

Exports

European Eur ropean Union Unio on (28) ( )

In India ndia

Un U United nited States S St tates

Tu Turkey urkey

Ko Korea, orea a, Republic Repu ublicc of

Hon Hong g Kon Kong, ng, China C hina

Pakistan Pa kistan nb

Japan

Annual percentage change (%)

a

Includes significant shipments through processing zones. Source: WTO Secretariat.

b

Includes Secretariat estimates.

Chart 4.10:

Top ten exporters of clothing, 2015 200

15 175

10

10

160

8 6

5

120

Among the top ten exporters of clothing (see Chart 4.10), increases in export values were recorded by Viet Nam (+10 per cent), Cambodia (+8 per cent), Bangladesh (+6 per cent) and India (+2 per cent). The other major exporters saw stagnation in their export values (United States) or recorded a decline (all other top ten economies). In 2015, the top ten accounted for 87 per cent of world exports of clothing.

Chinese Chinese e Taipei Ta aipei

2 11 1 2 112

0%

0

80 -5 -6 6 40 -11

26 26

-9 9

-10 0 22

18 8

1 8 18

15 5

US$bn China Chinaa Ch

Exports a

Europea European Union Unio on (28) on

Bangladesh Bang glade esshb

Viet Vi ie et Nam mb H Hong ong g Kong, Kon ng,

IIndia ndia ndi

-10

-10 0

T Tu Turkey urkey

7 Indonesia Indo onesiia ab

6 Cambodia Cam mbodia ab

C China hina

6

-15

United States

Annual percentage change (%)

Includes significant shipments through processing zones. Source: WTO Secretariat.

b

Includes Secretariat estimates.

33

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Trade in commercial services Transport

Chart 4.11:

World transport exports by region, 2015 The transport sector experienced a difficult year in 2015. Container shipping rates fell sharply and the shipping sector suffered from overcapacity due to lower demand in developing economies. Global air freight volumes slowed in particular in Asia and in Europe, reflecting weaker merchandise trade flows. In contrast, cheaper global air fares resulting from collapsing oil prices boosted international air passenger traffic, which rose by 6.5 per cent1, a record for the past decade.

(annual percentage change)

-10 10

World

-14 1

CIS

-13

Europe

-12

South and Central America

-9 9

Asia

-7

North America Africa

2 6

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

Middle East

10

15

20

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

In 2015, world transport exports fell by 10 per cent to US$ 875 billion, with sharp declines in most regions (see Chart 4.11). In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), exports dropped by 14 per cent as air transport services sunk by 26 per cent. In Europe, the decline was 13 per cent, with international sea transport exports falling by 17

per cent. Transport receipts in South and Central America were down by 12 per cent. The contraction was less pronounced in Asian economies, as China’s transport exports remained positive (+1 per cent) while they plummeted in other leading exporting economies in the region (see Chart 4.12) (see Table A25).

By contrast, transport receipts expanded by 6 per cent in the Middle East, the fastest growing region. The Middle Eastern air transport industry recorded strong growth, with international air freight and air passenger transport expanding by more than 10 per cent in 2015.

Chart 4.12:

Leading transport exporters, 2015 (annual percentage change)

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30 European Union

United States

Singapore

China

Japan

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

1

34

IATA “Air freight market analysis” and “Air passanger market analysis” (December 2015)

Korea, Republic of

Hong Kong, g, China

Norway

Russian Ru Federation

India

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services

Freight accounts for the largest part of world transport exports More than half of global transport exports relate to freight transport. In particular, seaborne freight represents the largest share, at 30 per cent in 2014. International freight transport through railways, roads and inland waterways accounted for 15 per cent, while airborne freight accounted for an additional 6 per cent. Supporting and auxiliary transport services performed in ports, airports or railways, such as

cargo handling, storage and warehousing, formed overall around one-quarter of world transport exports. By comparison, passenger transport by air was estimated at only 21 per cent of the total. World transport exports mirror closely trends in global merchandise trade flows. Even record performances in international air passenger traffic, as in 2015, cannot offset negative developments in goods transport.

Estimated structure of world transport exports, 2014 (percentage)

Other modes, other services 5.7% Other modes, freight 15.0%

Post and courier 1.4%

Sea, passenger 0.8% Sea, freight 30.3%

Other modes, passenger 0.7% Air, other sevices 7.6%

Air, freight 5.9% Air, passengers 21.4%

Sea, other services 11.3%

Source: WTO estimates.

35

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Europe saw international tourist arrivals rise by 5 per cent in 2015, or by an additional 24 million tourists compared to 2014, with the European hotel industry recording the highest growth in occupancy rates. However, in dollar terms Europe’s travel receipts dropped by 13 per cent. Similarly, in the CIS, travel exports dropped by 17 per cent while international tourists were up by 5 per cent. Africa was the only region with plunging travel exports due to falling international tourists following terrorist attacks in some economies and fear of Ebola. Increasing foreign tourists, in particular from the United States, boosted travel receipts in South and Central America and the Caribbean, which expanded by 3 per cent.

Chart 4.13:

World travel exports and international tourist arrivals by region, 2015 (annual percentage change) 20

15

10

Annual percentage change change

In 2015, world travel exports fell by 5 per cent (see Table A25) to US$ 1,230 billion, largely as a result of strong exchange rate fluctuations, in particular the appreciation of the US dollar against major world currencies, rather than declining demand for international tourism (see Chart 4.13). Despite rising security concerns and geopolitical tensions in various destinations, global international tourist arrivals grew by 4 per cent, reaching 1,184 million in 2015.

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20 World

North America

Europe

International tourist arrivals

South and Central America

Asia

Africa

Middle e East

CIS

Travel exports

Source: WTO calculations based on UNWTO data and WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

Chart 4.14:

Leading exporters of travel, 2015 (annual percentage change) 40

30

The leading economies for travel exports had mixed experiences in 2015, particularly in Asia, where receipts dropped by 26 per cent in Macao, China, while they were up by 16 per cent in Thailand and by 35 per cent in Japan (see Chart 4.14) (see Table A33). Other commercial services “Other commercial services” account for more than half of services exported worldwide (see Chart 4.15). In 2015,

36

Annual ual percentage change

20

10

0

-10 10

-20

-30 European Union

United States

China

Thailand ailand

Macao, China

Hong Kong, Chi a China

Australia

Turkey

Japan

India

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services

All categories of other commercial services decreased, but some were more adversely affected than others (see Chart 4.17). Construction was the hardest hit services sector (-15 per cent), reflecting a drop in exports in both developed and developing economies, such as the European Union (-21 per cent), Japan (-6 per cent) and the Republic of Korea (-30 per cent) (see Table A37). In the latter, the fall was due to a significant contraction in building projects in the Middle East, a key export market. In recent years, the Republic of Korea has specialized in building refinery and petrochemical plants as well as power plants. Among top exporters, China was the only economy with strong growth (8 per cent) (see Table A37), reflecting thriving construction activity notably in African countries. For both the Republic of Korea and China, construction exports are essentially trade with other developing countries.

World exports of other commercial services by region, 2015 (annual percentage change) 10

5 Annual p percentage g change g

Most leading exporters of other commercial services recorded significant declines in 2015 (see Chart 4.16). India and Hong Kong, China, were the only economies with positive growth above 1 per cent, rising by 2 per cent and 6 per cent respectively. In the United States, the increase was a modest 0.7 per cent (see Table A35).

Chart 4.15:

0

-5

-10

-15

-20 World orld

CIS

South Sout and Central America

Europe

Africa

Asia

North America

Middle East

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates. Note: “Other commercial services” covers: construction; insurance and pension services; financial services; charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.; telecommunications, computer and information services; other business services; and personal, cultural and recreational services.

Chart 4.16:

Leading exporters of other commercial services, 2015 (annual percentage change)

15

10

Annual perce percentage change

these services declined by 5 per cent to US$ 2,495 billion (see Table A34). The steepest fall was recorded in the CIS, where exports dropped by 17 per cent followed by South and Central America (-8 per cent). These declines reflected negative growth in the Russian Federation (-21 per cent) and Brazil (-16 per cent). In Europe, exports dropped by 7 per cent as the European Union’s exports decreased.

5

0

-5

-10

-15 European Union

United States

India

China

Japan

Switzerland Singapore

Canada

Korea, Hong Kong, Republic of China

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

37

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chart 4.17:

World exports of other commercial services by main category, 2015 (annual percentage change)

2015 Other commercial services of which:

Telecommunications, computer and information services

-2

Financial services

2 -2

-3 -3

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.

-6

Other business services

-7

Insurance and pension services

Personal, cultural, and recreational services

-9 9

Construction

Annual percentage change

2014

-5 5

-15

-20

-15

-10

-5 -

0

10

5

15

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

Computer services was the most resilient services sector in 2015, as it has been in other periods in which trade has contracted. This is due to a regular global demand for cost-efficient technologies, the development of innovative software in various sectors such as manufacturing, finance, insurance, healthcare and education as well as the pressing need to address IT security concerns.

Chart 4.18:

Exports of computer services in selected economies, 2015 (annual percentage change)

Costa sta Rica R ca Ric Korea, Republic public of Japan Ja apan Belarus Bel arus Brazil Br B razil

In 2015, the IT services sector expanded rapidly in many emerging exporters (see Chart 4.18). In Costa Rica, the third-largest supplier of computer services in South and Central America, exports were up by 43 per cent, followed by Brazil (16 per cent) and Argentina (12 per cent). Doubledigit growth was reported also in Asian exporters, such as the Republic of Korea and Japan, both growing by 25 per cent, as well as in the United States (14 per cent) (see Table A47).

38

United d States Sttates Argentina rgen ntina Ukraine Uk raine Sri Lanka ri La L anka India Annual entag ge change percentage

0

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

5

10

1 15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services

Global value chains Estimating trade in terms of value added provides a new perspective on trade patterns. The OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database provides data on the origin of the value added in gross exports. This can be used to outline trade flows taking place within global value chains (GVCs). TiVA data is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC Rev.3) that covers all sectors of the economy, including primary products, manufactured goods and services. International supply chains in the chemicals industry The chemicals industry is a sector dominated by supply chains. The chemicals market faces strong international competition, and companies make use of supply chains to

optimize their production or services and to make cost savings. The ISIC definition of the chemical industry includes basic chemicals (plastics, synthetic rubber, etc.), agrochemical products (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.), pharmaceutical products, cosmetic products (soap, perfume, etc.) and synthetic fibres. TiVA data shows that around 62 per cent of the value added in chemicals exports in 2011 (the latest year for which data is available in the TiVA database) originated from other industries supplying inputs to chemical firms to allow them to produce goods and services for export (see Chart 4.19). The share of “upstream” services inputs in the overall value added in chemicals

exports reached 38 per cent in 2011 of which the “wholesale and retail trade” industry represented 12 per cent, reflecting the distribution networks that support the production process and that ensure the circulation of intermediate goods within the supply chain. “Research and development and other business activities” accounted for more than 10 per cent of the value added in world exports of chemicals. “Transport and storage” services accounted for 4 per cent of its value added exports, reflecting the fact that the chemicals sector is transport-intensive. Among primary industry inputs, raw materials, such as “mining and quarrying” products, are essential for the production of chemicals. These accounted for 11 per cent of the value added.

Chart 4.19:

World exports in chemical products - Origin of value added, 2011 (per cent share in gross exports of chemicals)

Chemical industry (exporter)

Other upstream industries (inputs’ suppliers to the chemical industry)

62% 38% Services industries

13% Primary industries

38%

11% Other manufactures industries (excluding the chemical industry)

Source: OECD-WTO TiVA database.

39

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

The breakdown between domestic and foreign value added content in chemicals exports reveals to what extent domestic content contributes to exports in this sector and how much the economy depends on foreign production partners for the foreign value added content of exports. Chart 4.20 shows that for most countries, chemicals exports have a higher proportion of domestic rather than foreign value added content but the share varies significantly. The foreign value added content corresponds to the upstream supply of intermediate goods and services from foreign companies for the production of chemicals exports. The level of foreign

contributor to EU exports of chemicals, with 5 per cent of the value added in 2011, mainly from services sectors such as research and development or wholesale/retail distribution services.

value added content depends on multiple factors, such as the size of the exporting economy and its capacity to host the required production processes, the economy’s level of industrial specialization and its position in the supply chain.

Large economies such as the United States or Japan have a high share of domestic content in their chemicals exports. This is because their domestic production networks have the capacity to meet the needs of exporting industries, and their chemical industry therefore relies to a lesser extent on international supply chains to produce their exports.

Chemicals supply chains in the European Union are concentrated among its member countries, with 83 per cent of the value added in exports in 2011 sourced from within the EU. Germany, France and the United Kingdom are the main suppliers of value added, with 22 per cent, 12 per cent and 11 per cent respectively of the value added in EU exports of chemicals. The United States is the main non-EU

The share of domestic content in chemicals exports is also high in Brazil,

Chart 4.20:

Domestic and foreign value added content in chemicals exports – selected economies, 2011 (per cent share in gross exports of chemicals)

100 1 00 90 80

16

17

18

84

83

82

23 77

70 70

24 29 76 71

30 70

35 65

60

45 55

50

53 47

40 30 20 10

Brazil Brazi il

Europe European e ean Union n

Foreign value added

Source: OECD-WTO TiVA database.

40

Unite United ed State e es States

Switzerl Switzerland land

Domestic value added

Japan n

India a

Canad Canada d da

Israe Israel e el

Singap Singapore pore

Republ Republic ic of Kore ea Korea

Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services

whose exports contained only 16 per cent of foreign value added content in 2011. This is because Brazil’s chemicals industry is one of the largest in the southern hemisphere, and the country has its own natural resources and industrial infrastructure to produce basic raw materials or petrochemical products used in the chemical industry. Switzerland also incorporates a high level of domestic value added

in its exports of chemical products. This is due to its specialization in high-grade products and the application of innovative processes and its high-skilled workforce. Among the economies shown in Chart 4.20, the Republic of Korea has the lowest share of domestic value added content in chemical exports, at just 47 per cent in 2011.

This is because Korean firms have established vertical supply chains with a number of countries to optimize the production process, to generate cost savings and to import raw materials such as oil products, which they largely source from Saudi Arabia. TiVA data reveals that Saudi Arabia plays a key role in the international chemicals industry as a core supplier of oil products to many countries.

41

Chapter V

Trading patterns: Global and regional perspectives In 2015, China was once again the world’s leading merchandise exporter and the United States the leading merchandise importer. The top five traders – namely China, United States, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom – accounted for more than one-third of world trade while the top three countries accounted for more than one-quarter. A fall in prices in international markets had a particular impact on Africa, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, other commodity exporters and regional trade agreements in general. The United States remained the leading trader of commercial services. However, China, which ranked second, was the only economy with positive growth for both exports and imports. In 2015, all regions, with the exception of the Middle East, experienced declines in their exports of services.

M erchandise trade

44

Top performers

44

Regi onal per f or mance

45

Regi onal trade agr eements

46

Trade in commercial services

48

Top performers

48

C ommer ci al s ervi ces trade by modes of s upply

48

For ei gn af f i l i ates s tati s ti cs ( FATS) : Sal es of s er vi ces thr ough forei gn affi l i ate s

50

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Merchandise trade Top performers

Chart 5.1:

Merchandise trade of world’s leading traders, 2011-2015 China, the United States, Germany and Japan remained the top four traders for both merchandise exports and imports in 2015 (see Chart 5.1). China was the leading exporter, with total exports of US$ 2.27 trillion and a 14 per cent share of world exports, followed by the United States (US$ 1.50 trillion, 9 per cent), Germany (US$ 1.33 trillion, 8 per cent) and Japan (US$ 624 billion, 4 per cent). The fifth biggest exporter was the Netherlands, with total exports of US$ 567 billion, representing a 3 per cent share of world exports (see Table A6).

(annual percentage change, %)

Imports

CHINA CH HINA

Exports

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 -15 -20

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Imports

UNITED STATES

Exports

30 25

The leading importer was the United States, with imports totalling US$ 2.31 trillion, representing a 14 per cent share of the global total, followed by China (US$ 1.68 trillion, 10 per cent), Germany (US$ 1.05 trillion, 6 per cent) and Japan (US$ 648 billion, 4 per cent). The United Kingdom was the fifth biggest importer of goods, with imports amounting to US$ 626 billion, representing 4 per cent of world imports (see Table A6).

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 -15 -20

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Imports

GERMANY ERMANY

Exports

30 25 20 15

The European Union experienced a decline of 12 per cent in the value of its exports in 2015 following an average of 2 per cent growth in 2012-14. Asia overtook Europe for the first time in terms of share of world exports in 2015 (36.17 per cent compared with 36.15 for Europe). Europe and Asia, the leading destinations of exports, saw their imports drop by 13 per cent and 14 per cent respectively in 2015.

10 5 0 -5 -10 10 -15 -20

2011

2012

2013

2014

PAN JAPAN

2015

Imports

30 25 20 15 10

Since the financial crisis in 2008, the European Union and the United States have experienced similar trade patterns in terms of exports and imports. Though more volatile than GDP, exports and imports from these two

44

5 0 -5 -10 10 -15 15 -20

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Exports

Trading patterns: Global and regional perspectives

traders have followed a similar pattern to GDP growth. Conversely, countries such as China and Japan have seen varying trends for their exports and imports. For instance, in 2015, China’s imports dropped by 14 per cent while its exports declined by only 3 per cent (see Chart 5.1).

Chart 5.2:

Merchandise trade by region, 2015 (annual percentage change) 10.0 10 0.0 0 5.0 5 0 00 0.0 -5.0 -5 5.0 0 -10 0.0 0 -10.0 -15.0 -15 5.0 0 0.0 0 -20.0

Exports from emerging economies declined in 2015. In particular, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela experienced significant declines (see Tables A6 and A7). Total exports from this group of countries fell by 11 per cent in 2015, bringing the total value of exports to about US$ 5 trillion, representing 30 per cent of the world total. The largest among this group were Russia (32 per cent), India (17 per cent) and Brazil (15 per cent). Both China and Mexico were relatively resilient to the decline in exports compared with other developing economies, recording a fall of 3 and 4

50 -25.0 -30.0 -35.0 -40.0 North America

Imports

South and Central America and the Caribbean

pe Europe

Commo onCommonwealth of Independent States

Af frica a Africa

Mi ddle East Middle

Asia

Exports

US$ 5.958 trillion and North America’s US$ 2.3 trillion. The regions’ exports declined by 7, 12 and 8 per cent respectively (see Chart 5.2).

per cent respectively. China, however, experienced a large decline of 14 per cent for imports. Mexico’s decline in imports was not as drastic, falling by 2 per cent. Regional performance In dollar terms, Asia was the best performing region in 2015 followed by Europe and North America. Its overall merchandise exports amounted to US$ 5.961 trillion, followed by Europe’s

Chart 5.3:

Merchandise exports from Africa, 2005-2015 (million US dollars)

140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 50,000

Africa’s exports experienced a significant 30 per cent decline in dollar terms in 2015. Accounting for about 40 per cent of the region’s exports, Sub-Saharan oil-exporting countries, such as Equatorial Guinea and Congo, were significantly affected by the 60 per cent decline in oil prices. Nigeria saw a decline of almost 50 per cent (see Table A7) in its export revenues in dollar terms (see Chart 5.3). This weakness was also due to a variety of other factors, including slow growth in North Africa and domestic and political turmoil. Growth in South Africa and Morocco was relatively better than the average for the region, with a less marked decline in the value of their exports.

40,000 20,000

Algeria

Libya

Angola

Nigeria

South Africa

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

0

Asia experienced the lowest regional decline in total exports in 2015, with a fall of 7 per cent. However, the larger Asian economies, such as Malaysia and the Philippines (net exporters of manufactured products), experienced a decline of 15 per cent

45

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chart 5.4:

Merchandise exports of leading RTAs, pre- and post-financial crisis, (2007-2015) (annual percentage change)

40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 20 -30 2007

EU 28

NAFTA

2008 08 8

2009

2011

2012

2013

2014 014

2015

ASEAN

and 6 per cent respectively while Indonesia’s exports fell by 15 per cent (see Table A7). On the other hand, Viet Nam (a net importer of manufactured goods) and Bangladesh (a clothing exporter) experienced growth of 8 and 6 per cent respectively (see Table A7) despite declining prices for manufactured goods in 2015. Developing Asia continues to account for the bulk of developing economies’ share in world exports, representing 67 per cent of developing economies’ exports. The participation in global trade of the Middle East, South and Central America and the Commonwealth of Independent States is still largely confined to agricultural products, energy and other commodities, so their trade flows are vulnerable to price movements influenced by international markets. Their total exports amounted to US$ 841 billion, US$ 540 billion and US$ 500 billion respectively in 2015. Compared to 2014, their exports declined by 35, 21 and 32 per cent respectively.

46

20 2 2010 10

Regional trade agreements (RTAs) Some 423 notifications regarding RTAs (counting goods, services and accessions separately) – comprising 267 physical RTAs – have been received by the GATT/WTO and are currently in force, the biggest being the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Together, the three RTAs represent 55 per cent of world exports (US$ 8.8 trillion) and 58 per cent of world imports (US$ 9.6 trillion). Overall, total merchandise trade in value terms for RTAs stagnated or declined in 2015 (see Chart 5.4). The European Union, however, slightly increased its one-third share of world exports, increasing its total to US$ 5,387 billion. NAFTA accounted for 14 per cent of world exports, and ASEAN represented 7 per cent of world

exports respectively in 2015. The average growth rate for merchandise trade from 2013 to 2015 is lower than the rate from 2007 to 2009, reflecting the sluggish economic growth across the world since the financial crisis of 2008 and a fall in export and import prices from 2014 to 2015. In South America, MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) and the Andean Community (consisting of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) both experienced a decline in their exports of 22 per cent and 27 per cent respectively. Similarly their shares in world exports continued to decline slightly from 2014 to 2015. In Africa, the dependence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) on oil exports and imports – particularly Nigeria, which accounted for 50 per cent of ECOWAS exports – resulted in its share of world exports falling to 0.5 per cent in 2015 from 0.9 per cent in 2012 (see Table A56).

Trading patterns: Global and regional perspectives

Trans-Pacific Partnership The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a trade agreement among 12 Pacific Rim countries signed in February 2016, aims to increase market access and promote economic growth through new trade rules. The agreement has not yet entered into force.

a population of 810 million. The United States is the largest market in terms of GDP and population, representing 62 per cent of the TPP’s GDP and 40 per cent of the population covered by the TPP.

The TPP offers its signatories the potential to benefit from the large size of the markets covered by the agreement and to increase their share of world trade. In 2014, the signatories accounted for 36 per cent of the world’s GDP, or US$ 28 trillion, and encompassed

The TPP includes some of the fastest growing economies in trade. Since 2005, Viet Nam, Peru and Chile have experienced annual average growth rates of 17 per cent, 14 per cent and 9 per cent respectively for their merchandise exports. For the other TPP countries, the lowest annual average growth rate during this period was 3.7 per cent, recorded by the United States. In terms of GDP, Viet Nam, Peru, Singapore and Malaysia achieved the highest annual growth rates during the last decade, averaging at 9 per cent or higher.

TPP partners in world exports (% share)

TPP partners in world imports (% share)

The 12 signatory countries saw their share of world exports decline to 24 per cent in 2015 from 25 per cent in 2005 and their share of world imports fell to 29 per cent from 31 per cent a decade earlier.

30.0%

30.0%

25.0%

25.0%

20.0%

20.0%

15.0%

15.0%

10.0%

10.0%

5.0%

5.0%

0.0%

0.0% 2005

2011

Australia

2015

Brunei Darussalam New Zealand

Peru

2005

Canada Singapore

Chile

Japan

United States

Mexico

2011

2015

Malaysia

Viet Nam

47

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Trade in commercial services In 2015, world trade in commercial services was down by 6 per cent, with some regions experiencing significant declines (see Chart 5.5). In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), exports dropped by 16 per cent and imports by 23 per cent, reflecting a contraction in services trade in the Russian Federation and the depreciation of the Russian rouble against the US dollar (see Table A3).

Chart 5.5:

Trade in commercial services by region, 2015 (annual percentage change)

15 10 1 5 0 -5 -10 -1 10 -15 -20

Strong exchange rates fluctuations in Europe largely contributed to the region’s decline in services trade, while the recession in Brazil had a major impact on services trade in South and Central America, in particular on imports, which fell by 12 per cent. Imports increased moderately in North America, the only region with positive import growth. In Asia, a decline in transport exports in many economies due to weak merchandise trade and a contraction in other commercial services translated into services exports falling by 3 per cent (see Table A3). A decrease in travel receipts, which account for more than 40 per cent of Africa’s exports, resulted in a decline of 3 per cent in Africa’s exports of commercial services. In contrast, expanding tourism in the Middle East, the region’s largest exported service, boosted its services exports, which rose by 5 per cent, reflecting sustained growth in both the United Arab Emirates and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (see Table A3). Top performers In 2015, the top ten exporters of commercial services were the same as the top ten importers but the order of the top ten differed (see Chart 5.6). The United States maintained its position as the world’s leading trader of commercial

48

-25 North America

Exports

South and Central America

Europe pe

CIS

Africa A

Middle East

Asia

Imports

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

services. Although US exports stagnated, its imports were up by 3 per cent, reflecting its ongoing economic recovery (see Tables A8 and A9). China was the second-largest services exporter in 2015, with a 6 per cent share in global services exports. The country was the only leading services exporter to record positive growth for both exports and imports (2 per cent and 3 per cent respectively). However, China remained a net importer of services, mainly due to the rapid increase in its travel imports in recent years. Among other leading Asian traders, imports fell more steeply than exports, with Japan’s services imports down by 9 per cent (see Tables A8 and A9). In US dollar terms, leading European traders saw declines in their services trade, with the sharpest export reduction in France (-13 per cent) and the biggest fall in imports in Germany (-12 per cent). However, it should be noted that in euro terms growth was positive in both countries. Imports rose by 4 per cent in Ireland, as payments for business services as well as for charges for the

use of intellectual property thrived. Ireland recorded the most dynamic growth rate among leading importers of commercial services (see Tables A8 and A9). Commercial services trade by modes of supply Services traded through mode 1 (services supplied from one country to another, officially known as “crossborder trade”) accounted for 16 per cent of US exports and imports of services. These services comprise transport (excluding supporting and auxiliary transport services), telecommunications services, information services, insurance and pensions services, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., operating leasing services and trade-related services. Mode 2 (consumers or firms making use of a service in another country, known officially as “consumption abroad”) represents around 11 per cent of US exports of commercial services and 8.5 per cent of imports. Mode 2 covers travel and supporting and auxiliary

Trading patterns: Global and regional perspectives

Chart 5.6:

Leading traders of commercial services, 2015 (US$ billion and annual percentage change)

800 700 600 500

billion US$

400 40 00 30 00 300 200 20 00 10 00 100 0 -10 10 00 -100 -200 -300 United States Exports

Imports

United d Kingdom m

China

German Germany

France

Netherlands

Japan

Balance

China

Netherlands Japan

Annual percentage change

United Kingdom

France

Singapore Ireland India

Imports

Exports

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

transport services (such as loading and unloading of containers in ports and airports, storage and warehousing,

Singapore

Ireland

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

United States

Germany

India

cleaning, etc.), which are supplied on a consumption abroad basis. Exports through mode 1 and mode 4

(individuals travelling from their own country to supply services in another, known officially as “presence of natural persons”) together made up 6.1 per cent of US services exports and 8.2 per cent of its imports. This category covers computer services as well as a variety of professional and technical services, such as legal services, business and management consulting, and research and development services for which a dominant mode of supply cannot be determined. They can be delivered through mode 1 or mode 4. In Chart 5.7, mode 4 covers only mining services while modes 3 and 4 combined (commercial presence and presence of natural persons) refer to construction in balance of payments statistics. Over two-thirds of US exports and imports of services took place through the setting-up of subsidiaries or branches to provide services in another country, known as “establishment of a commercial presence” (mode 3, as defined by the General Agreement on

49

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chart 5.7:

Estimated structure of trade in commercial services in the United States by mode of service supply, 2013

Exports

Imports

Mode 3

Mode 3

66.5%

66.4% Mode 3+4

Mode 4

0.1%

0.1%

Mode 4

Mode 3+4

0.2%

Mode 2

0.2%

Mode 2

10.8%

8.5% Mode 1 Mode 1+4

Mode 1

16.3%

Mode 1+4

6.1%

16.5%

8.2%

Source: WTO Secretariat calculations based on U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data.

Trade in Services) in 2013, the latest year for which data is available. Foreign affiliates statistics (FATS): Sales of services through foreign affiliates Services can be provided to foreign markets via a direct investment channel. Modes 1, 2 and 4 (recorded in the balance of payments current account) mostly concern transactions between residents and non-residents. However, most of mode 3 (“supply of services through commercial presence”) can only be fully analysed through foreign affiliates statistics. Until recently, data was mainly limited to developed economies. But in recent years, an increasing number of developing economies, including some leastdeveloped economies, have started compiling such data, leading to a better understanding of how suppliers render services to their clients worldwide. Due to the time lag for the production of these statistics, it is only possible

50

to analyse data up to 2013 in this publication. As shown in Table A63, mode 3 represents an important way of supplying services to international

markets. On average, the level of sales is steadily increasing. This is reflected in the data available for the major services-producing economies.

Chart 5.8:

Main extra-EU destination markets for EU firms supplying services through mode 3, 2013

Singapore

3.9% Mexico

3.0% Australia

Canada

2.9% China

2.8%

3.7% South Africa

3.7% Other

24.7%

Hong Kong, China

4.3% Brazil

7.5% United States Switzerland

8.1%

Source: Eurostat.

36.4%

Trading patterns: Global and regional perspectives

Chart 5.9:

Growth in sales of services provided by foreign affiliates in 2013 (in percentage)* 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60

Thailand

Slovak Republic

Czech Republic

Greece

Latvia

Slovenia

Bulgaria

Canada

Norway

Estonia

Hungary

Italy

Austria

United States

Portugal

Spain

Denmark

Romania

France

Germany

Lithuania

Netherlands

Hong Kong, China

Poland

Croatia

Luxembourg

Serbia

Cyprus

Zambia

-70

*Given the recent development of these statistics, data coverage may not always be complete. See the chapter on “Composition, definitions & methodology”.

For example, the supply of services by the European Union (mainly dominated by France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) to other countries increased by 6 per cent in 2011, 4 per cent in 2012 and 1 per cent for 2013. As illustrated in Chart 5.8, the main extra-EU destination markets for EU firms supplying services through mode 3 are the United States, Switzerland, Brazil, Hong Kong (China) and South Africa. Sales of services by the United States and Canada through their foreign affiliates abroad show a similar growth of sales. In addition, partial data are available for some developing economies, such as India. For instance, Indian affiliates abroad offering banking, computer and IT-enabled services have experienced a rapid increase in sales, with annual average growth of 17 per cent since 2008. Inward FATS measure the rendering

(i.e. sale) of services to consumers of economies in which the foreign affiliates are established. Available data show on average growth rates of 4 per cent in 2012 and 2 per cent in 2013. However the picture differs substantially depending on the economies. It should be noted that the number of economies reporting inward FATS is greater than those reporting outward FATS (see Table A62). A number of economies achieved double-digit growth rates in 2013 (see Chart 5.9). These include Zambia (+24 per cent), Cyprus (21 per cent), Serbia (18 per cent), Luxembourg (16 per cent) and Hong Kong, China (11 per cent). Some economies have experienced a sharp decline in their sales of services. These include the Slovak Republic (-21 per cent) and Thailand (-65 per cent). The high volatility of this data needs to be taken into account, as major suppliers of services are not always included as a consequence of

mergers and acquisitions in an evergrowing era of globalization (see Table A62). Inward FATS in the United States (see Table A64) shows how rapidly some emerging and developing economies are gaining local market shares in the supply of services. Although still representing relatively small shares of overall foreign activity in the United States (ranging from 0.5 per cent to 2 per cent for each economy), affiliates of major developing economies, in particular from Asia and the Middle East, are rapidly becoming important players in the US market. For example, the Republic of Korea, India, Singapore, Mexico, China, Hong Kong (China), United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia now collectively account for 7.3 per cent of total foreign supply of services by foreign affiliates in the United States, compared with only around 2.5 per cent five years earlier.

51

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chapter VI

Developing economies’ participation in world trade Merchandise exports – in terms of US dollar values – from developing economies and least-developed countries (LDCs) were badly hit by significantly lower prices for fuels and mining products in 2015. LDCs’ exports suffered the most, recording a 25 per cent decline, while exports from developing economies fell by 14 per cent. LDCs’ share of world exports dropped to below 1 per cent for the first time since 2007. Exports of commercial services from developing economies contracted by 3 per cent in 2015. The decline in transport exports reflected weak merchandise trade while travel receipts fell only slightly. LDCs recorded growth in exports of commercial services, which rose by 1 per cent, assisted in particular by the continuing expansion of travel exports. However, LDCs’ participation in global exports of commercial services remained negligible at 0.8 per cent.

52

Developing economies’ participation in world trade

Developing economies

54

Mer chandi s e trade

54

S pot lig ht on Africa: Trade i n f uel s and ex por t di ver s i f i cati on

55

Trade i n commer ci al s ervi ces

56

L east- developed countries

59

Mer chandi s e trade

59

Trade i n commer ci al s ervi ces

60

Aid for Trade

63

53

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Developing economies Chart 6.1:

Merchandise trade

Share of developing economies in world trade, 2000-2015

South-South trade (i.e. exports from developing economies to other developing economies) continued to

50 43%

45 40 41%

35 30 25

Merchandise exports

Merchandise imports

grow and to constitute an increasing share of developing economies’ exports (approximately 52 per cent in 2014).1 Since 2010, South-South trade has recorded stronger growth than trade with developed economies and with

Chart 6.2:

Developing economies’ merchandise trade with developing, developed and CIS economies, 2000-20142 (US$ billion) 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500

South-South trade

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

0

Exports to developed and CIS countries

Imports from developed and CIS countries

1

Origin and destination figures and product group shares discussed here are based on the available WTO network of world merchandise trade data, published in October 2015. The next update to the WTO network of world merchandise trade data, which will include 2015 figures, is scheduled for October 2016.

2

Data in this chart are sourced from the WTO network of world merchandise trade, which is based on the geographical distribution of exports adjusted for distortions relating to large re-export activities. Import data might thus slightly differ from statistics published by other official sources. All growth rates in this chapter are in terms of current US dollar values.

54

2015

2010

2005

20 2000

Developing economies recorded a 14 per cent decrease in merchandise exports in value terms and a 13 per cent decrease in imports in 2015. Latin America, the Middle East and Africa continued to be negatively affected by the decline in the prices of fuel and other commodities. Developing countries in Europe and Asia, which recorded positive but slowing growth in exports in 2013 and 2014, registered declines in 2015. As a result, developing economies’ participation in world merchandise trade showed little change in 2015. Their share in exports declined very slightly to 43 per cent while their share in imports remained at 41 per cent (see Chart 6.1).

the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS – see Chart 6.2). In recent years, trade has grown unevenly among the five developing regions (Africa, Developing Asia, Developing Europe, Latin America and the Middle East) due to political stability, dependence on commodity exports, and changes in global commodity prices (see Chart 6.3). Fuel exporters in developing economies saw their exports fall significantly due to the increased global supply and falling global demand as a result of sluggish growth globally. The share of fuels in developing countries’ exports fell from 25 per cent in 2012 to 21 per cent in 2014. The price of minerals and non-ferrous metals also fell, but the price of food and beverages remained relatively stable following the peak prices recorded for wheat, maize and barley in 2011. Commodity-dependent regions showed double-digit declines (annual percentage change) in exports in 2015 in contrast to Developing Asia, which was buoyed by its manufacturing sector (see Table 6.1).

Developing economies’ participation in world trade

Chart 6.3:

Quarterly merchandise trade exports for developing economies by region, 2013-2015 (indices 2013 Q1 = 100, not seasonally adjusted) 120 100 80 60 40 20 13 Q1

14 Q1

Latin America

Middle East

15Q1

Developing Europe

Spotlight on Africa: Trade in fuels and export diversification As illustrated in Chart 6.3, oil exporters in Latin America, the Middle East and Africa were negatively affected by an increased global supply of oil and the subsequent fall in fuel prices, which dampened growth in those regions. Declines in African exports followed closely the declines in fuel prices, with all eight African oil and gas exporters recording declines in exports in both 2014 and 2015. As a group, the eight African oil and gas exporters

15Q4

Developing Asia

Africa

Fuel prices

experienced a 52 per cent decrease in exports between 2013 and 2015. One reason for the decrease in fuel exports was the increased oil production by the United States. Between 2012 and 2014 the United States reduced fuel imports from Africa by 59 per cent as a result of increased domestic production. This decrease in fuel imports contributed to a 47 per cent fall in the value of Africa’s total exports to North America during this period. In 2014, North America’s share of Africa’s total exports was only 7 per cent compared with 11 per cent in 2012.

However, among the eight oil and gas exporters, exports of manufactured goods continued to grow. For example, although Algeria’s exports of manufactured goods represent a very small percentage of its total exports, which are dominated by trade in fuels, its exports of manufactured chemicals grew by almost 150 per cent from 2013 to 2014. According to the latest data available, the percentage of manufactured goods as a share of African exports grew from 19 per cent in 2013 to 21 per cent in 2014. Manufactured goods continued to experience positive trade growth (although at a decelerating rate) in 2013 and 2014 alongside trade of agricultural products, in contrast to exports of fuels and other mining products. As shown in Table 6.2, the top four traders, which also represent several of the most economically diverse countries in Africa, weathered the downturn in the last few years better than the commodity-dependent oil and gas exporters.

Table 6.1:

Developing economies’ merchandise trade by region, 2015 (US$ billion and percentage)

Exports Value

Share in world

Imports Annual % change

2015

2014

2015

6934

43.6

920

5.9

Developing Europe

169

1.0

1.1

4

Africa

388

3.0

2.4

-8

841

7.0

5.3

-4

4616

26.8

28.9

15985

100.0

8550

52.4

500

4.0

Developing economies

a

Latin America

Middle East a

Developing Asia

Value

Share in world

2014

2015

2015

2014

2015

43.4

1

-14

6664

41.0

5.8

-3

-15

1027

6.2

-9

247

-30

559

-35

4

100.0 53.5 3.1

Annual % change 2014

2015

40.9

0

-13

6.3

-1

-11

1.5

1.5

-3

-14

3.5

3.4

2

-14

707

4.2

4.3

2

-10

-7

4124

25.6

25.2

1

-14

0

-14

16299

100.0

100.0

1

-13

0

-12

9290

56.3

56.9

1

-11

-6

-32

345

2.7

2.1

-11

-32

Memorandum items Worlda Developed economies Commonwealth of Independent States

Note: aExcluding Hong Kong (China) re-exports or imports for re-exports.

55

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Table 6.2:

Summary indicators on Africa’s merchandise trade, 2013-2015 Exports

Imports

Main traders ( per cent change)

2013

2014

2015

2013

2014

2015

a

-12

-14

-44

10

1

-19

South Africa

-4

-5

-10

-1

-3

-14

Egypt

-3

-7

-28

-14

19

-9

Morocco

2

8

-8

1

1

-18

Tunisia

0

-2

-16

-1

2

-19

79

77

73

70

70

68

2013

2014

2015

2013

2014

2015

7

3

…

2

2

…

-11

-13

…

3

1

…

Other mining products

1

-6

…

0

0

…

Manufactured goods

7

2

…

7

5

…

2013

2014

2015

2013

2014

2015

Agricultural products

10

11

…

16

16

…

Fuels

57

54

…

16

15

…

9

9

…

2

2

…

19

21

…

62

64

…

Oil and gas exporters (8 countries)

Above 12 countries, share of Africa's trade Regional trade by product ( per cent change) Agricultural products Fuels

Product share in region's trade ( per cent)

Other mining products Manufactured goods

Note: a Algeria, Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria and Sudan.

Trade in commercial services Developing economies’ participation in world trade in commercial services continued to rise in 2015, reaching 32 per cent of global exports or US$ 1,521 billion (see Chart 6.4 and Table 6.3). Since 2005, these countries have progressively expanded their share of services trade. The increase was mainly due to Developing Asia, which accounted for 22.4 per cent of world exports of services in 2015. China, India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong

56

(China) and Thailand were among the main contributors. Developing Asia’s share of world imports of commercial services expanded even more rapidly, reaching 25.4 per cent in 2015, largely due to China’s booming services imports, in particular travel. Developing economies’ demand for services has thrived over the years, with these countries raising their participation in world imports to 39.4 per cent in 2015 (US$ 1,815 billion). As merchandise trade flows

contracted in 2015, container port activity decelerated considerably in several developing economies, declining by 11 per cent in Hong Kong (China) and by almost 9 per cent in Singapore. However, thanks to China’s growth in exports, developing economies’ transport exports fell by only 6 per cent compared with a 12 per cent fall for developed countries. Developing economies’ travel receipts declined by 1 per cent while exports of other commercial services decreased by 3 per cent.

Developing economies’ participation in world trade

Chart 6.4:

Share of developing economies in world trade in commercial services, 2005-2015 (percentage)

45.0 39.4

40.0 35.0

32.0

30.0 25.0

Commercial service imports

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

20.0 2005

Travel and transport account for the bulk of developing economies’ exports of commercial services, totalling 37 per cent and 20.2 per cent respectively in 2015 (see Chart 6.5). Both these shares are higher than in developed economies. However, developing economies’ share in exports of commercial services continues to lag behind in higher-skilled services, such as charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., insurance and pension services and financial services. This points to the difficulty for these countries to compete in these areas, in particular in terms of training and financial resources.

Commercial service exports

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

Chart 6.5:

Structure of developing and developed economies’ exports of commercial services, 2015 (percentage)

Developing economies

Developed economies

Insurance and pension services Construction

3.2%

1.7% Financial services

4.1% Telecommunications, computer and information services

Insurance and pension services

3.1% Construction

1.6%

Financial services

11.2% Telecommunications, computer and information services

10.5%

9.1% Travel

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.

37%

1.1% Other business services

Transport

20%

20.2% Not allocated

0.3%

Personal, cultural and recreational services

0.7% Goods related services

3.1%

Travel

Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.

20.7%

8.9%

Transport

17%

Other business services

Goods related services

3.2%

23% Personal, cultural and recreational services

0.9%

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates

57

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Other business services comprised 20 per cent of developing economies’ total services exports in 2015, according to estimates. This category includes research and development, professional and management consulting services, and technical, trade-related and other business services. Rising by an annual average of around 10 per cent since 2005, developing economies’ share of global exports of other business services reached 29.1 per cent in 2015. Developing Asia continued to play the main role

(22.9 per cent), with exports from India and China alone accounting for 10.2 per cent of world exports. These two economies ranked first and second as preferred services offshoring locations.1 India’s exports to foreign clients included a wide range of services, such as finance and accounting, auditing, book keeping and tax consulting services, customer services, medical transcriptions, and various types of engineering services (embedded solutions, product design, industrial automation and enterprise asset management).

Other economies play a key role in business process outsourcing (BPO). The Philippines, for example, has specialized in call centres but it has also expanded into higher valueadded services. Its exports of other business services were up by 15 per cent in 2015. Among developing countries, Israel is the leading exporter of research and development services (R&D). However, its exports in this area contracted in 2015. In Africa, Morocco is the main exporter of other business services, especially call centres.2

Table 6.3:

Developing economies’ trade in commercial services by region, 2015 (US$ billion and percentage)

Exports Value

Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean

Share in world

Imports Annual % change

Value

Share in world

Annual % change

2015

2014

2015

2014

2015

2015

2014

2015

2014

2015

1521

30.9

32.0

9

-3

1816

38.2

39.4

11

-3

163

3.3

3.4

2

-3

200

4.6

4.3

2

-11

Developing Europe

58

0.0

0.0

8

-10

28

0.7

0.6

3

-11

Africa

96

2.0

2.0

4

-3

157

3.5

3.4

6

-10

Middle East

141

2.6

2.0

6

5

257

5.4

5.6

10

-3

1064

21.7

22.4

11

-3

1173

24.1

25.4

14

-1

World

4754

100.0

100.0

7

-6

4612

100

100

7

-6

Developed economies

3140

66.9

66.0

6

-7

2662

58.2

57.7

6

-7

94

2.2

2.0

-9

-16

134

3.5

2.9

-4

-23

Developing Asia Memorandum items

Commonwealth of Independent States

1 2

The 2016 A.T. Kearney, Global Services Location Index Morocco Office des changes “Evolution du secteur de l’Offshoring 2013-2015”

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates

58

Developing economies’ participation in world trade

Least-developed countries Merchandise trade

Chart 6.6:

Merchandise trade of LDCs, 2005-2015 Merchandise exports of the leastdeveloped countries (LDCs) contracted by 25 per cent in 2015, exceeding the decline recorded in 2014 (-3 per cent).

250 200

US$bn

LDCs depend to a high degree on exports of fuels and mining products, which were hit by a fall in prices and demand in 2015. LDCs rely more on these products than most other country groupings. Their imports declined by 9 per cent in 2015, leading to a record merchandise trade deficit (US$ 87 billion).

300

150 100 50 0 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 6.7:

LDC exports by sub-groupings, 2005-2015 140 120 100

US$bn

LDC exporters of manufactured goods showed the highest average annual growth rate (6 per cent) of all LDCs over the past five years, followed by exporters of agricultural products (4 per cent). Economies classified as “other LDCs” (Djibouti, Senegal and Tuvalu) have more mixed exports than other LDC economies; their average annual growth rate reached 3 per cent. Despite their more diversified exports, the “other LDCs” have not hedged against adverse fluctuations in the prices of international markets, and only LDCs with a strong dependence on fuel exports have recorded lower growth rates during this period (-5 per cent – see Chart 6.7).

Share in world trade %

1.6

LDCs’ share of merchandise exports in world exports dropped to 0.97 per cent in 2015 – the first time it has dropped below 1 per cent since 2007 (see Chart 6.6). Their share in world merchandise imports slightly increased to 1.5 per cent in 2015 (1.4 per cent in 2014). LDCs’ share of merchandise exports from developing economies dropped to 2.1 per cent in 2015 (2.4 per cent in 2014) while its imports share increased to 3.4 per cent (3.3 per cent in 2014).

80 60 40 20 0 2005

2006

2007

LDC exporters of agriculture

2008

2009

LDC oil exporters

2010

LDC exporters of manufactures

Other LDCs

Source: WTO Secretariat.

59

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

LDCs in Sub-Saharan Africa experienced the largest declines among LDC sub-categories in 2015, registering a contraction of 30 per cent (bringing their total exports to US$ 97.5 billion from US$ 139 billion in 2014). This contraction was mainly due to declines in exports of oil exporters (Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and Sudan), which collectively account for about 50 per cent of total exports from the region. Angola’s share of merchandise exports from the Sub-Saharan region fell to 35 per cent in 2015 from 48 per cent in 2012. Its exports dropped by 42 per cent in 2015 (to US$ 34 billion from US$ 59 billion in 2014). In this region, oil exporters represented 48 per cent of the LDCs’ merchandise exports in 2015, while agricultural exporters and manufacturing exporters

represented 15 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. In contrast, in the East Asian and Pacific region exporters of manufactured goods accounted for 82 per cent of the LDCs’ merchandise exports in 2015. Oil exporters and agricultural exporters had a share of 12 per cent and 1 per cent of exports respectively. Exports from the LDCs in the East Asian and Pacific region contracted by 4.3 per cent in 2015; net exporters of manufactured goods, such as Cambodia and Bangladesh, accounted for more than 80 per cent of total merchandise exports from the East Asian and Pacific LDCs in 2015. LDCs’ trade deficit hit a record level of US$ 87 billion in 2015, 44 per cent higher than in 2014 and 134 per cent higher than in 2013. LDC oil

exporters registered a trade deficit for the first time in more than 15 years, totalling US$ 12 billion in 2015, compared with an average surplus of US$ 36 billion during the past decade. LDC manufacturing and agricultural exporters recorded a US$ 34 billion and US$ 20 billion trade deficit respectively (see Chart 6.8). Trade in commercial services Although commercial services are playing an increasingly important role in global trade, the participation of LDCs in international services trade remains negligible. This is due to several constraints, including poor infrastructure, limited skills in this sector and lack of financial resources. In the last decade, the share of LDCs in world exports of commercial services increased from 0.4 per cent

Chart 6.8:

LDCs’ trade balance, 2010-2015 80 60 40

US$bn

2 20 0 -7

-7

-20 -20 -2

-25 -37

-40 -40 -4 -60

-61

-80 -87

-100 2010

2011

Exporters of agriculture Oil exporters Exporters of manufactures Least developed countries

60

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: WTO Secretariat.

Developing economies’ participation in world trade

Chart 6.9:

in 2005 to only 0.8 per cent in 2015 while, on the import side, it rose from 1 per cent to 1.6 per cent.

LDCs’ trade in commercial services, 2005-2015 (index 2005=100)

Exports

Export growth was fuelled by LDCs in Asia, with Cambodia and, in more recent years, Myanmar being leading tourism destinations. Also Bangladesh has become an emerging exporter of information and communications services and it is seen as an attractive IT and business processing outsourcing location. The country has emerged especially as a hub for freelance IT services via online sites. These include freelance IT professionals offering various services, from simple data entry to application development and project management. LDCs’ exports of computer services are still at a low level, with exports concentrated in just a few economies. However, these exports have been expanding rapidly. Overall, in 2015, LDCs in Asia exported commercial services worth US$ 14.4 billion, up by 2 per cent compared with 2014. For African LDCs, the services sector benefitted in particular from Ethiopia’s expanding role as a supplier of air transportation services and from Tanzania and Uganda increasing their role as exporters of tourism. With a 29.4 per cent share in 2015, Ethiopia

400 350

Index 2005 =100

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Imports

350 300

Index 2005=100

Nevertheless, average annual growth of LDCs’ services trade was higher than for the rest of the world. In the period 2005-15, commercial services exports grew by 14 per cent and imports by 11 per cent, more than twice the rate of other countries. Even during the 2008-09 global economic crisis, LDCs’ services exports were resilient (see Chart 6.9).

250 200 150 100 50 0 2005

LDCs

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Rest of the world

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates

is the largest transport exporter of the LDCs. In recent years, Ethiopia has successfully integrated into the international air transport value

chain, joining the largest global airline alliance in 2011. In the period 200515, Uganda’s travel exports grew by 12 per cent on average per year, while

61

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chart 6.10:

Tanzania’s travel exports grew by 10 per cent on average between 2005 and 2014.

LDCs’ exports of commercial services by region, 2005-2015 (US$ billion)

24 22

In 2015, the bulk of LDCs’ services receipts originated from LDCs in Africa whose export earnings reached US$ 21 billion (see Chart 6.10). The services sector is less diversified in LDC islands, where receipts declined by 6 per cent in 2015 to US$ 0.6 billion. Tourism is the leading services sector in LDC islands, accounting for over 70 per cent of their services exports.1

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

LDCs’ services exports are generally dominated by low- to middle-skilled services sectors, such as travel (tourism) and transport. Their aggregate contribution reached 73.4 per cent of total services exports in 2015 compared with 56.7 per cent for other developing economies and 37.7 per cent for developed countries. Since these sectors are labour-intensive, they reach out to a potentially large share of the population, creating good employment opportunities in LDCs. In 2015, LDCs’

0 2005

LDCs Asia

2006

2007

2008

2009

LDCs Africa and Haiti

(annual percentage change) 8 6

Annual percentage change

4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 Travel

Rest of the world

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates. 1

62

2012

2013

2014

2015

LDCs islands

travel exports increased by 6 per cent, reflecting sustained growth in its tourism sector, while transport receipts contracted by only 1 per cent, much less than in the rest of the world (see Chart 6.11).

LDCs’ exports of commercial services by selected sector, 2015

LDCs

2011

Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

Chart 6.11:

Transport

2010

The breakdown of LDCs by region is coherent with UNCTAD’s definition.

Other commercial service services

LDCs’ services trade remains concentrated within a few economies. In 2015, the top ten leading exporters accounted for more than two-thirds of the group’s services receipts, a proportion virtually unchanged since 2005. Myanmar is the largest exporter of services among the LDCs. For imports, Angola alone represented one-quarter of the group’s total commercial services payments. The LDCs, as a group, are net importers of commercial services. In recent years, LDCs’ services trade deficit has widened, reaching US$ 39 billion in 2015 up from US$ 16.3 billion in 2005. However, while both the transport sector and “other commercial services” sectors have experienced persistent trade deficits, travel (tourism) has recorded an expanding surplus since 2005. In 2015, the travel surplus reached US$ 11.4 billion.

Developing economies’ participation in world trade

Aid for Trade The Aid for Trade initiative aims to help developing countries use trade as a means of achieving economic growth and alleviating poverty. The initiative supports the integration of developing countries – and particularly least-developed countries – into the multilateral trading system by mobilizing international resources to address the constraints experienced by these

countries so that they can participate more effectively in global trade and benefit from this activity. One of the key aims of the initiative is to enhance the capacity of developing countries to trade and to take advantage of market access opportunities. Total Aid-for-Trade commitments in 2014 (the latest year for which data

is available) totalled US$ 54.8 billion, with approximately US$ 7 billion spent on multi-country and regional programmes. Chart 6.12 shows the regional distribution of Aid-for-Trade commitments from bilateral and multilateral donors. Asia and Africa remain the main recipients of Aid for Trade.

Chart 6.12:

Aid for Trade financial commitments by developing region, 2006-2014 (million US dollars, 2014 prices)

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

2006 Europe

Asia

America

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Africa

Source: OECD-DAC Aid Activity database (CRS)

63

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Chapter VII

Trade policy developments To understand the developments of trade flows over time, it is important to see them in the context of changes in the global trade policy environment. To enhance the transparency of trade policy developments, notifications from WTO members complemented by semi-annual trade policy monitoring exercises undertaken by the WTO are made available to the public. The following chapter draws on these two sources and provides some highlights of the current trends as well as an overview of the stockpile of trade policy measures in place.

64

Trade policy developments

Trends in trade policy making

66

Ot her tr ade meas ur es noti fi ed by WTO member s

68

Trade r emedi es

69

65

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Trends in trade policy making Since 2009 the WTO has been monitoring trade policy trends and developments and has published regular trade monitoring reports. These reports aim to enhance the transparency of trade policy developments and to provide WTO members and observers with an up-to-date picture of overall trends in international trade policymaking as well as the implementation of trade-restrictive measures and tradeliberalizing measures. The monitoring exercise was initiated immediately after the onset of the financial crisis at the end of 2008 and has evolved considerably since then.

The latest monitoring report shows that between mid-October 2015 and midMay 2016, WTO members applied 154 new trade-restrictive measures.1 This corresponds to an average of 22 new measures per month and constitutes a significant increase compared with the previous interim report,2 which recorded an average of 15 measures per month. Also, it is the highest monthly average registered since 2011, when the WTO recorded a peak in the monthly average of new trade-restrictive measures (see Chart 7.1). Trade-restrictive measures include the establishment of import or export

tariffs or increases in these tariffs, the introduction of import bans or quantitative restrictions, the establishment of more complex customs procedures, local content measures and the temporary or permanent introduction of import or export taxes. During the same period, WTO members introduced 132 measures aimed at facilitating trade, an average of 19 measures per month. While the latest monthly average of trade facilitating measures reflects an increase compared with the previous interim report, it is also lower than the recorded monthly average

Chart 7.1:

Trade-restrictive measures, excluding trade remedies (average per month)

23 22 20

20

15

15

15 14 14

14

14

13

10

5

0 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

mid-Oct14 to mid-May15

mid-Oct15 to mid-May16

Note: Values are rounded. Source: WTO Secretariat. 1 2

66

For more information see WTO document WT/TPR/OV/W/10, 4 July 2016. Report to the TPRB from the Director-General on Trade-Related Developments, Mid-October 2014 to mid-May 2015, WTO document WT/TPR/OV/W/9, 3 July 2015.

Trade policy developments

70 members (counting the European Union and its member states separately), representing 43 per cent of the WTO membership and covering approximately 90 per cent of total world imports. Two observers also replied to the request for information.

imports or exports.

of trade-restrictive measures (see Chart 7.2). Examples of trade-facilitating measures include the elimination or reduction of import or export tariffs, the simplification of customs procedures, the temporary or permanent elimination of import or export taxes and the elimination of quantitative restrictions on both

The information on trade measures highlighted in the monitoring reports is submitted by WTO members and observers or gathered from other official and public sources. In the latest report, information was submitted by

The slow pace of removal of previous restrictions means that the overall stock of trade-restrictive measures is continuing to increase. During the latest review period, the overall stockpile of restrictive measures, including trade remedies, introduced by WTO members grew by 11 per cent. Of the 2,835 trade-restrictive measures recorded for WTO members since 2008, only 708, or 25 per cent, had been removed by mid-May 2016. The rate by which WTO members have been eliminating trade restrictions remains too low to make a dent in the stockpile. The total number of restrictive measures still in place today stands at 2,127 (see Chart 7.3).

Chart 7.2:

Trade-facilitating ting measures, excluding exclu trade remedies (average per month))

23 22

20

18

19

18 17

15

16

14 10

11

5

0 2009

2010

2011

2012 2

2013

2014

2015

mid-Oct14 to mid-May15

mid-Oct15 mid-Oct15 to mid-May16

Note: Values are rounded. Source: WTO Secretariat.

Chart 7.3:

Stockpile of trade-restrictive measures initiated since October 2008

By mid-May 2016

By mid-October 2010 25.0% 708

15.0% 82

464

2,127

85.0%

75.0%

546 measures

Effectively eliminated measures

2,835 measures

Stockpile of restrictive measures

Note: The stockpile of trade-restrictive measures also includes trade remedy actions. Source: WTO Secretariat.

67

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Other trade measures notified by WTO members

notify immediately when emergency measures are imposed.

Other trade measures notified by WTO members mostly concern regulations and standards, which are dealt with under the WTO’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Agreement and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement (see Table 7.1). Under these agreements, WTO members are obliged to notify in advance any intention to introduce new SPS/TBT measures or to modify existing measures and to

By complying with the SPS/TBT notification obligations, WTO members are able to keep other members fully informed about new or changed regulations that may significantly affect trade. Therefore, an increased number of notifications does not automatically imply greater use of protectionist measures, but rather enhanced transparency regarding these measures.

The SPS/TBT notifications received by the WTO may underestimate the actual number of implemented measures as there is no legal obligation to notify all measures. Indeed, members have no obligation to notify measures which are mostly identical to international standards, guidelines or recommendations. However, members are recommended to do so. Furthermore, WTO members have not notified all SPS/TBT measures that they are supposed to report to the WTO.

Table 7.1:

SPS/TBT measures notified by WTO members Measures notified as of 31 December 2015 Type of measure Notifications SPS (regular and emergency notifications)

14,807

120

TBT

20,459

128

Source: SPS Information Management System, TBT Information Management System and the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP), based on notifications from WTO members.

68

Economies

Trade policy developments

Trade remedies In addition to the measures indicated above, WTO members are required to inform the WTO about trade remedies – anti-dumping measures, countervailing measures and safeguards (see Table 7.2). These are measures applied by importing

countries in certain circumstances and under WTO rules to imports of a particular product where those imports are causing injury to domestic producers. Anti-dumping and countervailing measures are applied to dumped or subsidized imports respectively from a particular country or countries. These measures have to

be implemented in accordance with the WTO’s Anti-dumping Agreement and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Safeguard measures are applied, under the Agreement on Safeguards, on a most-favoured nation (i.e. nondiscriminatory) basis, subject to specifically defined exceptions.

Table 7.2:

Trade remedies notified by WTO members3 Final duty in force on 31 December 2015 Type of measure Measures

Economies

Anti-dumping

1494

30

Countervailing duties

111

8

Safeguards

155

35

Source: : Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP), based on notifications from WTO members.

3

Detailed statistics by members and by products can be found in I-TIP database (http://i-tip.wto.org/goods).

69

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Composition, definitions & methodology The data for this report come from a variety of sources. How they are compiled and presented is explained in this chapter.

70

Composition, definitions & methodology

C omposit io n of geogr aphi cal and economi c gr oupi ngs

72

D ef i ni ti ons and methodol ogy

76

Tr ade pol i cy i ndi cator s

85

Speci f i c notes for s el ected economi es

86

Stati s ti cal s our ces

87

71

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Composition of geographical and economic groupings WTO members are frequently referred to as “countries”, although some members are not countries in the usual sense of the word but are officially “customs territories”. The definition of geographical and other groupings in this report does not imply an expression of opinion by the Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory, the delimitation of its frontiers, nor the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreements. The colours, boundaries, denominations, and classifications in the maps of this publication do not imply, on the part of the WTO, any judgement on the legal or other status

72

of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of any boundary. Throughout this report, South and Central America and the Caribbean is referred to as South and Central America; Aruba, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, Macao Special Administrative Region of China, the Republic of Korea and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu are referenced as Aruba (the Netherlands with respect to), Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of; Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; Korea, Republic of; and Chinese Taipei respectively.

Changes in statistical territories in 2010 and 2011 involving the Netherlands Antilles and Sudan are reflected in this report, as far as available statistics permit. Data for the Netherlands Antilles are no longer given beginning with 2011, and are replaced with data for the successor states Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Further, the secession of South Sudan from Sudan in July 2011 resulted in a decrease in the magnitude of the latter’s trade flows. No time series is currently disseminated for South Sudan. Data provided by Ukraine do not include the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol starting 2014.

Composition, definitions & methodology

North America Bermuda Canada* Mexico* United States of America* Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified South and Central America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda*

Brazil*

Dominican Republic*

Honduras*

Argentina*

Chile*

Ecuador*

Jamaica*

Saint Lucia* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines*

Aruba (the Netherlands with respect to)

Colombia*

El Salvador*

Nicaragua*

Sint Maarten

Bahamas**

Costa Rica*

Grenada*

Panama*

Suriname*

Barbados*

Cuba*

Guatemala*

Paraguay*

Trinidad and Tobago*

Belize*

Curaçao

Guyana*

Peru*

Uruguay*

Bolivia, Plurinational State of*

Dominica*

Haiti*

Saint Kitts and Nevis*

Venezuela, Bolivaria Rep. of*

Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Europe Albania*

Cyprus*

Germany*

Liechtenstein*

Poland*

Andorra**

Czech Republic*

Greece*

Lithuania*

Portugal*

Sweden* Switzerland*

Austria*

Denmark*

Hungary*

Luxembourg*

Romania*

Turkey*

Belgium*

United Kingdom*

Estonia*

Iceland*

Malta*

Serbia**

Bosnia and Herzegovina** Finland*

Ireland*

Montenegro*

Slovak Republic*

Bulgaria*

France*

Italy*

Netherlands*

Slovenia*

Croatia*

FYR Macedonia*

Latvia*

Norway*

Spain*

a Georgia is not a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States but is included in this group for reasons of geography and similarities in economic structure.

Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)a Armenia*

Georgia*a

Moldova*

Turkmenistan

Azerbaijan**

Kazakhstan*

Russian Federation*

Ukraine*

Belarus**

Kyrgyz Republic*

Tajikistan*

Uzbekistan**

Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Africa Algeria**

Chad*

Ethiopia**

Libya**

Niger*

Sudan**

Angola*

Comoros**

Gabon*

Madagascar*

Nigeria*

South Sudan

Benin*

Congo*

The Gambia*

Malawi*

Rwanda*

Swaziland*

Botswana*

Congo, Dem. Rep. of*

Ghana*

Mali*

Sao Tome and Principe**

Tanzania*

Burkina Faso*

Côte d’Ivoire*

Guinea*

Mauritania*

Senegal*

Togo*

Burundi*

Djibouti*

Guinea-Bissau*

Mauritius*

Seychelles*

Tunisia*

Cameroon*

Egypt*

Kenya*

Morocco*

Sierra Leone*

Uganda*

Cabo Verde*

Equatorial Guinea**

Lesotho*

Mozambique*

Somalia

Zambia*

Central African Republic*

Eritrea

Liberia, Republic of**

Namibia*

South Africa*

Zimbabwe*

Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Middle East Bahrain*

Israel*

Lebanese Republic**

Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of*

Iran**

Jordan*

Oman*

Syrian Arab Republic**

Iraq**

Kuwait, the State of*

Qatar*

United Arab Emirates*

Yemen*

Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Asia Afghanistan**

China*

Korea, Republic of*

Mongolia*

Papua New Guinea*

Australia*

Fiji*

Kiribati

Myanmar*

Philippines*

Chinese Taipei* Thailand*

Bangladesh*

Hong Kong, China*

Lao People’s Dem. Rep.*

Nepal*

Samoa*

Tonga* Tuvalu

Bhutan**

India*

Macao, China*

New Zealand*

Singapore*

Brunei Darussalam*

Indonesia*

Malaysia*

Pakistan*

Solomon Islands*

Vanuatu*

Cambodia*

Japan*

Maldives*

Palau

Sri Lanka*

Viet Nam*

Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified

* WTO members ** Observer governments

73

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Regional integration agreements Andean Community (CAN) Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) / AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) Brunei Darussalam

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

Cambodia

Lao People's Dem. Rep.

Myanmar

Singapore

Viet Nam

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

CACM (Central American Common market) Costa Rica

El Salvador

CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market) Antigua and Barbuda

Belize

Guyana

Montserrat

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Bahamas

Dominica

Haiti

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Suriname

Barbados

Grenada

Jamaica

Saint Lucia

Trinidad and Tobago

Congo

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) Cameroon

Chad

Central African Republic COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) Burundi

Egypt

Libya

Rwanda

Swaziland

Comoros

Eritrea

Madagascar

Seychelles

Uganda

Congo, Dem. Rep. of

Ethiopia

Malawi

South Sudan

Zambia

Djibouti

Kenya

Mauritius

Sudan

Zimbabwe

Sao Tome and Principe

ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African States) Angola

Central African Republic

Congo, Dem. Rep. of

Gabon

Burundi

Chad

Equatorial Guinea

Rwanda

Cameroon

Congo

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) Benin

Côte d'Ivoire

Guinea

Mali

Senegal

Burkina Faso

The Gambia

Guinea- Bissau

Niger

Sierra Leone

Cabo Verde

Ghana

Liberia, Republic of

Nigeria

Togo

Norway

Switzerland

EFTA (European Free Trade Association) Iceland

Liechtenstein

European Union (28) Austria

Denmark

Hungary

Malta

Slovenia

Belgium

Estonia

Ireland

Netherlands

Spain

Bulgaria

Finland

Italy

Poland

Sweden

Croatia

France

Latvia

Portugal

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Germany

Lithuania

Romania

Czech Republic

Greece

Luxembourg

Slovak Republic

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

United Arab Emirates

Paraguay

Uruguay

Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of

GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) Bahrain Kuwait, the State of MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) Argentina

Brazil

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Canada

Mexico

United States

SADC (Southern African Development Community) Angola

Lesotho

Mauritius

South Africa

Tanzania

Botswana

Madagascar

Mozambique

Seychelles

Zambia

Congo, Dem. Rep. of

Malawi

Namibia

Swaziland

Zimbabwe

SAFTA (South Asia Free Trade Agreement) Afghanistan

Bhutan

Maldives

Pakistan

Bangladesh

India

Nepal

Sri Lanka

SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Area) Afghanistan

Bhutan

Maldives

Pakistan

Bangladesh

India

Nepal

Sri Lanka

Senegal

WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union)

74

Benin

Côte d'Ivoire

Mali

Burkina Faso

Guinea- Bissau

Niger

Togo

Composition, definitions & methodology

Other groups ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific countries) Angola Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of

Cook Islands Côte d’Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji Gabon The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guinea Guinea-Bissau

Guyana Haiti Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Madagascar Malawi Mali Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Micronesia Mozambique Namibia

Nauru Niger Nigeria Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Solomon Islands

Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Suriname Swaziland Tanzania Timor Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Zambia Zimbabwe

Libya

Morocco

Tunisia

Guinea-Bissau Liberia, Republic of Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria

Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Congo Dem. Rep. of the Congo

Equatorial Guinea Gabon

Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe

Mauritius Seychelles Somalia

South Sudan Sudan

Tanzania Uganda

Mozambique Namibia

Swaziland South Africa

Zambia Zimbabwe

Indonesia Japan Kiribati Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Macao, China Malaysia

Mongolia Myanmar New Zealand Papua New Guinea Philippines Republic of Korea

Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Chinese Taipei Thailand Tonga

Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam

Bhutan India

Maldives Nepal

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Malaysia New Zealand Peru Papua New Guinea Philippines

Russian Federation Singapore Thailand Chinese Taipei United States

Viet Nam

Africa North Africa Algeria Egypt Sub- Saharan Africa Western Africa Benin The Gambia Burkina Faso Ghana Cabo Verde Guinea Côte d’Ivoire Central Africa Burundi Central African Republic Cameroon Chad Eastern Africa Comoros Ethiopia Djibouti Kenya Eritrea Madagascar Southern Africa Angola Lesotho Botswana Malawi Territories in Africa not elsewhere specified Asia East Asia (including Oceania): Australia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji Hong Kong, China West Asia: Afghanistan Bangladesh

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Australia Brunei Darussalam Canada Chile China

Hong Kong, China Indonesia Japan Korea Mexico

BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China) Developed economies:

North America (except Mexico)

European Union (28)

EFTA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland)

Australia, Japan and New Zealand

Developing economies:

Africa

South and Central America and the Caribbean, Mexico

Europe except the European Union (28) and EFTA; Middle East

Asia except Australia, Japan, and New Zealand

Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia The Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti

Kiribati Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar

Nepal Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia South Sudan Sudan

Tanzania Timor Leste Togo Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen Zambia

Republic of Korea

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

LDCs (Least-developed countries) Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Central African Republic Chad Six East Asian traders* Hong Kong, China Malaysia

75

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Definitions and methodology Merchandise trade Exports and imports Two systems of recording merchandise exports and imports are in common use. They are referred to as general trade and special trade and differ mainly in the way warehoused and re-exported goods are treated. General trade figures are larger than the corresponding special trade figures because the latter exclude certain trade flows, such as goods shipped through bonded warehouses.

To the extent possible, total merchandise trade is defined in this report according to the general trade definition. It covers all types of inward and outward movement of goods through a country or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Goods include all merchandise that either add to or subtract from the stock of material resources of a country or territory by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) the country’s economic territory. For further explanations, see United Nations International Trade

Table IV.2 Products A. Primary products (i) Agricultural products (SITC sections 0, 1, 2 and 4 minus divisions 27 and 28) of which, - Food (SITC sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22) of which, 0 - Food and live animals 1 - Beverages and tobacco 4 - Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 22 - Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits - - Fish (SITC division 03) - - Other food products and live animals ( SITC sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22 minus division 03) - Raw materials (SITC divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29) of which, 21 - Hides, skins and furskins, raw 23 - Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) 24 - Cork and wood 25 - Pulp and waste paper 26 - Textile fibres (other than wool tops and other combed wool) and their wastes (not manufactured into yarn or fabric) 29 - Crude animal and vegetable materials, not elsewhere specified (ii) Fuels and mining products (SITC section 3 and divisions 27, 28, 68) of which, - Ores and other minerals (SITC divisions 27, 28) of which, 27 - Crude fertilizers, other than those of division 56, and crude minerals (excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones) 28 - Metalliferous ores and metal scrap - Fuels (SITC section 3) - Non-ferrous metals (SITC division 68)

76

Statistics, Concepts and Definitions, Series M, N° 52, Revision 2. Unless otherwise indicated, exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting country or territory (“free on board” valuation). Imports are valued at transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing country or territory (“cost, insurance and freight” valuation).

Composition, definitions & methodology

B. Manufactures (SITC sections 5, 6, 7, 8 minus division 68 and group 891) (i) Iron and steel (SITC division 67) (ii) Chemicals (SITC section 5) of which, - Pharmaceuticals (SITC division 54) - Other chemicals (SITC divisions 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59) of which, 51 - Organic chemicals 52 - Inorganic chemicals 53 - Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials 55 - Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, polishing and cleaning preparations 56 - Fertilizers (other than those of Group 272, i.e Fertilizers, crude) 57 - Plastics in primary forms 58 - Plastics in non-primary forms 59 - Chemical materials and products, not elsewhere specified (iii) Other semi-manufactures (SITC divisions 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69) of which, 61 - Leather, leather manufactures, not elsewhere specified and dressed furskins 62 - Rubber manufactures, not elsewhere specified 63 - Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture) 64 - Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 66 - Non-metallic mineral manufactures, not elsewhere specified 69 - Manufactures of metals, not elsewhere specified (iv) Machinery and transport equipment (SITC section 7) - Office and telecommunication equipment (SITC divisions 75, 76 and group 776) of which, - - Electronic data processing and office equipment (SITC division 75) - - Telecommunications equipment (SITC division 76) - - Integrated circuits, and electronic components (SITC group 776) - Transport equipment (SITC group 713, sub-group 7783 and divisions 78, 79) of which, 78 - Road vehicles (including air-cushion vehicles) 79 - Other transport equipment - - Automotive products (SITC groups 781, 782, 783, 784 and subgroups 7132, 7783) of which, 781 - Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than public-transport type vehicles), including station wagons and racing cars 782 - Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles 783 - Road motor vehicles, not elsewhere specified 784 - Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles and tractors 7132 - Internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles listed above - -Other transport equipment (SITC division 79, groups 713, 785, 786 minus sub-group 7132) of which, 79 - Other transport equipment 713 - Internal combustion piston engines, and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified 785 - Motorcycles and cycles, motorized and non-motorized 786 - Trailers and semi-trailers, other vehicles (not mechanically propelled), and specially designed and equipped transport containers - Other machinery (SITC divisions 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 minus groups 713, 776 minus sub-group 7783) of which, - - Power generating machinery (SITC division 71 minus group 713) of which, 71 - Power generating machinery and equipment minus 713 - Internal combustion piston engines, and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified - - Non-electrical machinery (SITC divisions 72, 73, 74) of which, 72 - Machinery specialized for particular industries

77

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

73 - Metal working machinery 74 - General industrial machinery and equipment, not elsewhere specified and machine parts, not elsewhere specified - - Electrical machinery (SITC division 77 minus group 776 and subgroup 7783) of which, 77 - Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, not elsewhere specified and electrical parts thereof minus 776 - Thermionic, cold cathode or photo-cathode valves and tubes 7783 - Electrical equipment, not elsewhere specified, for internal combustion engines and vehicles; and parts thereof (v) Textiles (SITC division 65) (vi) Clothing (SITC division 84) (vii) Other manufactures (SITC divisions 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89 excluding group 891) of which, - Personal and household goods (SITC divisions 82, 83 and 85) of which, 82 - Furniture and parts thereof, bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings 83 - Travel goods, handbags and similar containers 85 - Footwear - Scientific and controlling instruments (SITC division 87) - Miscellaneous manufactures (SITC divisions 81, 88 and 89 minus group 891) of which, 81 - Prefabricated buildings, sanitary plumbing, heating and lighting fixtures and fittings, not elsewhere specified 88 - Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, not elsewhere specified; watches and clocks 89 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles, not elsewhere specified C. Other products: commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere (including gold); arms and ammunition (SITC section 9 and group 891) 9- Commodities and transactions not classfied elsewhere in SITC 891 - Arms and Ammunition D. Intermediate products include all parts and accessories as well as industrial primary and processed intermediate products. The “fuels and lubricants” category (BEC code 3) was excluded. BEC codes 42, 53, 111, 121, 21, 22

78

Composition, definitions & methodology

Products All product groups are defined according to Revision 3 of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Throughout this report, other food products and live animals; beverages and tobacco; animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes; oilseeds and oleaginous fruit are referred to as other food products; electronic data processing and office equipment is referred to as EDP and office equipment; and integrated circuits and electronic components is referred to as integrated circuits. Agricultural products according to the AOA (WTO Agreement on Agriculture) definition refer to HS chapters 1 to 24 (excluding fish and fish products) and a number of manufactured agricultural products (for further information see “The Legal Texts, The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Negotiations”, WTO). This definition does not correspond to the definition of agricultural products presented in the breakdown of merchandise trade by main commodity group (see table II.1). Merchandise trade and the goods account in balance of payments statistics Merchandise trade statistics serve as an input for the compilation of the goods account in the balance of payments (BOP) and the rest of the world account in the System of National Accounts (SNA). The compilation of international merchandise trade statistics (IMTS) relies principally on customs records complemented, as appropriate, by additional sources to enhance their coverage (for instance, to include

electricity, or trade in vessels and aircrafts). These statistics essentially reflect the physical movement of goods across borders, while National Accounts and BOP statistics record transactions that involve change in ownership. Goods for processing with or without change of ownership are recorded in merchandise statistics when they enter or leave the economic territory, irrespective of whether a change in ownership takes place. However, goods supplied to another economy for processing without a change of ownership and returned to the economy of the owner after processing are not recorded in the balance of payments statistics compiled according to BPM6; further, if the goods are sold to a third economy after processing, then the value of the goods (including the value of processing) is recorded as an export of the economy of the owner and an import of the third economy; the value of the processing is recorded as an export of services of the processing economy and an import of services of the economy of the owner. Differences between BOP (BPM6) and national accounts statistics and IMTS can be found in the International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual, Revision 1 (IMTS 2010), Chapter XXIV Section B «Goods to be recorded differently in IMTS and BPM6/national accounts» (p288). (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ trade/eg-imts/imts2010final-22march2011.pdf) Refer to Table 11.1 (p177) in the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Compilation Guide (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ ft/bop/2014/pdf/BPM6_11F.pdf)

Trade in commercial services between residents and nonresidents of an economy (BPM6) Depending on the location of the supplier and the consumer, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines four modes of supply. In addition to the cross-border supply (mode 1), where both the supplier and the consumer remain in their respective home territories, GATS also covers cases where consumers are outside their home territory to consume services (mode 2 – consumption abroad), or where service suppliers are in the territory of the consumers to provide their services, whether by establishing affiliates through direct investment abroad (mode 3 – commercial presence), or through the presence of natural persons (mode 4). An economy’s Balance of Payments, namely the services account, can be used to derive estimates covering trade in commercial services for modes 1, 2 and 4. The Balance of Payments does however not include most of the information on services supplied through foreign affiliates that is required to estimate the size of mode 3. A framework for collecting these data, the “Foreign Affiliates Statistics (FATS)” was adopted by the international statistical community for the first time in 2002, and then further developed in 2010. FATS are available in the annual publication World Trade Statistical Review and on the online tool I-TIP services. Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an economy (BPM6), exports and imports Exports (credits or receipts) and imports (debits or payments) of commercial services are included in balance of

79

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

payments statistics, in conformity with the concepts, definitions and classification of the sixth (2009) edition of the IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6) as well as the 2010 edition of the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (MSITS 2010). Definition of commercial services in the Balance of Payments In the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual, the current account is subdivided into goods, services (including government goods and services, n.i.e.), primary income, and secondary income. Commercial services comprise all services categories except government goods and services, n.i.e. Commercial services are sub-divided into manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, maintenance and repair services n.i.e., transport, travel, and other commercial services. The BPM6 contains the following 12 standard services components. (1) Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others (2) Maintenance and repair services, n.i.e. (3) Transport (4) Travel (5) Construction (6) Insurance and pension services (7) Financial services (8) Charges for the use of intellectual property, n.i.e. (9) Telecommunications, computer and information services (10) Other business services (11) Personal, cultural and recreational services (12) Government goods and services, n.i.e. Manufacturing services on physical

80

inputs owned by others cover processing, assembly, labelling, packing, and similar activities undertaken by enterprises that do not own the goods concerned and are paid a fee by the owner. Only the fee charged by the processor, which may cover the cost of materials purchased, is included under this item. Examples include oil refining, liquefaction of natural gas, assembly of clothing and electronics, assembly, labelling, and packing. Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. cover maintenance and repair work – by residents – on goods that are owned by non-residents (and vice versa). The repairs may be performed at the site of the repairer or elsewhere. The value recorded for maintenance and repairs is the value of the work done – not the gross value of the goods before and after repairs. Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. form a new WTO aggregate named Goods-related services. Transport is the process of carriage of people and objects from one location to another as well as related supporting and auxiliary services. Transport can be classified according to: (i) mode of transport, namely, sea, air, or other (“other” may be further broken down into rail, road, internal waterway, pipeline, and space transport as well as electricity transmission); and (ii) what is carried – passengers or freight. Also included are postal and courier services. Travel credits cover goods and services – for own use or to give away – acquired by non-residents from an economy during visits to that economy. Travel debits cover goods and services – for own use or

to give away – acquired from other economies by residents of the reporting economy during visits to these other economies. The most common goods and services covered are lodging, food and beverages, entertainment and transportation (within the economy visited), gifts and souvenirs. Travel is further subdivided into: (i) personal travel and (ii) business travel. The aggregate category Other commercial services corresponds to the following components defined in BPM6: Construction covers the creation, renovation, repair, or extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings, land improvements of an engineering nature, and other similar engineering constructions such as roads, bridges, dams, and so forth. It also includes related installation and assembly work, site preparation, specialized services such as painting, plumbing, and demolition, and management of construction projects. Construction also covers the acquisition of goods and services by the enterprises undertaking construction work from the economy of location of the construction work. Construction can be divided into (i) construction abroad and (ii) construction in the compiling economy. Insurance and pension services include services of providing life insurance and annuities, nonlife insurance, reinsurance, freight insurance, pensions, standardized guarantees, and auxiliary services to insurance, pension schemes, and standardized guarantee schemes. Financial services cover financial intermediary and auxiliary services, except insurance and pension fund services, provided by banks

Composition, definitions & methodology

and other financial corporations. They include deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting, and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services, and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: (i) explicit charges; (ii) margins on buying and selling transactions; (iii) asset management costs deducted from property income receivable in the case of asset-holding entities; or (iv) margins between interest payable and the reference rate on loans and deposits (called financial intermediation service charges indirectly measured – FISIM). Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. include: (i) Charges for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets, franchises); these rights can arise from research and development, as well as from marketing; and (ii) Charges for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast). Telecommunications, computer and information services cover (i) Telecommunications services,

which encompass the broadcast or transmission of sound, images, data, or other information by telephone, telex, telegram, radio and television cable transmission, radio and television satellite, electronic mail, facsimile, and so forth, including business network services, teleconferencing, and support services; (ii) Computer services consisting of hardwareand software-related services and data-processing services; (iii) Information services including news agency services, such as the provision of news, photographs, and feature articles to the media as well as database services. Other business services include (i) Research and development services, (ii) Professional and management consulting services and (iii) Technical, trade-related and other business services. (i) Research and development services consist of services that are associated with basic and applied research, and experimental development of new products and processes. (ii) Professional and management consulting services include (a) legal services, accounting, management consulting, managerial services, and public relations services; and (b) advertising, market research, and public opinion polling services. (iii) Technical, trade-related, and other business services include: (a) architectural, engineering, and other technical services; (b) waste treatment and depollution, agricultural, and mining services; (c) operating leasing services; (d) trade-related services; and (e) other business services n.i.e. Personal, cultural, and recreational services consist of (i) Audiovisual

and related services and (ii) other personal, cultural, and recreational services. (i) Audiovisual and related services cover services and fees related to the production of motion pictures (on film, videotape, disk, or transmitted electronically, etc.), radio and television programs (live or on tape), and musical recordings. (ii) Other personal, cultural, and recreational services include (a) health services, (b) education services, (c) heritage and recreational services, and (d) other personal services. Health services as well as education services are provided remotely or on-site. Data on exports and imports of total services (including government goods and services n.i.e), other services (including government goods and services n.i.e) as well as government goods and services n.i.e. are available as memorandum items in the WTO online Statistics Database. Memo items: – Total services (Commercial services plus Government goods and services n.i.e) – Other services (Other commercial services plus Government goods and services n.i.e) – Government goods and services n.i.e Government goods and services n.i.e. cover: (a) goods and services supplied by and to enclaves, such as embassies, military bases, and international organizations; (b) goods and services acquired from the host economy by diplomats, consular staff, and military personnel located abroad and their dependents; (c) services supplied by and to governments and not included in other categories of services.

81

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Statistics on international trade in services are produced jointly and published simultaneously with UNCTAD and ITC. Regional and world estimates for 2015 for sub-item of other commercial services should be considered as preliminary. Coverage and comparability While many economies worldwide have fully implemented the BPM6 for the recording of their Balance of Payments services transactions, some are still compiling their statistics according to the BPM5 methodology. Consequently, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. It should be noted in particular that world and regional estimates of trade in new services items such as Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. may be underestimated, as some economies do not report these items yet. While the coverage and comparability of trade in services statistics have improved significantly over the years, the data remain subject to recognized limitations, such as i) certain countries do not collect figures for all items, ii) statistically capturing some services items remains difficult (more notably on the imports side), iii) data can be reported on a net rather than gross basis, iv) certain transactions may prove complex to classify appropriately, v) different sources, data collection and estimation methods lead to diverse results, etc. These distortions are more significant on detailed items levels and may lead to considerable asymmetries among countries’ reported trade flows by origin and destination.

82

Foreign Affiliates Statistics The new statistical framework on Foreign Affiliates Statistics (FATS) is developed in the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010, the OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment and the OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators. The statistical framework covers both goods and services producing enterprises.

In the absence of data on output, sales of services are used. FATS are currently available mainly for OECD and a small number of nonOECD economies. Given the recent development of these statistics, comparability and coverage of individual economy data may not always be complete. Availability of detailed data and long-time series varies considerably between economies. Trade in global value chains

It analyses the universe of affiliates for which foreign investors own more than 50 per cent of the voting power or equity interest. Depending on the compiler’s view, one can distinguish inward FATS, that is, activities of foreign-owned affiliates in the compiling economy, or, outward FATS, that is, foreign affiliates of the compiling economy active abroad. Variables such as sales, value added, number of employees, etc. are used to describe the affiliates’ activities. These variables are broken down by country of origin or destination of investments and also by type of primary activity of the affiliates. The United States also provide a breakdown into total supply of goods and total supply of services products. In the case of services industries the concept of supply (or output) is based on measures that better capture service output (i.e. the margin). This mainly has an impact on the measurement of activities of wholesalers and retailers, insurers and financial intermediaries. From a GATS perspective, the size of mode 3 in a given country can be approximated through the value of the output (or supply) of services by foreign-owned affiliates.

The measurement of trade in value added terms traces the source of the value added, by country and industry that is contained in the products (goods and services) traded across the world. Value added is defined as the value that is added by industries to produce goods and services. In a national account sense, it reflects the compensation of labour, capital, nonfinancial assets and natural resources used in the production as well as net indirect taxes, when relevant. The value added approach reflects the interconnection of economies and sectors as well as the increasing importance of trade in intermediate inputs that takes place among international supply and production chains. It provides insights on where the value added comes from and thus on the actual contribution of trade to economies. Trade in value added indicators are estimates based on Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables. ICIO tables cover both goods and services. They regroup national Input-Output tables and international trade statistics into a consistent framework to describe sale and purchase of goods and services

Composition, definitions & methodology

between producers and consumers from various economies and industries. They enable to disentangle domestic and foreign value added in each economy and industry. Trade in value added estimates presented in this publication are sourced from the OECD-WTO “Trade in value added” (TiVA) database and the OECD ICIO table. The latter covers 57 economies plus a “rest of the world” aggregate. Industries are regrouped into 37 sectors and cover productive activities in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors classified according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision 4. The decomposition of gross exports into their value added components The breakdown of conventional export data (gross) into their value added components allows showing the role played by economies in global value chains. The domestic value added content of exports is composed of the following indicators: (i) The domestic value added, embodied either in final or intermediate goods/ services, directly consumed by the importing country. This represents a one-to-one country transfer of value added, with exported goods/services crossing borders only once. (ii) The domestic value added contained in intermediates exported to a first country which re-exports them to a third country as embodied in others goods/services. This indicator represents a one-to-many

country transfer of value added, when exported goods/services cross borders more than once. This illustrates the level of participation of an economy within international production. (iii) The domestic value added of exported goods/services which is eventually re-imported by the country itself. Such a value added round-trip between two countries highlights the domestic value added content present in a country’s imports. The foreign value added content of exports corresponds to the value added of inputs that was imported in order to produce intermediate or final goods/services to be exported. It can also be referred to as vertical specialization, when expressed in percentage. The sectoral value added contributions to gross exports Exports from a (domestic) industry do not only contain value added produced within the same industry but also value added sourced from other industries within the economy or from other economies. The value added approach to estimate trade flows can describe both the geographical and sectoral origin of the value added contained in gross exports of any given industry. Table IV.3 presents the value added origin (columns) of gross exports (rows) according to the domestic and foreign source and by main sector. This highlights the extent of the global value chains phenomenon

and outlines the interconnection and related dependency across countries and sectors for the production and trade of goods and services. Other definitions and methods Annual changes Throughout this report, average annual percentage changes are analogous to compound interest rates. In calculating the average annual rate of change between 2010 and 2015, for example, data for calendar year 2010 were taken as the starting point, and data for calendar year 2015 as the end point. Prices Commodity price movements are primarily described by indices largely based on spot market prices, and therefore exclude transactions governed by longer-term contracts. Price indices for such commodities as food, beverages, agricultural raw materials, minerals, non-ferrous metals, fertilizers and crude petroleum are obtained from IMF Primary Commodity Prices (May 2016 release). Aggregates for all primary commodities and for non-fuel primary commodities are calculated using IMF weights (Statistical appendix table A67). Beginning with the first quarter of 2011, the crude oil price is computed excluding West Texas Intermediate (WTI), which accounts for one third of the IMF’s crude oil index. The price of WTI became largely dislocated from international markets in early 2011 and is thought not to represent well prices in international oil trade. For more information, see Box Comm.1 of the World Bank’s Global Commodity Market Outlook, January 2012 (see page 65 of the complete report on http://go.worldbank.org/WI8LCZ6PT0).

83

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Export and import prices by commodity group of Germany, Japan and the United States are sourced from national statistics. Aggregates are calculated by weighting the countries’ price indices with the export and import values of the countries’ respective base year (Statistical tables A68 and A69).

the corresponding regional deflator. Second, the total world merchandise volume index is obtained by deflating the world trade value with the aggregate of regional deflators. Throughout the aggregation process trade values of the previous year are used as weights. World gross domestic product

World merchandise trade indices The volume indices and the deflators (i.e. price indices or unit values) are taken from a range of different international and national sources. The reported deflators and volume indices may not always be available for the most recent years or may differ in product coverage from the corresponding value indices. Aggregation of the indices to obtain a world total is a two-tier process. First, export and import deflators from national and international sources are complemented with Secretariat estimates for missing data. They are then aggregated to obtain regional totals. The volume index for each region is obtained by dividing the respective trade value index for each region by

84

World GDP growth is estimated as a weighted average of individual economies’ real GDP growth. The weights used are shares of the economies’ previous year GDP at 2005 constant prices converted to dollars at market exchange rates. The use of official exchange rates which are not market-based for some major economies, together with the fluctuations of the United States dollar vis-à-vis major currencies, can have a significant impact on the weighting pattern. The increasing use of weights based on purchasing power parities (PPP) by other international organizations is meant to attenuate “anomalies” linked to these factors. In a period of widely diverging growth rates among countries and regions,

the choice of the weighting pattern can have a marked influence on the global growth estimate. For the 20002011 period, global growth estimates based on PPP-weights indicate a significantly faster growth than estimates using weights based on GDP data measured at market exchange rates. This is because of differences in the two weighting patterns. Re-exports and re-imports Under the system of general trade adopted in this report, re-exports are included in total merchandise trade. However, in the case of Hong Kong, China, the magnitude of its re-exports (amounting in 2015 to $498 billion), if included in regional or world aggregates, would adversely affect the analytical value of the statistics by introducing a significant element of double counting. Therefore, Hong Kong, China’s re-exports are excluded from the world and from Asia aggregates (unless otherwise indicated); only Hong Kong, China’s domestic exports and retained imports are included in the totals.

Composition, definitions & methodology

Trade policy indicators Indicators tracking the changes in the application of trade policy measures can be broken down into three broad categories: (1) Customs related measures: Information on customs duties (bound, applied and preferential) can be found on the WTO website and also in a summary form in the World Tariff Profiles. Information on the changes in customs duties can be derived from the above sources but these changes are also covered by the Trade Monitoring reports (TM). (2) Trade remedies: Binding tariffs and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favourednation treatment) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods. The WTO agreements uphold the principles, but they also allow derogations in some circumstances. Those “trade remedies” cover antidumping, countervailing duties and safeguards; the relevant information can be found in the I-TIP database and also in the TM database. (3) Technical measures / regulations: By far a persistent growth in notifications happened in the area of

regulations and standards which fall under the SPS and TBT agreements. Keeping up to date with these measures is crucial for all trading partners. Notifications in this area are not easily comparable as to the trade impact of the respective measures announced and the number of notifications may overestimate the actual implementation of the measures. For each of these three categories, the secretariat compiles indicators showing the measures that were introduced or modified in the year and, when applicable, the stock of these measures. WTO Members have established two main ways of obtaining the relevant information on trade policy measures, one being the system of notifications and the other one being the trade policy reviews’ reports and, related to it, the trade monitoring reports. Through notifications, WTO members and observers provide the Secretariat with recent relevant information on trade and trade-related measures. In the trade monitoring context, the Secretariat in addition to information received by WTO members and

observers, collects trade and traderelated measures from other relevant sources and subsequently submit it to the relevant member for verification.. The preparation of the trade monitoring reports is an on-going activity and a unique process relying on continuous dialogue and exchange with WTO delegations as well as divisions within the WTO Secretariat. The WTO-wide trade monitoring reports are subsequently discussed at meetings of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body. The verification process is a unique feature of the WTO’s monitoring efforts and represents a quality control mechanism, allowing members to check the accuracy of the information before it is made public. Information contained in Members’ notifications is now in large parts included in a consolidated database platform, the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP, weblink). For information on the Trade policy monitoring reports see: (Trade Monitoring database, http://tmdb. wto.org/), WTO Docs online (https:// docs.wto.org/dol2feStaff/Pages/ FE_Search/FE_S_S001.aspx).

85

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

Specific notes for selected economies Merchandise trade statistics of the European Union Beginning with the 2002 report, EU data compiled according to national statistical practices have been replaced, starting 1993, with data compiled by Eurostat in accordance with EU legislation. The concepts and definitions adopted by the EU are in line with the United Nations’ International Trade Statistics, Concepts and Definitions, Series M, N° 52, Revision 2. As a result, the conceptual differences between EU member states’ data have been substantially reduced. Moreover, for the EU as a whole, Eurostat data are more timely than the previous source, thus reducing substantially the amount of estimation included in the EU aggregate. Since January 1993, statistics on the trade between the member states of the EU have been collected through the “Intrastat” system (see GATT 1994, International Trade Trends and Statistics). The coverage of this system, which relies on reports submitted by firms for transactions above a minimum value, is not as wide as the previous one, which was based on

86

customs declarations. This is particularly noticeable on the import side. For example, prior to the adoption of the Intrastat system, reported intra-EU imports (c.i.f.) closely matched reported intra-EU exports (f.o.b.). However, from 1993 onwards, the reported value of intra-EU imports has been on average around 3 per cent lower than the value of intra-EU exports, indicating a substantial under-reporting of intra-EU imports. As a result of this inconsistency, the Secretariat has substituted intra-EU exports data for intra-EU imports at the aggregate EU level when estimating regional and world totals. However, this adjustment is not allocated between EU member countries. Hence, the sum of reported imports of individual EU members does not add to the figure for EU imports as a whole. This adjustment is also reflected in the volume estimates for the EU as a whole. Major breaks in data continuity of merchandise trade Beginning 2003, Singapore includes merchandise trade with Indonesia. Beginning 2008, Indonesia’s

imports are reported according to the general trade system. With respect to the Russian Federation, considerable uncertainty remains about the accuracy of foreign trade statistics, especially as regards imports. A large proportion of the reported data on imports consists of official estimates of inflows of goods which enter the economy without being registered by the customs authorities. Such adjustments to import data accounted for 6 per cent of the officially reported totals in 2012; 8 per cent of the officially reported totals in 2013. As of 2012, data on merchandise trade values for Switzerland includes trade in gold. Merchandise trade flows between the European Union member States include trade associated with fraudulent VAT declaration, which concerns mainly office and telecommunications equipment. Between 2006 and 2007, intra-EU merchandise trade statistics have been particularly affected by a considerable reduction in this fraudulent trade in the United Kingdom.

Composition, definitions & methodology

Statistical sources Most frequently used sources for statistics are: EUROSTAT, Comext and on-line databases FAO, FAOSTAT Agriculture database FAO, Production Yearbook GTIS, Global Trade Atlas database IMF, Balance of Payments Statistics IMF, International Financial Statistics IMF, World Economic Outlook database OECD, Main Economic Indicators OECD, Measuring Globalisation: The Role of Multinationals in OECD Economies OECD, Monthly Statistics of International Trade OECD, National Accounts OECD, Statistics on International Trade in Services OECD/IEA, Energy Prices & Taxes UNECE, Economic Survey of Europe UNECLAC, Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean UNIDO, National Accounts Statistics Database UNSD, Comtrade database (for OECD members the UNSD-OECD Joint Trade Data Collection and Processing system) UNSD, International Trade Statistics Yearbook UNSD, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics UNSD, Servicetrade database World Bank, World Development Indicators

These sources are supplemented by national publications and other international databases and Secretariat estimates. Figures for total merchandise trade are largely derived from IMF, International Financial Statistics. Data on merchandise trade by origin, destination and product are mainly obtained from Eurostat’s Comext database, the Global Trade Atlas and UNSD’s Comtrade database. Some inconsistencies in the aggregate export and import data for the same country or territory between sources are inevitable. These can be attributed to the use of different systems of recording trade, to the way in which for example IMF and UNSD have converted data expressed in national currencies into dollars, and revisions which can be more readily incorporated in the IMF data. Statistics on trade in commercial services are mainly drawn from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics or from the Trade in Services by Partner Country dataset of the OECD. Data for European Union members, as well as the EU(28) aggregate are drawn from Eurostat’s on-line database. For other economies that do not report to the IMF (e.g., Chinese Taipei) data are drawn from national sources.

Estimations for missing data are mainly based on national statistics. GDP series in current dollars are mainly derived from the IMF World Economic Outlook database. Acknowledgements are due to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the United Nations Statistics Division, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Bank whose assistance in supplying advance information has greatly facilitated the work of the Secretariat. Acknowledgements are also due to national institutions for providing advance statistics. Closing date for merchandise trade statistics (Customs basis) is 11 March 2016 and commercial services (Balance of Payments basis) is 30 April 2016. For foreign affiliates trade in services statistics the closing date is 10 May 2016.

87

Chapter IX

Heading 01

Heading 02 Heading 03 Body copy

Statistical tables The following statistical tables show long-term trends, more detailled breakdowns of commodity products and country origins and destinations. Chart-heading chart-body copy

90 Table A1 Table A2

Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2015 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2010-2015

91 Table A3

World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2015

92 Table A4

World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2015

93 Table A5

World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2015

94 Table A6

Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2015

95 Table A7

Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU (28) trade), 2015

96 Table A8

Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2015

Food and beverages

97 Table A9

Agricutural raw materials

Metals

Fuel (energy)

Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-EU (28) trade), 2015

Source: IMF Primary Commodity Prices.

98 Table A10 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2014 101 Table A11 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2015 102 Table A12 Merchandise exports and imports of least-developed countries, 2015

A13 Exports of commercial services of the least-developed countries by category, 2015 103 Table Box Out-heading 104 Table A14 Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products, 2015 Table A15 Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products of regions by destination, 2015 105 Table A16 Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2015 Table A17 Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2015

“Sim nosam, Standfirst 2015 106 Table A18 Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals, sumquam resedi Table A19 Top 10 exporters and importers of pharmaceuticals, 2015 rerum A20 Topcomnia 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2015 107 Table sime volutat iuriti Table A21 Top 10 exporters and importers of automotive products, 2015 nimperunt doles dioand importers of textiles, 2015 10 exporters 108 Table A22 Top tet aliquide Table A23 Topcone 10 exporters and importers of clothing, 2015 iundantem consequi 109 Table A24 World trade in commercial services by category, 2015 omni officia des Table A25 Growth of commercial services exports by category and by region, 2005-2015 nulluptat.” 110 Table A26 World trade in transportation services by region, 2015 111 Table A27 Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 2015

Opener-Heading 112

Table A28 Major exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, 2014 and 2015

113

Table A29 Major exporters and importers of maintenance and repair services, 2015

114

Table A30 World trade in transport services by region, 2015

115

Table A31 Leading exporters and importers of transport services, 2015

116

Table A32 World trade in travel by region, 2015

Opener-Body copy 117 Table A33 Leading exporters and importers of travel, 2015 118

Table A34 World trade in other commercial services by region, 2015 Table A35 Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services, 2015

119

Table A36 World exports of construction by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A37 Major exporters and importers of construction, 2014 and 2015

120

Table A38 World exports of insurance and pension services by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A39 Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services, 2015 and 2015

121

Table A40 World exports of financial services by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A41 Major exporters and importers of financial services, 2014 and 2015

122

Table A42 World receipts of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A43 Major exporters and importers of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. by region, 2014 and 2015

123

Table A44 World exports of telecommunications, computer and information services by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A45 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications, computer and information services, 2014 and 2015

124

Table A46 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services, 2014 and 2015 Table A47 Major exporters and importers of computer services, 2014 and 2015

125

Table A48 World exports of other business services by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A49 Major exporters and importers of other business services, 2014 and 2015

126

Table A50 Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, major economies, 2014

127

Table A51 World exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, 2014 and 2015 Table A52 Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2014 and 2015

128

Table A53 Major exporters and importers of audio-visual and related services, 2014 and 2015

129

Table A54 Leading exporters and importers of intermediate goods, 2015

130

Table A55 World merchandise exports, production and gross domestic product, 1950-2015

132

Table A56 Merchandise trade of selected regional trade agreements, 2005-2015

133

Table A57 Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies, 2006-2015

134

Table A58 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015

138

Table A59 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015

142

Table A60 World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015

146

Table A61 World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015

150

Table A62 Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS), 2011-2013

151

Table A63 Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies - affiliates located abroad primarily engaged

General trends and drivers of world trade in 2 0 15

in services activities (outward FATS), 2011-2013 152

11

O ver vi ew

22

i n vol ume terms

33

Table A64 Services supplied by United States affiliates established abroad (outward FATS)

s e tr2013 ade and by foreign affiliates in the United States (inward FATS)Merchandi by economy of affiliate, 153

Table A65 World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014

157

Trade i n commer al s ervi ces Table A66 World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, ci 2004-2014

161

Table A67 Export prices of primary commodities, 2005-2016

162

Table A68 Export prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, 2005-2015

163

Table A69 Import prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, 2005-2015

Wor ld trade and output in early 2 0 16

44

55

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A1. Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2015 (Annual percentage change) 







:RUOGPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWV Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures

 … … …

 2.9 0.6 2.7

 2.4 1.0 3.9

 … … …

:RUOG*'3









1RWH : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP.

A2. Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2010-2015 (Annual percentage change) ([SRUWV

,PSRUWV

















 

:RUOG







3.7

4.1

4.3

5.6

0.8

North America

4.0

4.7

6.5

4.4

Canada

2.5

2.8

5.6

0.7

6.6

4.0

Mexico

7.4

6.9

13.3

3.2

3.1

-0.9

United States

3.7

4.7

6.5

1.6

-1.8

1.3

South and Central America

1.5

-2.2

-5.8

2.7

2.0

3.7

Europe

1.7

3.2

4.3

2.8

1.9

4.0

European Union (28)

1.6

3.5

4.5

-0.3

1.9

3.4

Norway

2.0

0.8

3.4

1.6

1.2

-1.3

Switzerland

-0.2

-1.2

-0.1

0.7

0.2

-0.6

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

-2.8

-9.6

-21.9

-1.1

-2.1

0.1

Africa

5.6

4.2

1.3

4.7

0.7

8.6

Middle East

4.0

2.3

-1.9

4.4

4.8

3.1

Asia

4.0

3.3

1.8

3.7

6.0

3.3

Australia

3.0

1.5

4.5

6.8

6.8

4.6

China

4.3

4.0

-4.2

4.4

3.5

-2.1

India

1.7

4.2

-8.9

0.0

1.5

2.2

Japan

2.5

1.5

2.7

3.2

3.8

0.9

Six East Asian traders a

2.9

2.9

1.2

a Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; Republic of Korea; Singapore; Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) and Thailand.

90

Statistical Tables

A3.World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2015 (Annual percentage change) ([SRUWV

,PSRUWV













3

3

-8

3

3

-7







:RUOG







North America

3

3

-5

United States

3

4

-4

Canada

2

1

-9

1

-4

-16

Merchandise

1

4

-14

-2

-6

-21

-1

-7

-15

Brazil

-1

-5

-25

-2

-1

-16

Chile

1

-9

-13

1

0

-12

0

1

-13

1

1

-12

0

2

-13

…

-13

-7

…

-14

-9

-3

-6

-32

-4

-11

-32

-3

-5

-32

Russian Federation

-5

-10

-37

-5

-6

-42

Kazakhstan

-1

-15

-27

-6

-8

-30

-2

-5

-10

-10

-8

-49

-2

-4

-35

4

-1

-29

United Arab Emirates a

-4

-9

-41

Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of a

3

3

-8

8

6

-3

China

-4

-3

-9

Japan

South and Central America

Europe European Union (28) Switzerland Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Africa

3

2

-14

South Africa

2

-3

-14

Nigeria a

2

7

-20

4

2

-10

7

5

-8

10

3

-1

2

0

-15

4

0

-14

-1

-3

-20

Middle East

Asia

Commercial services 





:RUOG







4

3

-1

North America

4

2

1

5

4

0

United States a

4

3

3

0

-4

-10

Canada a

0

-4

-11

4

2

-5

2

7

-16

1

-6

1

3

7

-10

3

7

-10

3

4

-7

2

-9

-16

1

-6

-21

-7

-33

-17

1

4

-3

-5

13

-10

-1

0

-11

6

6

5

19

13

15

United Arab Emirates

6

6

15

Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

…

…

-3

…

…

2

China

4

20

0

Japan a

South and Central America

4

1

-12

Brazil

4

6

-20

Argentina

4

-9

7

3

7

-9

Europe European Union (28) a

3

7

-9

Switzerland

6

6

-6

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

4

-4

-23

Russian Federation a

3

-5

-27

Ukraine

-4

-25

-16

2

6

-10

Egypt a

5

13

-1

South Africa

-5

-6

-9

6

10

-3

Africa

Middle East

Asia

10

4

3

2

21

-10 -2

8

12

21

37

3

1

13

-9

a Secretariat estimates.

91

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A4.World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) 1948

1953

1963

1973

1983

1993

2003

2015

Value World

59

84

157

579

1838

3688

7380

15985

Share World

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

North America United States Canada Mexico

28.1 21.6 5.5 0.9

24.8 14.6 5.2 0.7

19.9 14.3 4.3 0.6

17.3 12.2 4.6 0.4

16.8 11.2 4.2 1.4

17.9 12.6 3.9 1.4

15.8 9.8 3.7 2.2

14.4 9.4 2.6 2.4

South and Central America Brazil Chile

11.3 2.0 0.6

9.7 1.8 0.5

6.4 0.9 0.3

4.3 1.1 0.2

4.5 1.2 0.2

3.0 1.0 0.2

3.0 1.0 0.3

3.4 1.2 0.4

Europe Germany a Netherlands France United Kingdom

35.1 1.4 2.0 3.4 11.3

39.4 5.3 3.0 4.8 9.0

47.8 9.3 3.6 5.2 7.8

50.9 11.7 4.7 6.3 5.1

43.5 9.2 3.5 5.2 5.0

45.3 10.3 3.8 6.0 4.9

45.9 10.2 4.0 5.3 4.1

37.3 8.3 3.5 3.2 2.9

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b Africa South Africa c Middle East

-

-

-

-

-

1.7

2.6

3.1

7.3 2.0

6.5 1.6

5.7 1.5

4.8 1.0

4.5 1.0

2.5 0.7

2.4 0.5

2.4 0.5

2.0

2.7

3.2

4.1

6.7

3.5

4.1

5.3

Asia China Japan India Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders

14.0 0.9 0.4 2.2 3.7 3.4

13.4 1.2 1.5 1.3 3.2 3.0

12.5 1.3 3.5 1.0 2.4 2.5

14.9 1.0 6.4 0.5 2.1 3.6

19.1 1.2 8.0 0.5 1.4 5.8

26.0 2.5 9.8 0.6 1.4 9.6

26.1 5.9 6.4 0.8 1.2 9.6

34.2 14.2 3.9 1.7 1.4 9.9

Memorandum item: EU d USSR, Former GATT/WTO Members e

2.2 63.4

3.5 69.6

24.5 4.6 75.0

37.0 3.7 84.1

31.3 5.0 77.0

37.3 89.0

42.4 94.3

33.7 98.3

a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983. b Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003. c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and EU(28) in 2015. e Membership as of the year stated. 1RWH Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.

92

Statistical Tables

A5.World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) 1948

1953

1963

1973

1983

1993

2003

2015

Value World

62

85

164

594

1883

3805

7696

16299

Share 100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

North America United States Canada Mexico

World

18.5 13.0 4.4 1.0

20.5 13.9 5.5 0.9

16.1 11.4 3.9 0.8

17.2 12.4 4.2 0.6

18.5 14.3 3.4 0.7

21.3 15.9 3.7 1.8

22.4 16.9 3.2 2.3

19.3 14.2 2.7 2.5

South and Central America Brazil Chile

10.4 1.8 0.4

8.3 1.6 0.4

6.0 0.9 0.4

4.4 1.2 0.2

3.9 0.9 0.2

3.3 0.7 0.3

2.5 0.7 0.3

3.8 1.1 0.4

Europe Germany a United Kingdom France Netherlands

45.3 2.2 13.4 5.5 3.4

43.7 4.5 11.0 4.9 3.3

52.0 8.0 8.5 5.3 4.4

53.3 9.2 6.5 6.4 4.8

44.1 8.1 5.3 5.6 3.3

44.5 9.0 5.5 5.7 3.3

45.0 7.9 5.2 5.2 3.4

36.2 6.4 3.8 3.5 3.1

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b Africa South Africa c Middle East

-

-

-

-

-

1.5

1.7

2.1

8.1 2.5

7.0 1.5

5.2 1.1

3.9 0.9

4.6 0.8

2.6 0.5

2.2 0.5

3.4 0.6

1.7

2.2

2.3

2.7

6.2

3.3

2.8

4.3

Asia China Japan India Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders

13.9 0.6 1.1 2.3 2.9 3.5

15.1 1.6 2.8 1.4 2.3 3.7

14.1 0.9 4.1 1.5 2.2 3.2

14.9 0.9 6.5 0.5 1.6 3.9

18.5 1.1 6.7 0.7 1.4 6.1

23.5 2.7 6.4 0.6 1.5 10.2

23.5 5.4 5.0 0.9 1.4 8.6

30.8 10.3 4.0 2.4 1.5 9.1

Memorandum item: EU d USSR, Former GATT/WTO Members e

1.9 58.6

3.3 66.9

25.5 4.3 75.3

37.1 3.6 85.5

31.4 4.3 79.7

36.2 89.3

41.3 96.0

32.6 97.9

a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983. b Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003. c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and EU(28) in 2015. e Membership as of the year stated. 1RWH Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.

93

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A6. Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage)

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Exporters

15 16

China United States Germany Japan Netherlands Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports France United Kingdom Italy Canada Belgium Mexico Singapore domestic exports re-exports Russian Federation Switzerland

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Chinese Taipei Spain India United Arab Emirates b Thailand Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of b Malaysia Poland Brazil Australia Viet Nam Czech Republic Austria Indonesia Turkey Sweden Ireland Norway Hungary Denmark South Africa Qatar Slovak Republic Israel b Chile Iran b Romania Finland Philippines Argentina Portugal Kuwait, the State of Iraq b Nigeria b

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Value

Share

2275 1505 1329 625 567 527 511 13 498 506 460 459 408 398 381 351 174 177 340 290

13.8 9.1 8.1 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.1 0.1 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.8

-3 -7 -11 -9 -16 -8 -3 -16 -2 -13 -9 -13 -14 -16 -4 -14 -20 -9 -32 -7

285 282 267 265 214 202 200 198 191 188 162 158 152 150 144 140 120 105 99 95 82 77 76 64 63 63 61 59 59 57 55 55 49 48

1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

-11 -13 -17 -29 -6 -41 -15 -10 -15 -22 8 -10 -15 -15 -9 -15 1 -27 -11 -14 -10 -39 -13 -7 -16 -29 -13 -20 -6 -17 -14 -47 -42 -49

Total of above c

15420

93.6

-

World c

16482

100.0

-13

a Imports are valued f.o.b. b Secretariat estimates. c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. 1RWH : For annual data 2005-2015, see Appendix A6 and A7

94

Annual percentage change

Rank

Importers

Value

Share

Annual percentage change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

United States China Germany Japan United Kingdom France Hong Kong, China retained imports

2308 1682 1050 648 626 573 559 134

13.8 10.1 6.3 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.3 0.8

-4 -14 -13 -20 -9 -15 -7 -11

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Netherlands Korea, Republic of Canada a Italy Mexico India Belgium

506 436 436 409 405 392 375

3.0 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2

-14 -17 -9 -14 -2 -15 -17

15 16

Spain Singapore retained imports Switzerland Chinese Taipei United Arab Emirates b Australia Turkey Thailand Russian Federation a Poland Brazil Malaysia Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of b Viet Nam Austria Indonesia Czech Republic Sweden South Africa b Hungary Denmark Norway Slovak Republic Ireland Philippines b Romania Portugal Egypt b Israel b Chile Finland Argentina Colombia Iraq b Algeria Nigeria b

309 297 120 252 238 230 208 207 203 194 193 179 176 172 166 155 143 140 138 105 93 86 76 74 71 70 70 67 65 65 63 60 60 54 52 52 48

1.8 1.8 0.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

-14 -19 -30 -9 -16 -8 -12 -14 -11 -37 -14 -25 -16 -1 12 -15 -20 -9 -15 -14 -12 -14 -15 -10 -2 3 -10 -15 -9 -14 -13 -22 -8 -16 -12 -12 -20

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Total of above c

15235

91.1

-

World c

16725

100.0

-12

Statistical Tables

A7. Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU (28) trade), 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage)

Rank

Exporters

Value

Share

Annual percentage change

Rank

Importers

Annual percentage change

Value

Share

2308 1914 1682 648 559 134 436

17.3 14.4 12.6 4.9 4.2 1.0 3.3

-4 -15 -14 -20 -7 -11 -17

1 2 3 4 5

China Extra-EU(28) exports United States Japan Korea, Republic of

2275 1985 1505 625 527

17.4 15.2 11.5 4.8 4.0

-3 -12 -7 -9 -8

1 2 3 4 5

6

511 13 498 408 381 351 174 177 340

3.9 0.1 3.8 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.3 1.4 2.6

-3 -16 -2 -14 -4 -14 -20 -9 -32

6

7 8 9

Canada a Mexico India

436 405 392

3.3 3.0 2.9

-9 -2 -15

10

Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Canada Mexico Singapore domestic exports re-exports Russian Federation

United States Extra-EU(28) imports China Japan Hong Kong, China retained imports Korea, Republic of

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Switzerland Chinese Taipei India United Arab Emirates b Thailand Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of b Malaysia Brazil Australia Viet Nam Indonesia Turkey Norway South Africa Qatar Israel b Chile Iran b Philippines Argentina Kuwait, the State of b Iraq b Nigeria b Kazakhstan Oman b Ukraine Algeria Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of b Colombia New Zealand Peru Angola b Bangladesh Belarus Pakistan Morocco Egypt b Ecuador Azerbaijan b Tunisia

290 285 267 265 214 202 200 191 188 162 150 144 105 82 77 64 63 63 59 57 55 49 48 46 39 38 38 37 36 34 34 34 32 27 22 22 19 18 15 14

2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

-7 -11 -17 -29 -6 -41 -15 -15 -22 8 -15 -9 -27 -10 -39 -7 -16 -29 -6 -17 -47 -42 -49 -42 -26 -30 -40 -51 -35 -17 -14 -42 6 -26 -10 -8 -28 -29 -49 -16

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Singapore retained imports Switzerland Chinese Taipei United Arab Emirates b Australia Turkey Thailand Russian Federation a Brazil Malaysia Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of b Viet Nam Indonesia South Africa b Norway Philippines b Egypt b Israel b Chile Argentina Colombia Iraq b Algeria Nigeria b Pakistan Iran b Bangladesh b Peru Morocco Qatar b New Zealand Ukraine Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of b Kuwait, the State of b Belarus Kazakhstan Angola b Ecuador Jordan Tunisia Ethiopia b

297 120 252 238 230 208 207 203 194 179 176 172 166 143 105 76 70 65 65 63 60 54 52 52 48 44 43 39 38 38 37 37 36 33 32 30 30 22 22 20 20 19

2.2 0.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

-19 -30 -9 -16 -8 -12 -14 -11 -37 -25 -16 -1 12 -20 -14 -15 3 -9 -14 -13 -8 -16 -12 -12 -20 -7 -17 -7 -11 -18 7 -14 -33 -24 0 -25 -27 -24 -22 -11 -19 0

Total of above c

12694

97.0

-

Total of above c

12694

95.3

-

World (excl. intra-EU (28) c

13080

100.0

-13

World (excl. intra-EU (28)) c

13323

100.0

-12

7 8 9

a Imports are valued f.o.b. b Secretariat estimates. c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. 1RWH : For annual data 2005-2015, see Appendix A6 and A7

95

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A8. Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage)

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Exporters United States United Kingdom China Germany France Netherlands Japan India Singapore Ireland Spain Belgium Switzerland Hong Kong, China Italy Korea, Republic of Luxembourg Canada Sweden Denmark Thailand Austria Chinese Taipei Russian Federation Australia Turkey Poland Norway Macao, China Malaysia Israel Brazil Greece Philippines Portugal United Arab Emirates Finland Czech Republic Mexico Hungary

Value

Share

690 345 285 247 240 178 158 155 139 128 117 109 108 104 99 97 95 76 71 61 60 58 56 51 48 46 43 40 40 35 34 33 31 28 28 26 24 23 23 21

14.5 7.3 6.0 5.2 5.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Annual percentage change 0 -5 2 -9 -13 -9 0 0 -7 -5 -11 -10 -7 -2 -14 -13 -4 -10 -6 -16 10 -13 0 -21 -9 -10 -10 -18 -25 -17 -3 -16 -25 10 -11 15 -13 -9 7 -12

Total of above

4255

89.5

-

World

4755

100.0

-6

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Importers United States China Germany France United Kingdom Japan Netherlands Ireland Singapore India Korea, Republic of Belgium Italy Canada Switzerland Russian Federation Hong Kong, China Luxembourg Brazil United Arab Emirates Spain Sweden Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Australia Denmark Thailand Chinese Taipei Norway Austria Malaysia Poland Indonesia Mexico Qatar Finland Philippines Kuwait, the State of Israel Turkey Czech Republic

Value

Share

469 466 289 228 208 174 157 152 143 122 112 106 99 95 92 87 74 72 69 66 65 60 57 54 54 50 47 46 46 40 32 30 29 28 26 24 23 22 21 20

10.2 10.1 6.3 4.9 4.5 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4

Annual percentage change

Total of above

4055

87.9

-

World

4610

100.0

-6

1RWH : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For more annual data, see Tables A60 and A61.

96

3 3 -12 -9 -1 -9 -9 4 -8 -4 -2 -10 -13 -11 -6 -27 0 -7 -20 3 -5 -10 -10 -14 -14 -5 4 -18 -14 -12 -11 -9 -3 -5 -16 15 3 0 -10 -12

Statistical Tables

A9. Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-EU (28) trade), 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage)

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Exporters

Annual percentage change

Value

Share

915 690 285 158 155 139 108 104 97 76 60 56 51 48 46 40 40 35 34 33 28 26 23 21 18 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 11 11 11 10 10 8 7

24.9 18.8 7.8 4.3 4.2 3.8 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Total of above

3465

94.5

-

World (excl. intra-EU (28))

3670

100.0

-5

Extra-EU (28) exports United States China Japan India Singapore Switzerland Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Canada Thailand Chinese Taipei Russian Federation Australia Turkey Norway Macao, China Malaysia Israel Brazil Philippines United Arab Emirates Mexico Indonesia Egypt South Africa Lebanese Republic a New Zealand Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Morocco Argentina Ukraine Panama Viet Nam Cuba Chile Iran Costa Rica Dominican Republic

-9 0 2 0 0 -7 -7 -2 -13 -10 10 0 -21 -9 -10 -18 -25 -17 -3 -16 10

15 7 -7 -10 -11 ...

0 10 15 -10 1 -17 4 2 -17 -11 3 11

8

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Importers Extra-EU (28) imports United States China Japan Singapore India Korea, Republic of Canada Switzerland Russian Federation Hong Kong, China Brazil United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Australia Thailand Chinese Taipei Norway Malaysia Indonesia Mexico Qatar Philippines Kuwait, the State of Israel Turkey Nigeria Angola Argentina Egypt Viet Nam South Africa Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of Iran Chile Lebanese Republic a Iraq New Zealand Kazakhstan Colombia

Value

Share

732 469 466 174 143 122 112 95 92 87 74 69 66 57 54 50 47 46 40 30 29 28 24 23 22 21 19 19 17 17 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11

20.2 12.9 12.9 4.8 3.9 3.4 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Annual percentage change -7 3 3 -9 -8 -4 -2 -11 -6 -27 0 -20 3 -10 -14 -5 4 -18 -12 -9 -3 -5 15 3 0 -10 -16 -22 7 -1 7

-9 -14 -13 -9 ...

-16 -11 -9 -17

Total of above

3375

93.1

-

World (excl. intra-EU (28))

3630

100.0

-5

a Secretariat estimate. 1RWH : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For more annual data, see Tables A60 and A61.

97

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A10. Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2014 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Value 2014

Imports Share

Annual percentage change

2014 2010-14

Value

2013

2014

2014

Share

Annual percentage change

2014 2010-14

2013

2014

European Union (28) World European Union (28) United States Switzerland China Russian Federation

2216048 1210691 259521 145333 38336 38044

100.0 54.6 11.7 6.6 1.7 1.7

7 6 9 9 11 7

8 7 9 8 13 9

7 7 8 11 6 -6

Above 5 Norway Japan Singapore Australia Canada Brazil India Turkey Hong Kong, China Mexico

1691927 36656 33939 27028 24643 21744 19799 16196 14438 14121 10465

76.3 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5

7 8 14 6 3 1 3 7 6 7

13 5 28 5 5 -1 1 14 4 5

5 5 19 -3 -7 1 7 4 9 2

Above 15

1910955

86.2

-

-

-

World European Union (28) Canada Japan China Mexico

690127 217877 61069 46081 42062 29618

100.0 31.6 8.8 6.7 6.1 4.3

6

5

...

...

4 2 17 5

1 0 13 6

4 7 -2 0 14 1

Above 5 Switzerland Brazil Korea, Republic of Australia India Chinese Taipei Singapore Bermuda Hong Kong, China Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

396707 28835 28026 20429 19047 14766 12256 11686 10781 9998 7820

57.5 4.2 4.1 3.0 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.1

7 11 8 6 10 7 4 -1 15 11

0 7 15 3 10 1 -14 10 39 10

5 6 -1 -1 11 8 3 1 11 2

Above 15

560351

81.2

-

-

-

150449 20631 17165 10301 8970 8575

100.0 13.7 11.4 6.8 6.0 5.7

11 8 10 12 16 11

10 15 10 0 14 22

7 3 3 10 20 16

Above 5 Switzerland Hong Kong, China Malaysia Indonesia India Thailand Korea, Republic of Chinese Taipei Norway Viet Nam

65642 4664 4476 3982 3810 3435 2940 2772 2079 1670 1532

43.6 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0

27 6 10 11 3 11 10 2 7 21

13 -1 5 8 12 3 4 5 22 14

21 10 7 5 -14 5 21 17 1 10

Above 15

97001

64.5

-

-

-

World European Union (28) United States Switzerland China Turkey

1877800 1087582 249867 84274 30186 20721

100.0 57.9 13.3 4.5 1.6 1.1

6 5 8 8 8 2

8 7 7 10 11 8

7 5 15 18 9 2

Above 5 Singapore Norway Japan Russian Federation India Canada Hong Kong, China Australia Brazil Thailand

1472630 20695 20529 20062 16307 15869 14925 14279 10299 9871 7619

78.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4

12 9 2 1 1 3 5 1 6 4

21 15 0 7 1 3 13 -2 1 10

11 12 1 -12 -5 -2 2 -4 18 -4

Above 15

1623085

86.4

-

-

-

453265 159675 29781 28275 24754 21676

100.0 35.2 6.6 6.2 5.5 4.8

5

3

...

...

3 6 -6 2

-1 12 -3 3

3 4 -2 3 -8 -3

Above 5 India Mexico China Brazil Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Chinese Taipei Australia Singapore Israel

264161 20743 19368 14311 8383 7972 7571 7297 6578 5808 5543

58.3 4.6 4.3 3.2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2

9 9 8 13 4 4 7 7 8 5

3 12 8 2 2 2 1 0 0 -3

7 13 2 11 -4 6 4 -1 8 11

Above 15

367735

81.1

-

-

-

World United States European Union (28) China Hong Kong, China Japan

155248 26086 24736 8123 5985 5487

100.0 16.8 15.9 5.2 3.9 3.5

11 10 10 20 17 7

13 1 25 14 20 6

6 17 -5 25 47 2

Above 5 Switzerland Australia Chinese Taipei India Korea, Republic of Malaysia Thailand Indonesia United Arab Emirates Norway

70416 4643 4302 2892 2882 2566 2203 1696 1624 1438 1125

45.4 3.0 2.8 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7

25 17 14 8 17 9 14 5 15 11

39 12 15 16 6 6 9 4 30 20

-2 -2 31 5 23 0 35 3 -5 19

Above 15

95788

61.7

-

-

-

United States World European Union (28) Canada Japan Bermuda Switzerland

Singapore a, b World European Union (28) United States Australia Japan China

98

Statistical Tables

A10. Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2014 (continued) (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Value 2014

Imports Share

Annual percentage change

2014 2010-14

Value

2013

2014

2014

Share

Annual percentage change

2014 2010-14

2013

2014

Japan World United States European Union (28) China Singapore Chinese Taipei

158626 38955 26620 16367 9895 8634

100.0 24.6 16.8 10.3 6.2 5.4

5

-1

20

...

...

...

World United States European Union (28) Singapore China Korea, Republic of

190185 57096 35428 12834 11824 8534

100.0 30.0 18.6 6.7 6.2 4.5

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Above 5 Thailand Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Malaysia Indonesia Australia Switzerland India Viet Nam Canada

100470 7663 7142 6112 4210 3263 2907 2539 2082 1845 1751

63.3 4.8 4.5 3.9 2.7 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1

-

-

-

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Above 15

139985

88.2

-

106566 41479 15452 15379 4672 4220

100.0 38.9 14.5 14.4 4.4 4.0

Above 5 Singapore Australia Korea, Republic of Malaysia Canada Thailand India Philippines Switzerland Macao, China

81203 3515 2647 2336 1345 1215 1169 1127 1097 1072 1057

Above 15

4

-8

13

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Above 5 Hong Kong, China Chinese Taipei Thailand Switzerland Australia Indonesia United Arab Emirates Canada Malaysia Philippines

125715 6274 6113 3605 3518 2924 2573 2199 2114 1938 1938

66.1 3.3 3.2 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

...

-

-

-

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

-

-

Above 15

158911

...

83.6

-

-

-

7 15 1

6 18 1

...

...

-1 1

-8 -1

2 1 4 5 0 0

World China European Union (28) United States Japan Singapore

73797 27912 10276 8140 5506 3636

100.0 37.8 13.9 11.0 7.5 4.9

1 -4

-2 -7

...

...

2 7 4

0 1 -1

-2 -8 -1 1 9 6

76.2 3.3 2.5 2.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

9 2 3 2 0 12 2 10 6 13

10 -7 0 2 3 13 0 5 -11 9

14 -2 -11 2 -5 15 10 8 -3 -2

Above 5 Chinese Taipei Australia Korea, Republic of Canada Thailand Malaysia Macao, China India United Arab Emirates Philippines

55470 3190 2813 1612 1576 1202 1160 1131 829 487 448

75.2 4.3 3.8 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.6

9 2 16 4 8 11 9 1 5 2

5 1 1 -5 11 14 2 -2 9 11

3 0 26 5 -13 4 -3 -1 8 4

97782

91.8

-

-

-

Above 15

69918

94.7

-

-

-

World European Union (28) United States Switzerland Turkey Ukraine

64818 27208 3678 3443 2961 2513

100.0 42.0 5.7 5.3 4.6 3.9

7 11 -1 0 15 4

12 17 4 6 63 1

-6 -3 -14 -27 -22 5

World European Union (28) Turkey United States Egypt Switzerland

118909 56223 9721 6608 3596 3202

100.0 47.3 8.2 5.6 3.0 2.7

13 15 19 14 5 10

18 21 47 8 -6 18

-5 -1 -17 0 40 -11

Above 5 Kazakhstan China Belarus British Virgin Islands Uzbekistan India United Arab Emirates Panama Korea, Republic of Tajikistan

39803 2066 1498 1484 1177 1042 644 625 610 604 586

61.4 3.2 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

5 8 23 -1 2 -8 20 6 1 -2

14 6 73 22 4 8 20 -16 5 -5

-7 -7 1 -7 -21 -31 -8 34 1 -3

Above 5 Thailand Belarus China Ukraine United Arab Emirates Panama Israel Norway Kazakhstan Korea, Republic of

79350 2516 2223 2054 1930 1644 1497 1226 916 909 907

66.7 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

26 18 10 -14 17 9 18 24 4 7

31 22 -4 3 23 35 24 23 -5 26

-15 8 0 -57 -25 -7 5 2 -7 1

Above 15

50138

77.4

-

-

-

Above 15

95171

80.0

-

-

-

Hong Kong, China c World China United States European Union (28) Japan Chinese Taipei

Russian Federation d

99

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A10. Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2014 (continued) (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Value 2014

Imports Share

Annual percentage change

2014 2010-14

Value

2013

2014

2014

Share

Annual percentage change

2014 2010-14

2013

2014

Korea, Republic of World China United States European Union (28) Japan

110961 22190 17036 11375 10059

100.0 20.0 15.4 10.3 9.1

8 14 7 7 -1

0 24 3 -2 -23

8 21 -1 19 1

60660

54.7

-

-

-

53368 8791 7345 5729 3607 3098

100.0 16.5 13.8 10.7 6.8 5.8

4 4 8 6 6 8

-1 -2 4 6 -1 3

1 -2 9 -1 0 -5

Above 5 India Japan Hong Kong, China Malaysia Korea, Republic of Indonesia Viet Nam Switzerland Thailand Canada

28570 2239 1824 1794 1631 1449 1147 1046 940 837 782

53.5 4.2 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5

-6 -3 6 4 -5 4 7 5 0 3

-12 -16 0 -3 -13 2 2 23 -5 -10

21 -5 -1 1 -10 -2 8 9 8 1

Above 15

42257

79.2

-

-

-

86560 47609 14101 2118 2041 1600

100.0 55.0 16.3 2.4 2.4 1.8

3 3

1 0

...

...

10 11 7

4 31 11

-4 -5 -2 -4 -4 -6

Above 5 Australia Japan Bermuda Mexico Singapore Korea, Republic of India Brazil Chinese Taipei Barbados

67470 1437 1376 1235 933 862 776 749 558 493 460

77.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5

6 4 -9 6 9 1 15 7 10 -6

-3 -4 -11 -3 9 2 22 2 9 -29

-2 5 -7 -3 -5 -3 -4 -6 -4 -4

Above 15

76348

88.2

-

-

-

Above 4

World United States European Union (28) China Japan

114741 28511 21258 14366 8726

100.0 24.8 18.5 12.5 7.6

4 2 4 4 -3

1 -3 1 -4 6

5 -1 10 10 -11

72860

63.5

-

-

-

62409 14377 11770 4846 3031 2439

100.0 23.0 18.9 7.8 4.9 3.9

5 5 8 11 4 4

2 -1 5 9 2 0

-7 -3 -4 -4 -1 4

Above 5 Hong Kong, China Indonesia China Thailand India Malaysia Switzerland Fiji Canada Viet Nam

36463 2246 2227 1907 1734 1239 1213 1188 931 915 744

58.4 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.2

6 8 5 -1 19 4 -5 5 2 5

11 2 -3 -8 35 4 7 1 -5 4

-2 -4 -1 -27 -9 -11 -6 -2 -9 -9

Above 15

50808

81.4

-

-

-

World United States European Union (28) Hong Kong, China Mexico China

107720 60728 19031 3339 2310 2005

100.0 56.4 17.7 3.1 2.1 1.9

2 2

1 1

...

...

3 3 4

0 1 -3

-4 -6 -1 0 -2 0

Above 5 Japan Singapore Barbados Switzerland India Bermuda Australia Chinese Taipei Russian Federation Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

87413 1766 1652 1257 1113 979 975 876 564 555 354

81.1 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3

4 2 5 -14 15 -4 6 2 9 7

-2 -1 11 3 20 -14 -5 -3 -7 2

0 -1 -17 -8 0 -7 -4 0 0 1

Above 15

97503

90.5

-

-

-

Above 4

Australia World European Union (27) China United States New Zealand Singapore

World European Union (27) United States Singapore New Zealand Japan

Canada e World United States European Union (28) China Switzerland Hong Kong, China

a The following transactions are not allocated geographically: travel exports and imports; financial services exports related to foreign exchange trading; imports of freight transportation services and, insurance on goods imports. Overall, they represent 17 per cent of commercial services exports, and 18 per cent of imports. b In 2013, ASEAN countries accounted for 10 per cent of total commercial services exports and 5 per cent of imports. c Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) are not allocated geographically. In 2014, they represented 4 per cent of exports, and 1 per cent of imports. d In 2014, trade in commercial services not allocated geographically accounted for 11 per cent of exports and 13 per cent of imports. e Refers to total services. In 2014, government goods and services n.i.e. accounted for 2 per cent of exports and 1 per cent of imports of total services.

100

Statistical Tables

A11. Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) 5DWLRWR*'3

9DOXH *'3

LDCs Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Lao People's Dem. Rep. Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania The Gambia Timor-Leste Togo Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen Zambia Memorandum item: :RUOG

*RRGVDQGFRPPHUFLDOVHUYLFHV

&RPPHUFLDOVHUYLFHV

*RRGV















928200 19204 102979 205715 8471 2214 11009 2881 18155 1605 10894 589 38873 1727 9403 4666 61629 6696 1057 8618 162 12503 2032 2035 9737 6416 13066 4752 14965 66983 21356 7151 8267 318 13665 4167 1147 ... 2627 83612 44904 893 2620 4165 33 24740 765 36852 21889

28.2 16.0 62.4 16.8 23.3 41.1 20.3 5.3 52.1 9.5 37.6 14.3 42.5 21.3 105.3 ... 14.7 32.3 19.9 14.6 11.9 32.7 40.9 21.7 24.4 17.5 22.5 50.4 24.7 15.5 9.3 22.2 9.8 11.5 23.9 16.2 46.6 ... ... 17.7 20.3 28.4 1.4 39.8 41.3 15.8 45.6 29.5 39.7

21.1 7.1 37.6 15.9  31.7   67.7 ... ...   ...  ... 9.4 ...  19.8  27.5  24.5 34.6 23.5   28.0  9.5  12.9 23.8   44.9 ... ... 5.5 21.5 ...  42.4 ... 18.9   50.6

25.0 2.5 61.3 15.7 18.4 36.4 17.4 5.0 35.1 7.8 35.0 4.1 41.1 7.7 105.0 ... 8.3 31.0 14.9 8.5 4.4 25.5 39.0 18.7 13.4 16.4 19.2 47.9 22.3 14.8 5.6 20.1 5.2 5.2 16.7 14.0 33.3 ... ... 17.4 13.9 14.7 0.7 30.7 31.3 10.7 7.0 24.7 36.9

17.2 2.9 35.9 15.1  26.2   46.9 5.5 ...   ...  ... 4.7 ...  11.9  21.2  13.6 23.2 21.9   23.5  4.1  8.6 2.7   36.6 ... ... 3.8 13.3 ...  31.8 49.8 11.1   46.7

3.1 13.4 1.0 1.0 5.0 4.7 2.9 0.4 17.1 1.7 2.6 10.2 1.4 13.5 0.3 ... 6.4 1.3 5.0 6.1 7.5 7.1 1.9 3.1 11.0 1.1 3.3 2.4 2.3 0.7 3.6 2.1 4.5 6.2 7.2 2.2 13.3 ... ... 0.3 6.4 13.7 0.8 9.1 10.0 5.1 38.7 4.8 2.8

3.9 4.2 1.7 0.8  5.5   20.8 ... ...   ...  ... 4.6 ...  7.9  6.3  10.9 11.4 1.5   4.5  5.3  4.3 21.1   8.3 ... ... 1.7 8.2 ...  10.6 ... 7.9   3.9















1RWH Most 2015 data are preliminary Secretariat estimates. Figures in italics refer to 2014. Trade in goods is derived from balance of payments statistics and does not correspond to the merchandise trade statistics given elsewhere in this report. See the Metadata.

101

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A12. Merchandise exports and imports of least-developed countries, 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports

Imports

Annual percentage change

Value

Annual percentage change

Value

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

154378

-1

4

-3

-25

241754

7

9

6

-9

Angola Equatorial Guinea Myanmar Sudan Chad Yemen Bhutan South Sudan

34151 6700 5950 2985 2900 1000 585 …

-8 -8 -7 -24 -4 -34 -2 …

-4 -5 27 18 -19 0 2 …

-13 -14 -2 -7 0 -6 -25 …

-42 -47 -46 -33 -26 -87 43 …

21703 4200 15920 8585 2200 12900 1170 …

5 -4 27 -3 -2 7 7 …

11 -16 31 7 7 0 -8 …

9 -3 35 -7 3 -3 2 …

-24 -25 -2 -7 -29 0 26 …

Exporters of manufactures b Bangladesh Cambodia Madagascar Haiti Lesotho Nepal

32379 11960 2258 990 775 720

11 18 14 11 -2 -3

16 18 27 9 -13 -4

4 17 14 7 -2 1

6 10 3 4 -6 -19

39460 14400 3173 3400 1954 6380

7 16 4 2 -3 4

9 13 5 7 -16 8

14 5 -1 10 -1 15

-7 7 -2 -9 -9 -16

Exporters of agriculture Ethiopia Uganda Burkina Faso Benin Malawi Togo Rwanda Afghanistan Somalia Solomon Islands Liberia, Republic of Guinea-Bissau Burundi The Gambia Central African Republic Vanuatu Comoros Sao Tome and Principe Timor-Leste Kiribati

3825 2245 2132 2032 1375 1227 659 470 … 402 260 259 111 108 90 62 … 15 15 9

10 7 6 10 5 5 17 4 … 12 3 15 2 10 -8 5 … 7 -2 18

41 2 8 37 2 16 19 20 … -10 22 17 -32 -11 -43 -30 5 6 -48 15

10 -6 4 29 11 -13 3 11 … 2 5 9 45 -2 -18 63 14 34 -14 -25

-14 -1 -13 -21 2 -7 -9 -18 … -12 -56 56 -16 4 -6 -1 … -12 8 80

19063 5780 2647 3028 2932 2127 2570 5571 … 418 2237 229 755 410 348 388 232 150 850 100

17 4 5 8 6 5 12 2 … 1 26 3 8 8 3 6 0 6 28 6

25 -4 22 29 21 16 0 -4 … 7 14 1 8 -8 -34 6 4 16 27 -11

27 4 -18 27 -2 -9 11 -11 … -2 83 17 -5 11 79 0 -2 12 2 -2

0 -5 -16 -21 6 -16 0 -28 … -18 7 7 -2 6 -9 24 -17 -12 -1 5

Exporters of non-fuel minerals Zambia Congo, Dem. Rep. of Tanzania Mozambique Mali Lao People's Dem. Rep. Guinea Mauritania Niger Sierra Leone Eritrea

6961 5800 4924 4195 2532 2340 2071 1502 1050 727 500

-1 2 4 7 5 6 7 -6 -2 16 107

13 -2 -11 4 -10 0 -12 0 10 71 -30

-9 11 2 17 19 18 18 -27 -9 -19 97

-28 -16 -2 -11 -9 -12 3 -22 -28 -53 -25

8451 6200 10285 8293 3167 3860 1971 2053 1990 1477 1053

10 7 5 13 -2 13 7 1 -4 14 10

15 3 7 16 8 1 -1 -3 6 11 6

-6 5 -1 -13 5 39 1 -13 8 -12 10

-11 -6 -14 -5 -21 -10 -12 -22 -9 -6 -7

Others Senegal Djibouti Tuvalu

2532 132 0

3 9 0

5 1 0

6 8 0

-10 2 0

5675 890 11

3 19 -7

3 27 -53

-2 12 -14

-13 11 -8

16482216

1

2

0

-13

16724956

2

2

0

-12

LDCs Oil Exporters a

Memorandum item: World c a Bhutan is included for its exports of electric current. b Includes exporters of gold (normally classified in n.e.s. according to the UN Standard International Trade Classification) and diamonds (normally included in manufactures according to the UN classification). c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note : Data for 2015 are largely estimated.

102

Statistical Tables

A13. Exports of commercial services of the least-developed countries by category, 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) 9DOXH &RPPHUFLDO VHUYLFHV

Least developed countries Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Lao People's Dem. Rep. Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania The Gambia Timor-Leste Togo Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen Zambia

6KDUHLQFRPPHUFLDOVHUYLFHV *RRGVUHODWHGVHUYLFHV

7UDQVSRUW

2WKHUFRPPHUFLDO VHUYLFHV

7UDYHO



















36000 799 1751 1684  122   3775 ... ...   ...  ... 2851 ...  677  790  223 1114 98   675  1139  352 67   95 ... ... 1397 3665 ... 57  ... 1945 295  

0.5 ... ... 3.0 0.0 ... 0.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17.2 ... 0.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 ... ... ... ... ...

3.7 0.0 ...  ... ...  ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...  ... ...  ...  ... ...  ...  ... ... ... ... ... ...  ... ... ... ... ...

19.5 10.1 5.0 14.2 29.1 35.3 16.5 10.2 13.8 ... ... 8.1 30.5 77.2 ... ... 61.6 6.3 0.7 ... 17.1 11.4 8.6 55.7 31.3 43.5 2.0 6.8 34.6 43.9 6.8 0.7 11.4 1.3 4.9 44.7 36.0 ... ... 2.2 22.6 28.9 2.6 45.1 9.1 4.1 11.6 13.0 7.8

20.8 4.5    21.4   11.8 ... ...   ... ... ... 77.2 ...  ...  ...       64.7  ...   0.5   27.5 ... ... 21.8  ... 2.7 50.6 ... 7.5 14.1  

50.2 4.2 83.9 6.6 42.9 60.0 27.3 24.2 79.2 ... ... 63.3 3.7 12.1 ... ... 27.3 3.4 31.2 95.3 37.7 78.1 55.0 31.1 31.9 41.3 57.5 ... 44.1 21.3 59.0 88.5 77.8 85.5 48.4 45.7 48.7 ... ... 38.8 62.7 56.4 78.1 22.7 73.7 75.9 80.1 78.9 86.1

52.6 13.2    75.7   82.9 ... ...   ... ... ... 14.4 ...  90.0  ...       28.6  47.0   77.4   49.7 ... ... 67.9  ... 89.4 28.5 ... 60.1 80.4  

29.8 85.7 11.1 76.2 28.0 4.6 56.1 65.6 7.0 ... ... 28.6 65.8 10.7 ... ... 11.1 90.3 68.0 4.7 45.2 10.5 36.4 13.1 36.8 15.2 40.4 ... 21.3 17.6 34.2 10.8 10.8 13.2 46.7 9.6 15.4 ... ... 59.0 14.7 14.8 19.3 32.2 17.2 20.1 8.3 8.0 6.0

22.8 82.3    2.8   5.2 ... ...   ... ... ... 8.4 ...  10.0  ...       6.7  ...   22.1   22.9 ... ... 10.3  ... 7.9 20.8 ... 32.4 5.5  



















Memorandum item: :RUOG

1RWH Figures in italics refer to 2014. The improvement of the quality of data in recent years may have resulted in changes relating to the breakdown of exports of commercial services by category of services.

103

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A14. Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports United States Brazil China Canada Indonesia a Thailand Australia India Argentina Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports China United States Japan Canada b Korea, Republic of India Mexico b Russian Federation b Hong Kong, China retained imports a Above 10

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

585 158 163 80 73 63 39 36 36 35 35

17.0 3.4 1.5 5.0 1.6 1.2 3.3 1.0 1.9

14.3 2.4 2.4 5.4 1.0 1.9 2.9 0.8 1.8

41.9 10.0 13.0 2.8 3.0 6.3 1.4 2.2 3.0 1.1 2.2

37.1 10.0 10.4 5.1 4.6 4.0 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2

2 4 3 3 7 4 2 1 6 9 0

8 8 2 5 6 4 -5 -4 -2 7 -3

1 1 4 -3 6 4 3 -2 3 -3 -10

-13 -11 -10 -9 -2 -7 -10 -8 -7 -19 -9

1146

-

-

76.9

72.7

-

-

-

-

590 166 160 149 74 38 33 28 28 28 27 18

2.1 8.7 9.6 1.8 1.5 0.5 1.2 1.0

1.8 9.0 11.5 2.0 2.2 0.4 1.2 1.0

42.7 13.2 3.3 11.6 10.4 2.6 2.2 0.7 1.8 1.3 1.1

35.0 9.8 9.5 8.8 4.4 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.1

1 2 8 5 -1 4 4 9 3 -5 6 6

6 3 6 3 -8 2 1 -5 8 6 11 12

2 2 3 7 -5 3 5 12 3 -8 5 6

-13 -9 -6 -5 -10 -5 -6 1 -8 -33 -6 -9

1154

-

-

77.6

67.9

-

-

-

-

a Includes Secretariat estimates. b Imports are valued f.o.b.

A15. Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports Russian Federation Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of a United States Australia Canada Qatar a United Arab Emirates a Norway China Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports China United States Japan Korea, Republic of India Singapore Taipei, Chinese Turkey Canada b Above 10 a Includes Secretariat estimates. b Imports are valued f.o.b.

104

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

440 137 195 153 145 108 104 71 68 66 55 1404

19.3 3.4 1.3 3.2 1.0 3.5 1.9 0.9 -

8.3 4.9 3.5 4.8 0.6 3.0 4.0 1.3 -

18.2 5.2 8.1 8.3 3.3 3.1 5.7 1.3 3.5 4.9 1.5 57.7

15.5 4.8 6.9 5.4 5.1 3.8 3.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 1.9 49.5

-3 -2 -7 -7 2 -4 -3 1 -2 -6 3 -

-2 -1 1 -4 4 2 1 0 2 -8 7 -

-7 -9 -7 -11 3 5 -5 -5 -12 -10 7 -

-30 -30 -44 -47 -28 -29 -35 -38 -39 -34 -14 -

741 438 358 246 169 130 130 70 50 50 42 1986

0.2 16.7 14.8 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.7 1.8 -

0.6 16.6 15.2 3.1 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.1 2.1 -

33.4 20.7 3.7 18.5 10.8 5.2 2.4 2.0 2.1 1.3 2.0 81.4

27.1 16.0 13.1 9.0 6.2 4.7 4.8 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 72.5

-5 -6 -1 -10 -8 -4 0 -4 -6 0 -4 -

-4 -5 2 -10 -7 -4 1 -5 -4 -7 -3 -

-9 -10 -3 -7 -4 -2 -3 -2 -4 -6 -4 -

-33 -36 -32 -40 -47 -39 -36 -42 -38 -15 -31 -

Statistical Tables

A16. Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports China a United States Japan Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China domestic exports b re-exports b Mexico a Singapore Chinese Taipei Canada Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States China a Hong Kong, China retained imports b Japan Canada c Mexico a, c Korea, Republic of Singapore India Above 10

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

4239 1601 2153 1126 545 470 437 5 432 312 266 240 208 9445

0.8 13.0 11.2 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 2.7 -

1.9 12.1 11.5 2.5 1.1 1.1 1.6 2.6 3.1 -

43.0 14.1 4.7 13.8 9.6 3.3 0.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.7 87.0

36.6 13.8 18.6 8.7 4.7 4.1 0.0 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.8 81.6

1 2 8 4 -4 3 3 -7 3 7 1 0 2 -

4 4 8 2 -12 4 4 -6 4 6 2 1 -2 -

4 1 6 3 -5 3 3 3 3 8 1 0 2 -

-10 -10 -2 -3 -9 -5 -4 -4 -4 1 -9 -9 -2 -

3812 1258 1808 1084 465 41 372 323 320 269 206 187 8423

11.2 1.1 1.1 2.3 3.7 1.5 0.9 1.2 0.5 -

15.4 1.7 0.9 4.1 3.8 1.3 1.8 1.8 0.5 -

43.0 14.1 4.7 13.8 3.3 4.1 0.5 3.6 3.0 2.5 3.0 81.4

32.9 10.9 15.6 9.4 0.4 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.6 72.8

0 1 6 4 4 12 1 2 6 2 0 4 -

3 1 2 7 4 1 -4 0 4 2 1 -4 -

5 5 6 4 5 22 2 1 5 5 -2 3 -

-10 -4 3 -8 -6 -6 -9 -6 1 -2 -8 1 -

a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Includes Secretariat estimates. c Imports are valued f.o.b.

A17. Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports China a Japan Korea, Republic of United States Russian Federation Chinese Taipei Brazil Ukraine India Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States China a Korea, Republic of Turkey Mexico a, b Thailand India Canada b United Arab Emirates c Above 10

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

139 38 64 30 23 16 15 9 10 8 8 323

0.3 20.1 2.2 4.2 0.4 1.1 0.1 -

1.2 11.8 3.4 3.3 0.8 3.4 0.2 -

47.1 11.4 3.1 10.4 4.7 4.4 5.0 3.2 2.5 3.6 0.9 84.9

36.3 10.0 16.7 7.9 6.1 4.2 4.0 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.2 84.4

-3 -3 10 -6 -1 -1 -8 -4 2 -12 -5 -

-6 -8 2 -11 -12 -4 -18 -3 -19 -7 6 -

0 -2 32 -4 9 0 19 5 19 -14 -1 -

-18 -22 -12 -19 -20 -20 -39 -24 -9 -39 -28 -

130 32 39 20 16 11 11 11 10 10 8 265

10.1 2.7 1.2 0.4 2.2 0.6 1.0 1.6 0.7 -

9.5 2.5 2.9 1.1 1.0 2.4 1.0 2.0 0.4 -

41.4 7.5 12.7 6.4 3.5 1.6 2.6 1.8 0.5 3.5 0.6 74.5

32.0 7.9 9.6 4.8 3.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 65.1

-3 -2 5 -5 -7 3 6 -2 1 -2 6 -

-4 -2 -13 -6 -10 10 -11 1 -24 -12 6 -

3 8 26 5 10 -7 9 -13 17 11 4 -

-18 -14 -21 -13 -27 0 -3 -19 3 -27 -17 -

a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Imports are valued f.o.b. c Includes Secretariat estimates.

105

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A18. Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports United States China a Switzerland Japan Korea, Republic of Singapore Canada India Chinese Taipei Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States China a Japan India Canada b Korea, Republic of Mexico a, b Switzerland Brazil c Above 10

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

901 349 206 130 88 63 58 47 37 36 32 1598

14.8 0.8 4.0 4.7 0.5 0.5 2.5 0.3 0.4 -

13.3 1.3 4.7 5.3 0.8 1.1 2.2 0.4 0.9 -

53.9 18.6 13.7 2.1 3.6 6.0 2.4 1.6 2.5 0.7 1.6 88.0

48.2 18.7 11.0 6.9 4.7 3.4 3.1 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 85.5

1 3 2 8 4 -4 4 3 2 9 -2 -

3 3 1 5 4 -4 8 -7 2 8 3 -

3 2 2 12 7 -5 1 6 0 3 -3 -

-10 -6 -2 -4 -5 -13 -13 -11 -4 -4 -16 -

761 205 220 171 64 47 45 43 43 42 38 1474

6.2 2.0 4.1 0.0 2.2 1.3 1.5 2.5 2.4 -

7.7 2.2 5.0 1.0 2.5 2.4 1.2 2.6 1.1 -

44.0 10.5 12.2 4.9 4.2 0.8 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.6 77.7

39.5 10.7 11.5 8.9 3.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 76.6

1 2 4 3 1 6 2 1 5 2 3 -

3 0 0 6 -11 0 2 -1 3 7 7 -

4 5 6 1 -2 8 1 1 6 5 0 -

-11 -6 4 -11 -1 -3 -7 -8 -6 -13 -16 -

a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Includes Secretariat estimates. c Imports are valued f.o.b.

A19. Top 10 exporters and importers of pharmaceuticals, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports Switzerland United States India China a Canada Singapore Israel Japan Panama b Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States Japan Switzerland China a Canada c Russian Federation c Australia c Brazil c Mexico a, c Above 10 a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Includes Secretariat estimates. c Imports are valued f.o.b.

106

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

340 159 65 52 14 14 8 8 7 4 4 514

66.1 26.7 10.6 9.6 1.5 2.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.6 95.7

63.9 29.8 12.2 9.8 2.6 2.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.7 96.6

2 5 6 3 14 5 6 5 0 -2 6 -

3 4 6 -1 13 3 7 -14 -8 -8 -3 -

5 5 8 10 6 9 29 4 2 -9 -16 -

-5 1 -3 8 6 1 7 -7 6 15 -15 -

260 80 90 24 23 20 13 9 8 7 5 460

52.1 13.5 13.9 3.7 4.0 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.0 84.6

47.5 14.6 16.4 4.4 4.2 3.7 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.0 83.8

1 2 3 3 2 9 0 -2 -1 0 1 -

2 2 -2 -10 10 17 -1 10 -9 8 1 -

6 9 14 -4 6 18 4 -12 -9 0 -1 -

-8 -4 17 15 -9 7 -6 -31 -13 -12 -3 -

Statistical Tables

A20. Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters China a European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports b re-exports United States Singapore Korea, Republic of Chinese Taipei Mexico a Japan Malaysia a Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports China a United States Hong Kong, China retained imports b Singapore Japan Mexico a, c Korea, Republic of Chinese Taipei Malaysia a Above 10 a b c d

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

591 318 85 244 0 244 142 118 110 93 63 60 59 1555

0.1 2.0 19.5 3.2 2.0 3.2 0.1 21.1 1.4 -

1.0 1.6 17.3 6.4 4.8 4.7 1.5 22.5 2.7 -

4.5 29.3 8.7 0.4 15.9 7.7 6.1 6.0 3.5 11.2 5.4 90.1

34.0 18.3 4.9 0.0 8.2 6.8 6.3 5.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 89.6

6 -3 -3 7 -32 7 1 -1 3 1 1 -8 -3 -

10 -2 -3 8 -38 8 1 5 14 5 -1 -15 1 -

0 2 -3 7 7 7 3 -1 7 1 3 -7 4 -

-1 -10 -12 3 -44 3 -2 -6 1 -5 -3 -8 -10 -

446 222 385 321 257 13 84 80 64 62 47 41 1542

0.6 15.9 1.7 2.6 2.6 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.6 -

1.3 21.1 1.4 4.5 3.7 1.5 2.6 2.5 1.9 -

33.9 14.7 4.4 21.2 1.3 5.3 6.0 2.9 3.3 3.8 3.2 85.3

23.1 11.5 19.9 16.6 0.7 4.4 4.2 3.3 3.2 2.4 2.1 79.8

-3 -3 7 2 7 4 -1 -1 2 5 0 -3 -

-2 -2 13 0 7 -3 4 0 6 6 1 2 -

2 0 -4 3 9 41 -3 1 0 12 7 4 -

-7 -1 2 2 1 -24 -7 -12 0 7 -7 -12 -

Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. In 2015, China reported imports of office and telecom equipment from China amounting to $91.2 billion. For further information, see the Metadata.

A21. Top 10 exporters and importers of automotive products, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports Japan United States Mexico a Korea, Republic of Canada China a Thailand Turkey India Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States China a Canada b Mexico a, b Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of c Australia b Turkey Japan Russian Federation b Above 10

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

653 229 137 129 97 71 62 49 27 17 11 1253

19.8 11.9 0.3 0.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... -

20.8 10.2 1.4 0.7 8.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 -

49.8 12.2 15.3 11.7 5.3 2.6 10.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 96.3

49.3 17.3 10.3 9.8 7.3 5.4 4.7 3.7 2.0 1.3 0.9 94.6

4 5 -2 5 12 5 4 12 7 4 8 -

6 6 -8 2 11 3 -4 7 7 13 2 -

6 1 -4 2 11 1 2 11 1 4 16 -

-6 -10 -6 -6 5 -6 1 -3 2 -3 -4 -

498 72 292 73 68 45 33 24 20 19 16 1088

20.3 0.6 8.7 1.8 2.7 1.3 ... 0.5 -

24.7 0.6 7.7 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.4 2.3 -

42.5 5.6 29.4 0.7 8.0 3.5 0.7 1.5 1.0 1.7 0.2 89.0

36.7 5.3 21.6 5.4 5.0 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 80.2

3 4 9 7 3 9 16 1 5 6 -7 -

6 1 4 5 0 2 3 -10 16 0 -8 -

8 3 6 20 -2 7 0 -10 -6 4 -21 -

-2 8 7 -22 -4 4 42 -4 9 -9 -51 -

a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Imports are valued f.o.b. c Includes Secretariat estimates.

107

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A22. Top 10 exporters and importers of textiles, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters China a European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports India United States Turkey Korea, Republic of Chinese Taipei Hong Kong, China domestic exports b re-exports b Pakistan b Japan Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States China a, d Viet Nam b Bangladesh b Hong Kong, China retained imports Japan Mexico a, e Turkey Indonesia b Above 10 a b c d e

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

109 64 20 17 14 11 11 10 9 0 9 8 6 268

4.6 2.4 6.8 0.6 4.0 3.2 1.7 1.6 9.3 -

6.9 2.1 4.8 1.4 5.8 5.9 2.1 2.6 5.6 -

10.4 36.7 9.9 3.6 7.1 2.4 8.2 7.7 0.8 2.9 4.5 84.3

37.4 22.1 6.9 5.9 4.8 3.8 3.7 3.3 0.0 2.9 2.1 86.0

47 3 6 25 5 24 -3 -4 -7 -42 -6 13 -2 -

12 4 3 13 3 10 1 -1 2 -13 2 7 -12 -

5 4 3 5 3 3 -1 0 -9 -9 -9 -3 -7 -

-2 -14 -14 -6 -3 -13 -11 -6 -7 -47 -6 -9 -3 -

68 29 30 19 18 10 9 ... 8 7 6 6 171

4.5 1.9 ... 0.2 3.7 3.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 -

6.2 4.9 ... 0.4 3.8 3.8 0.9 0.5 0.7 -

35.2 9.9 9.8 7.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 3.0 3.6 1.3 0.8 63.1

22.1 9.3 9.6 6.1 5.8 3.2 ... 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 55.5

3 12 13 8 67 49 -9 -100 11 2 24 35 -

5 7 4 9 17 9 0 ... -3 3 5 4 -

6 9 5 -6 13 14 -10 96 1 4 5 0 -

-18 -9 5 -6 50 48 -9 ... -8 2 -13 -2 -

Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. Mainly re-exports. In 2015, China reported imports of textiles from China amounting to $2.4 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b.

A23. Top 10 exporters and importers of clothing, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Exporters China a European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports Bangladesh b Viet Nam b Hong Kong, China domestic exports b re-exports India Turkey Indonesia b Cambodia b United States Above 10 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports United States Japan Hong Kong, China retained imports b Canada c Korea, Republic of Australia c China a Switzerland Russian Federation c Above 10 a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Includes Secretariat estimates. c Imports are valued f.o.b.

108

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2015

1980

1990

2000

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

175 112 28 26 22 18 0 18 18 15 7 6 6 387

4.0 0.0 ... 11.5 1.7 0.3 0.2 ... 3.1 -

8.9 0.6 ... 8.6 2.3 3.1 1.5 ... 2.4 -

18.2 28.7 6.4 2.6 0.9 5.0 3.0 3.3 2.4 0.5 4.4 68.9

39.3 25.2 6.2 5.9 4.8 0.0 4.1 3.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 87.0

6 2 5 12 16 -5 -23 -5 10 3 0 16 5 -

11 8 8 19 19 -3 -16 -3 12 8 2 17 5 -

5 7 5 5 14 -6 -6 -6 14 8 0 17 4 -

-6 -11 -13 6 10 -10 -43 -10 2 -9 -10 8 0 -

170 96 97 29 15 … 10 9 7 7 6 6 338

16.4 3.6 0.9 1.7 0.0 0.8 0.1 3.4 -

24.0 7.8 0.7 2.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 3.1 -

41.1 19.6 33.0 9.7 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.6 0.1 90.3

34.0 19.2 19.4 5.7 … 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 67.8

0 1 3 1 -2 4 14 6 21 1 -6 -

5 2 3 -1 1 -12 6 20 3 18 3 -2 -

8 9 2 -7 -2 -21 1 12 4 15 4 -6 -

-14 -8 4 -8 -8 … -2 0 1 7 -8 -34 -

Statistical Tables

A24. World trade in commercial services by category, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) 9DOXH

6KDUH













4755 150 875 1230 2495

100.0 3.3 22.4 26.5 47.9

100.0 3.6 21.5 25.0 49.9

100.0 3.5 19.9 25.2 51.5

100.0 3.3 19.2 25.6 51.9

100.0 3.2 18.4 25.9 52.5

4610 100 1090 1215 2210

100.0 2.6 27.1 26.0 44.3

100.0 2.1 26.5 23.3 48.1

100.0 2.3 25.8 23.8 48.1

100.0 2.1 24.6 25.3 48.0

100.0 2.1 23.6 26.4 47.9

Exports All commercial services Goods-related services Transport Travel Other commercial services Imports All commercial services Goods-related services Transport Travel Other commercial services 1RWH : For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.

A25. Growth of commercial services exports by category and by region, 2005-2015 (Annual percentage change)

World

North America

South and Central America

Europe

CIS

Africa

Middle East

Asia

Commercial services 2005-10 2014 2015

8 7 -6

8 3 -1

9 2 -5

6 7 -10

12 -9 -16

9 4 -3

… 6 5

12 … -3

2005-10 2014 2015

10 2 -9

12 19 8

-12 7 -2

9 2 -17

11 -22 -17

16 16 -14

19 15 2

15 -2 -1

2005-10 2014 2015

7 3 -10

6 2 -7

8 -3 -12

6 4 -13

12 -5 -14

10 3 2

9 9 6

9 4 -9

2005-10 2014 2015

7 8 -5

5 3 0

6 6 3

4 4 -13

9 -13 -17

8 5 -5

15 10 9

13 … -1

2005-10 2014 2015

9 8 -5

10 2 -1

17 1 -8

7 9 -7

16 -7 -17

11 4 -3

… -1 0

13 12 -2

Goods-related services

Transport

Travel

Other commercial services

109

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A26. World trade in goods-related services by region, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

150 26 4 75 67 5 2 1 40

100.0 11.5 2.1 51.9 47.3 4.9 1.8 0.2 27.6

100.0 16.9 2.7 49.4 44.3 3.0 1.0 0.6 26.5

2 10 8 1 1 -8 -10 21 1

6 7 5 12 12 -8 -30 -20 1

2 19 7 2 2 -22 16 15 -2

-9 8 -2 -17 -18 -17 -14 2 -1

100 10 0 51 47 2 1 0 33

100.0 9.5 0.2 40.7 36.6 1.5 0.5 0.1 47.5

100.0 10.6 0.4 52.2 48.1 2.2 0.6 0.4 33.6

5 7 17 10 11 13 9 57 -2

15 -5 -38 43 46 14 26 -41 -9

-1 0 71 -4 -2 1 15 37 1

-7 23 -5 -8 -9 -13 -4 -8 -10

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

1RWH : For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata. As a number of economies are currently in the process of implementing international recommendations on the compilation of goods-related services, these estimates are to be considered preliminary and should be taken with caution.

110

Statistical Tables

A27. Major exporters and importers of goods-related services, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

67.4 35.4 24.1 24.0 6.8 5.1 3.2 2.6 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9

47.3 22.4 10.5 18.2 4.6 2.7 1.7 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.4

44.3 23.2 15.8 15.8 4.5 3.4 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

1 3 11 -1 2 6 7 -9 -2 3 7

2 3 20 -8 -9 0 8 -22 5 7 7 7 17 -32 8 166

-18 -13 8 12 -14 -1 1 -18 -11 9 11

-11 -7 5 9

12 11 9 -10 19 12 6 5 -6 -6 12 445 -34 -14 41 32

145.0

95.7

95.0

-

-

-

-

47.0 18.5 11.4 9.3 8.7 7.9 2.3 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4

36.6 11.9 24.9 9.0 9.2 11.1 2.4 1.2 0.1 1.3 0.3 ... 0.8 ... 0.3 0.3

48.1 18.9 11.7 9.5 8.9 8.1 2.4 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4

11 15 -10 6 4 -1 4 10 79 -2 33

46 52 -16 -7 -6 -9 27 18 -34 6 15

-9 -2 -5 24 -2 -34 14 -19 1179 -11 12

...

...

0 10 7

1 25 -35 38

-2 -7 -20 0 2 41 -31 -10 46 -20 12 -7 6 24 27 -30

95.0

...

96.2

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States China Singapore Switzerland Korea, Republic of Russian Federation Malaysia Canada Honduras Myanmar a Morocco Ukraine Norway Japan Above 15

...

...

-13 -21 -12 -61

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports Hong Kong, China United States Korea, Republic of Japan Switzerland Russian Federation China Norway Canada Myanmar a Singapore Turkey Indonesia Australia Above 15

...

...

-11 14 -25 -26

a Secretariat estimate.

111

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A28. Major exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

54452 27348 21421 3048 2428 1531 1441 1418 1278 1276 1174

43050 22216 20436 2878 2159 1024 1249 1572 1055 1326

2 2 -4 8 -1 -10 -10 6 -1 13 112

5 4 -10 15 -9 7 -34 12 -6 1 445

-3 -1 -8 4 3 -34 17 7 -34 14 7

-21 -19 -5 -6 -11 -33 -13 11 -17 4

...

60.9 30.6 23.9 3.4 2.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3

89465

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

28902 8498 11920 8692 4958 668 220 116 85 69 60

25960 8062 11325 8373 4515

10 9 -11 5 -11

10 4 -16 -6 -8

-10 -5 -5 -4 -9

57

51.9 15.3 21.4 15.6 8.9 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

55690

...

100.0

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports China Korea, Republic of Malaysia Russian Federation Morocco Honduras Ukraine Switzerland Myanmar Above 10

...

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Japan Myanmar Russian Federation China Switzerland Macao, China Turkey Above 10

...

138 161 31 ...

...

...

2 10

...

53 -34 -57 -4 15

-1 -12 -20 0 -38 -7 -32 46 239 20 33

-

-

-

...

4

1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata.

112

...

-37 39 -63 ...

-5 -

Statistical Tables

A29. Major exporters and importers of maintenance and repair services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

28208 13340 22389 7916 3887 1995 1676 1503 1061 487 369

24398 13149 24123 6843 3790 671 1596 1633 936

17 22 11 6 7 73 -2 1 9

-14 -1 8 -14 -3 -66 -5 9 -12

14

31 31 9 19 16 -34 1 -6 41 -23 18

13 10 20 -9 -4

336

40.6 19.2 32.2 11.4 5.6 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.5 0.7 0.5

69490

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

22873 10374 7468 7123 1963 1625 1064 791 713 488 476

21074 10427 9251 3435 2306 1355 947 887 636 359 359

51.3 23.3 16.8 16.0 4.4 3.6 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.1

27 34 2 98 1 22 1 38 3 17 21

145 166 -7 -19 29 13 6 15 1 38 -35

-5 -2 0 -33 -6 -20 12 6 -30 27

-8 1 24 -52 17 -17 -11 12 -11 -26 -25

44585

40610

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States Singapore Switzerland Japan Russian Federation Canada Norway Israel Malaysia Above 10

...

...

...

-7 7 8 25 17

...

-9

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Japan Switzerland Russian Federation Norway Canada Singapore Australia Indonesia Above 10

...

1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata.

113

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A30. World trade in transport by region, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

875 98 26 412 366 35 30 36 240

100.0 10.3 3.0 48.4 43.4 3.9 2.9 2.8 28.7

100.0 11.1 3.0 47.1 41.7 4.0 3.4 4.1 27.4

1 3 1 1 0 2 4 9 0

3 3 5 6 5 6 2 7 -3

3 2 -3 4 4 -5 3 9 4

-10 -7 -12 -13 -13 -14 2 6 -9

1090 130 45 357 327 22 64 107 364

100.0 10.9 4.6 35.9 32.7 2.4 5.7 7.4 33.1

100.0 11.9 4.2 32.8 30.0 2.0 5.9 9.8 33.4

2 4 0 0 0 -1 3 8 2

3 5 0 6 6 4 1 1 -1

2 4 -5 3 4 -12 4 4 3

-10 -1 -14 -12 -11 -21 -9 -2 -11

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia 1RWH : For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.

114

Statistical Tables

A31. Leading exporters and importers of transport, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

365.5 163.7 84.2 47.3 38.6 35.5 32.7 29.8 17.9 16.8 14.3 14.3 11.9 10.9 10.4 10.3

43.4 19.9 8.7 4.7 4.1 5.1 4.7 3.6 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.3

41.7 18.7 9.6 5.4 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.4 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2

0 0 3 4 2 -3 -4 0 0 3 2 9 -1 1 1 33

5 3 4 1 -3 -8 -9 -2 5 8 -3 13 0 5 1 84

4 0 3 13 2 0 1 2 5 -1 10 10 -4 4 10 12

-13 -13 -6 -8 1 -10 -15 -7 -21 -18 -23 -9 -12 -21 -7 15

740.0

85.3

84.5

-

-

-

-

327.3 142.5 96.9 75.6 52.3 44.1 43.4 41.0 29.6 23.8 20.0 19.6 17.7 13.2 12.8 11.7

32.7 14.6 7.6 6.5 4.8 3.0 2.6 4.7 3.1 2.3 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.2

30.0 13.1 8.9 6.9 4.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.1

0 0 5 4 2 8 11 -2 -1 1 -1 9 2 0 4 0

6 7 7 10 -6 7 0 -15 -3 -1 -2 8 -1 -4 5 6

4 2 4 2 3 20 4 -2 6 -6 -4 4 1 -9 16 -12

-11 -13 3 -21 -11 -4 2 -11 -8 -11 -11 -2 -4 -13 -13 -24

830.0

76.1

76.1

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States Singapore China Japan Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Norway Russian Federation India Turkey Canada Switzerland Chinese Taipei United Arab Emirates Above 15 Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States China India Singapore United Arab Emirates Japan Korea, Republic of Thailand Canada Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Hong Kong, China Australia Mexico Russian Federation Above 15

115

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A32. World trade in travel by region, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

1230 212 57 422 368 19 41 60 419

100.0 17.2 4.5 40.9 36.0 1.8 4.5 4.9 …

100.0 17.2 4.6 34.3 29.9 1.5 3.3 4.9 34.1

5 5 6 1 1 2 -1 5 …

7 7 4 8 8 9 -7 7 10

8 3 6 4 4 -13 5 10 …

-5 0 3 -13 -13 -17 -5 9 -1

1215 160 42 377 337 48 26 81 482

100.0 14.4 4.0 42.0 38.1 4.1 3.0 7.5 25.1

100.0 13.2 3.4 31.0 27.7 4.0 2.1 6.6 39.7

7 5 4 1 1 7 0 5 17

8 3 11 6 6 22 0 4 10

14 4 2 6 6 -5 -3 17 35

-2 4 -17 -13 -13 -26 1 -4 12

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia 1RWH : For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.

116

Statistical Tables

A33. Leading exporters and importers of travel, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

367.7 124.4 178.3 114.1 44.5 37.5 35.9 29.7 26.6 25.5 21.0 17.7 17.5 16.7 16.2 16.0

36.0 11.2 14.3 ... 2.1 2.9 2.3 3.0 2.4 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.9

29.9 10.1 14.5 9.3 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

1 3 5

4 4 3

13

8 12 7 3 23 18 18 -2 10 4 2 6 9 2 4 13

-8 -2 -1 2 6 25 7 5 16 0 4 13

-13 -14 1 8 16 -26 -7 -7 -10 35 7 -22 8 -12 -7 15

965.0

...

78.4

-

-

-

-

336.5 112.6 292.2 120.5 34.9 29.4 25.0 22.9 22.1 21.9 20.7 17.4 16.0 15.9 15.8 15.5

38.1 13.2 6.4 10.1 3.1 3.5 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.5 1.9 1.3 3.2 1.6 1.1

27.7 9.3 24.0 9.9 2.9 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

1 0 40 7 6 0 6 3 -1 0 2 7

6 5 26 4 25 0 5 6 6 2 4 14 6

-11

-22

3

-13 -13 25 9 -31 -13 8 4 -9 -17 -14 -32 -7 -17 -16

11

11 16

6 7 83 6 -6 -4 7 4 -1 -8 37 2 6 -12 2 14

11

1005.0

81.6

82.7

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States China Thailand Macao, China Hong Kong, China Australia Turkey Japan India Malaysia Mexico Singapore Switzerland United Arab Emirates Above 15

...

17 6 10 1 3 14 8 -1 8 3 2

...

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports China United States Russian Federation Canada Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Singapore Australia Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Brazil Switzerland Japan Norway Chinese Taipei Above 15

6

117

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A34.World trade in other commercial services by region, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

2495 455 53 1300 1198 35 24 44 584

100.0 19.2 2.4 53.5 48.8 1.5 1.1 1.8 20.5

100.0 18.2 2.1 52.1 48.0 1.4 1.0 1.8 23.4

5 4 3 5 5 4 4 5 8

7 4 -1 9 9 17 -3 8 6

8 2 1 9 9 -7 4 -1 12

-5 -1 -8 -7 -7 -17 -3 0 -2

2210 294 83 1100 1006 62 66 69 533

100.0 14.6 3.6 49.6 45.3 2.9 3.3 3.1 22.9

100.0 13.3 3.8 49.8 45.5 2.8 3.0 3.1 24.1

4 3 5 5 5 4 2 5 6

7 3 7 8 8 14 -1 6 8

7 1 4 9 9 1 12 11 6

-6 -1 -8 -6 -6 -21 -14 -5 -7

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia 1RWH : For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.

A35. Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services, 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Annual percentage change

Share

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2013

2014

2015

1198.1 591.2 403.4 119.6 108.7 96.0 75.8 68.5 46.8 45.7 38.2 31.7 24.4 23.1 21.7 20.9

48.8 23.0 16.7 4.6 2.5 4.0 3.3 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.7

48.0 23.7 16.2 4.8 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8

5 6 5 6 18 5 3 11 1 8 6 8 9 2 3 9

9 11 4 3 9 2 4 18 1 6 4 5 7 17 -4 15

9 9 4 4 23 27 4 8 -5 9 5 9 4 -9 6 9

-7 -7 1 2 -5 -2 -6 -5 -11 -12 6 3 -2 -21 -16 13

2325.0

92.3

93.1

-

-

-

-

1005.5 458.7 242.5 108.9 97.0 76.5 65.3 54.8 49.0 45.1 40.7 38.8 21.9 20.4 19.1 18.7

45.3 19.0 11.8 4.5 3.6 2.9 2.6 3.2 2.3 2.6 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1

45.5 20.8 11.0 4.9 4.4 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8

5 6 3 6 9 8 7 -1 4 0 6 3 4 3 3 0

8 9 2 2 15 19 7 1 4 2 3 15 3 -9 11 9

9 16 2 23 13 2 10 -6 4 -5 11 -3 3 5 -3 1

-6 -4 1 -4 -19 -9 -2 3 -3 -9 -11 -24 2 3 0 -20

1905.0

86.4

86.3

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States India China Japan Switzerland Singapore Canada Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Chinese Taipei Israel Russian Federation Brazil Philippines Above 15 Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Japan China Singapore Switzerland India Korea, Republic of Canada Brazil Russian Federation Hong Kong, China Chinese Taipei Thailand Norway Above 15

118

Statistical Tables

A36.World exports of construction by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2014

2015

105 3 0 38 34 7 2 3 53

90 2 0 30 27 6 2 3 47

100.0 3.7 0.1 36.5 31.1 5.0 2.2 2.9 49.7

100.0 2.5 0.1 33.5 30.3 6.5 1.9 3.2 52.3

1 -7 6 -1 0 6 -2 3 2

8 -11 292 11 14 -13 0 -4 11

-15 -13 -68 -21 -20 -18 -15 8 -11

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A37. Major exporters and importers of construction, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

34122 17750 19358 15355 11314 4730 1971 1631 1613 1522 1283

27239 14062 13492 16653 10596 3664 1917

6 9 13 1 2 8 -8 0 32 5 3

14 21 3 -13 -17 25 -34 1 32 2 -13

14 3 -5 44 17 -20 -7 -2 32 10 7

-20 -21 -30 8 -6 -23 -3

1486 1087 782

36.7 19.1 20.8 16.5 12.2 5.1 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4

92900

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

24949 6591 10462 7520 6673 4870 4279 4070 3930 2686 2662

19300 5762 8123 4831

6 0 7 13 9 -1 3 15 86 3 22

6 -1 -3 23 -19 8 33 44 243 -4 7

5 -10 39 -20 32 25 18 -16 136 35 4

-23 -13 -22 -36

10197 4952 3000 3520 1887 2722

34.6 9.1 14.5 10.4 9.3 6.8 5.9 5.6 5.5 3.7 3.7

109 16 -26 -10 -30 2

72100

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports Korea, Republic of China Japan Russian Federation United States Iran India Switzerland Turkey Above 10

...

...

-8 -29 -39

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports Japan Russian Federation Angola China Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Korea, Republic of Azerbaijan Kuwait, the State of Malaysia Above 10

...

...

1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata.

119

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A38.World exports of insurance and pension services by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2014

2015

135 23 2 88 79 1 1 2 17

125 23 3 77 68 1 1 2 17

100.0 19.1 1.8 63.6 62.7 0.7 1.1 2.1 11.6

100.0 18.8 2.2 62.0 54.9 0.6 1.0 1.5 13.9

5 5 10 5 3 4 3 -2 9

8 5 22 7 6 -16 3 -14 23

-7 3 13 -12 -13 31 1 -5 -1

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A39. Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

78621 44467 17417 7133 4709 4574 3554 2285 1566 1559 1209

68367 38977 18666 6705 4605 4976 3171 1987 1444 1576 1312

64.1 36.3 14.2 5.8 3.8 3.7 2.9 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.0

7 7 5 7 7 28 18 6 -5 5 9

9 3 2 4 15 20 39 -5 -9 … 10

6 13 2 5 13 14 27 7 -9 … 18

-13 -12 7 -6 -2 9 -11 -13 -8 1 8

122625

112810

100.0

-

-

-

-

50096 43717 17367 22454 5946 5128 4473 4220 4102 2763 2703

48330 38590 15051 9327 5305 4731 4488 4339 3713 2368 2356

34.4 30.0 11.9 15.4 4.1 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.9 1.9

-5 3 2 9 4 -7 3 13 -4 6 6

-4 9 2 7 -7 -9 4 26 -4 -4 -3

-6 12 21 2 0 -24 -11 -13 -8 0 -9

-4 -12 -13 -58 -11 -8 0 3 -9 -14 -13

145605

123545

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States Switzerland Singapore China Mexico India Canada Japan Hong Kong, China Above 10 Importers United States European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports China India Japan Singapore Mexico Canada Malaysia Thailand Above 10 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat.

120

Statistical Tables

A40.World exports of financial services by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2014

2015

425 95 3 256 232 2 2 3 64

415 94 2 246 223 2 2 3 67

100.0 23.3 0.9 61.1 54.6 0.5 0.5 1.2 12.4

100.0 22.6 0.5 59.0 53.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 16.0

4 4 -6 4 4 -1 5 -3 10

5 3 -40 5 5 -19 -2 12 13

-2 -1 -18 -4 -4 -21 9 14 4

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A41. Major exporters and importers of financial services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

231915 103732 87290 22133 20352 17399 7702 7235 5645 4531 3000

222911 97178 86286 20717 20262 19067 7706 10173 5331 2334 2956

57.0 25.5 21.4 5.4 5.0 4.3 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.7

6 7 5 -1 14 7 9 19 -1 36 35

7 8 10 2 10 6 5 -2 19 69 40

5 2 4 -1 11 6 -1 59 -11 42 19

-4 -6 -1 -6 0 10 0 41 -6 -48 -1

407200

397740

100.0

-

-

-

-

126433 50536 19503 5967 5274 4940 4434 4310 4115 3923 2400

115373 47941 20134 6870 6002 2645 4763 4467 3100 3772 1998

69.7 27.9 10.8 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.3

8 10 6 2 14 37 6 14 -12 -6 -3

15 21 11 13 12 92 7 11 10 -1 22

7 1 5 5 46 34 5 19 -30 6 -29

-9 -5 3 15 14 -46 7 4 -25 -4 -17

181300

169125

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States Switzerland Singapore Hong Kong, China Canada Japan India China Australia Above 10 Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Canada Japan China Hong Kong, China Singapore India Switzerland Russian Federation Above 10 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat.

121

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A42.World receipts of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2014

2015

305 135 1 119 101 1 0 1 50

295 131 1 113 98 1 0 1 50

100.0 45.6 0.3 39.5 30.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 14.1

100.0 44.0 0.4 38.0 33.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 17.0

4 3 14 3 6 10 -1 15 8

4 0 -2 5 12 -10 2 8 15

-3 -3 19 -5 -3 2 -9 -12 0

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A43. Major exporters and importers of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

130362 100522 65556 36877 18111 5167 4321 3779 894 890 866

126212 97977 65021 36077 14366 6199 4174 3302 786 761 1200

43.2 33.3 21.7 12.2 6.0 1.7 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

5 8 14 8 8 13 11 40 -2 24 17

3 9 12 -1 8 11 13 72 -6 -11 9

2 12 27 17 -3 19 -2 19 10 17 -15

-3 -3 -1 -2 -21 20 -3 -13 -12 -14 39

301790

291055

100.0

-

-

-

-

159716 90708 42124 22614 20858 19781 14034 11070 10546 8021 5923

164929 96546 39157 22022 16540 17285 12330 9243 9831 5634 5250

50.8 28.8 13.4 7.2 6.6 6.3 4.5 3.5 3.4 2.5 1.9

11 14 7 15 3 4 15 3 4 13 16

11 7 1 19 -10 2 6 8 14 10 9

26 51 8 8 17 -10 19 -6 7 -4 30

3 6 -7 -3 -21 -13 -12 -17 -7 -30 -11

314690

302220

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters United States European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports Japan Switzerland Korea, Republic of Canada Singapore Australia Israel Chinese Taipei Above 10 Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States China Japan Singapore Switzerland Canada Korea, Republic of Russian Federation Brazil Above 10 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat.

122

Statistical Tables

A44. World exports of telecommunications, computer and information services by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2014

2015

485 45 9 297 280 9 6 15 105

475 45 10 280 262 8 6 15 112

100.0 10.0 2.2 61.3 56.3 1.3 1.4 3.0 20.7

100.0 9.4 2.2 58.8 55.0 1.8 1.2 3.1 23.6

7 6 7 6 7 13 3 8 10

9 0 6 11 12 12 5 8 8

-2 0 12 -6 -6 -4 -12 -2 7

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A45. Major exporters and importers of telecommunications, computer and information services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

279647 125209 55666 35885 20173 12634 9417 8704 4896 4504 3472

261919 120769 57661 36990 24549 13826 9274 7434 4829 3971 3461

64.3 28.8 12.8 8.2 4.6 2.9 2.2 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.8

10 10 8 9 18 12 21 1 8 14 12

9 10 8 8 5 8 4 -8 15 19 11

12 10 5 2 18 15 15 -9 1 8 4

-6 -4 4 3 22 9 -2 -15 -1 -12 0

435000

423915

100.0

-

-

-

-

165342 73776 33314 13854 11457 10748 8205 6854 5092 4318 3670

147626 66566 33158 13803 11311 11409 7935 5520 4794 3782 3340

62.9 28.1 12.7 5.3 4.4 4.1 3.1 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.4

6 9 4 8 26 27 23 15 2 5 -1

11 15 3 15 12 39 27 18 -14 8 10

4 15 -1 6 80 41 19 13 1 15 -30

-11 -10 0 0 -1 6 -3 -19 -6 -12 -9

262855

242680

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports India United States China Switzerland Israel Canada Singapore Russian Federation Philippines Above 10 Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Switzerland Japan China Singapore Russian Federation Canada India Brazil Above 10 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat.

123

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A46. Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

52292 24010 13550 3064 2163 1921 1775 1732 1379 962 876

...

3 3 6 -4 9 3 17 8 17 3 -6

1 2 5 -3 34 -3 14 10 -5 21 -23

3 0 -6 -9 -1 -10 11 12 51 -1 5

...

1418 988 865 786

65.6 30.1 17.0 3.8 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.2 1.1

-18 -28 -10 -10

79715

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

44642 18140 6656 2839 2078 1526 1115 1053 839 813 789

...

3 4 -4 8 19 -1 19 -1 33 0 -3

0 3 2 11 15 -8 8 14 45 -9 10

8 6 -9 2 53 -9 17 -4 55 4 -25

...

836 583 697 859

71.6 29.1 10.7 4.6 3.3 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.3

-21 -31 -14 9

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States Kuwait, the State of India Canada Hong Kong, China Russian Federation Japan Norway Indonesia Above 10

...

12525 2710 2088 1641 ...

...

-8 -12 -3 -15 ...

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Russian Federation Japan Canada Hong Kong, China India Nigeria Norway Korea, Republic of Above 10

...

6259 2388 1689 1437 ...

62350

...

-6 -16 -19 -6 ...

1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in telecommunications services do no report this item separately, they may not appear in the list.

A47. Major exporters and importers of computer services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

214388 94352 53261 15310 8534 5694 3121 2651 1880 1652 1500

...

12 12 9 14 22 -1 13 20 53

10 10 8 10 3 -7 13 26 58

14 13 5 11 18 -9 10 6 58

...

55360 17377 8404 4863 3163 2455 2348 2060 1668

69.6 30.6 17.3 5.0 2.8 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5

...

...

...

39

38

16

4 14 -2 -15 1 -7 25 25 11

307990

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

110709 51141 24386 8738 3590 3016 2882 2703 2676 1880 973

...

7 10 6

15 20 2

1 18 0

...

24919 8980 2772 2801 2563 2103 2520 1455 1043

68.5 31.7 15.1 5.4 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.2 0.6

...

...

...

22 -2 7 21 6 12 14

26 11 8 10 -19 14 17

23 -35 26 19 6 15 14

2 3 -23 -7 -11 -22 -6 -23 7

161550

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports India a United States Israel Canada Philippines Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Japan Ukraine Above 10

...

...

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Japan Russian Federation Brazil India Norway Canada Australia Indonesia Above 10

...

a Secretariat estimate based on data reported on computer services by the Reserve Bank of India. It excludes estimates for Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing Services (BPO), (source: RBI, Survey on Computer Software & Information Technology Services Exports, various issues), which have been included under other business services. 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in computer services do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list.

124

...

Statistical Tables

A48.World exports of other business services by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2014

2010-15

2014

2015

1120 155 40 572 536 23 12 17 300

1045 157 34 527 494 17 13 17 281

100.0 15.3 3.6 52.9 47.6 2.2 1.2 1.8 23.1

100.0 15.0 3.3 50.4 47.2 1.7 1.2 1.6 26.9

6 5 4 4 5 0 5 3 9

8 5 10 8 10 -10 7 -11 11

-6 1 -13 -8 -8 -23 2 -1 -6

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A49. Major exporters and importers of other business services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

536441 265210 126726 68895 47305 37288 36448 27843 25862 21351 20968

494240 245746 132550 58403 48614 33717 33809 23952 26147 17490 19168

56.5 27.9 13.4 7.3 5.0 3.9 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.2

9 9 7 8 4 17 3 8 12 16

10 13 2 12 -2 11 20 4 4 -6 8

10 10 6 20 2 32 8 -3 9 22 19

-8 -7 5 -15 3 -10 -7 -14 1 -18 -9

949125

888090

100.0

-

-

-

-

519770 223722 92499 58947 53370 46657 31929 31329 30497 26875 23152

489914 213549 98199 60879 39542 41353 32658 28775 29982 29906 18459

56.8 24.4 10.1 6.4 5.8 5.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.5

7 8 8 12 18 12 11 6 1 10

4 6 6 8 12 31 6 2 -3 -7 14

7 11 5 21 13 6 10 12 8 -4 1

-6 -5 6 3 -26 -11 2 -8 -2 11 -20

915025

869665

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports United States China India a Japan Singapore Canada Chinese Taipei Brazil Korea, Republic of Above 10

...

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports United States Japan China Singapore Switzerland Brazil Korea, Republic of India Russian Federation Above 10

...

a Secretariat estimate. It includes an estimate for Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing Services (BPO) which are classified under "software" by the Reserve Bank of India (source: RBI, Survey on Computer Software & Information Technology Services Exports, various issues). 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat.

125

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A50. Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, 2014 (Million dollars and percentage) Value

Share Technical, trade-related, and other business services

Professional and management consulting services

Total other business services

Research and development services

Total

Advertising, Legal, market accounting, research, and management public consulting, and opinion public relations polling services services

Total

Waste Architectural, treatment and engineering, de-pollution, scientific, agricultural and other and mining technical services services

Operating leasing services

Other 7UDGH business related services services n.i.e.

Exporters 8European Union (28) XT Extra-EU (28) exports SUnited States India a Japan GSingapore ACanada RBrazil RKorea, Republic of HSwitzerland URussian Federation Philippines ONorway KHong Kong, China Israel Thailand Australia RArgentina Lebanese Republic AUkraine South Africa

536441 265210 126726 47305 37288 36448 27843 21351 20968 18056 16736 14473 13932 13251 11768 9162 7971 4328 2963 2495 1989

13.6 15.7 26.2 2.7 18.3 1.9 17.4 2.5 3.7 22.6 2.7 0.4 2.7 1.2 41.7 … 8.6 10.9 0.3 17.6 …

33.3 31.0 46.9 65.3 12.1 61.9 40.9 19.3 10.2 34.0 44.7 0.3 16.5 43.2 15.5 … 53.7 62.4 31.3 29.1 …

24.6 23.6 39.2 … … … 37.6 … 7.5 … 2.9 … … 37.4 7.5 … 45.7 … … … …

8.7 7.4 7.8 … … … 3.3 … 2.7 … 25.8 … … 5.8 8.0 … 8.0 … … … …

53.1 53.3 26.9 32.0 69.7 36.2 41.6 78.3 86.1 43.4 52.6 99.3 80.8 55.7 42.7 100.0 37.7 26.7 68.3 53.2 100.0

14.6 18.3 9.7 … … … 25.5 … 12.1 … 21.0 … … 4.0 7.6 … 18.0 … … … …

3.2 4.7 3.0 … … … … … 1.5 … 9.3 … … … … … 2.3 … … … …

5.4 5.7 5.9 … … … 2.2 … 3.5 … 7.8 … … 0.2 1.2 … 2.9 … … … …

8.6 5.5 1.0 … … … 5.4 … 17.1 … … … … 40.6 6.4 … 7.8 … … … …

21.3 19.1 2.0 … … … 8.5 … 51.9 … 14.6 … … 10.9 27.5 … 6.6 … … … …

Importers 8European Union (28) XT Extra-EU (28) imports SUnited States Japan GSingapore HSwitzerland RBrazil RKorea, Republic of India URussian Federation ACanada ONorway KHong Kong, China Thailand OAngola Australia Israel Kazakhstan GNigeria Algeria Philippines

519770 223722 92499 58947 46657 31929 31329 30497 26875 23152 21144 15122 11195 10842 10532 9561 6132 5854 4826 3585 3561

15.8 18.8 35.7 29.8 16.3 29.1 0.3 9.8 1.2 0.7 6.5 2.6 1.4 … … 2.6 10.4 0.3 … … 1.3

32.5 28.4 41.3 14.9 34.7 49.0 5.7 18.8 31.3 25.4 46.4 15.9 33.5 … 1.0 43.9 22.2 35.6 … 0.5 3.0

21.3 18.6 37.6 … … … … 8.5 … 2.8 43.5 … 28.8 … … 41.4 12.7 … … … …

11.3 9.9 3.7 … … … … 10.3 … 9.2 2.9 … 4.7 … … 2.5 9.5 … … … …

51.7 52.7 23.0 55.2 49.0 21.9 94.0 71.4 67.5 73.9 47.1 81.5 65.1 100.0 99.0 53.5 67.4 64.1 100.0 99.5 95.7

9.5 8.9 5.4 … … … … 4.2 … 24.5 21.3 … 3.3 … … 28.4 12.3 … … … …

1.8 2.2 1.9 … … … … 0.2 … 19.6 … … … … … 3.3 … … … … …

4.7 4.4 3.8 … … … … 4.2 … 18.0 5.6 … 14.8 … … 4.2 0.4 … … … …

12.5 13.9 1.5 … … … … 8.6 … … 3.7 … 38.8 … … 3.5 11.9 … … … …

23.3 23.3 6.2 … … … … 54.3 … 11.8 16.4 … 8.1 … … 14.2 42.8 … … … …

a Secretariat estimate. It includes an estimate for Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing Services (BPO) which are classified under "software" by the Reserve Bank of India (source: RBI, Survey on Computer Software & Information Technology Services Exports, various issues). 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report the breakdown of business services separately, they may not appear in the list.

126

Statistical Tables

A51.World exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, 2014 and 2015 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2010

2015

2010-15

2014

2015

45 3 2 31 28 1 1 1 6

40 3 1 27 24 1 1 2 6

100.0 10.0 10.3 62.5 62.4 2.3 1.0 1.5 12.4

100.0 6.7 2.9 68.2 60.9 1.3 1.4 3.8 15.7

4 -4 -20 5 3 -8 9 24 9

1 -9 -62 8 1 -10 1 40 17

-9 -7 -27 -11 -12 -46 -5 9 6

Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (28) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

A52. Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

27785 10677 2012 1795 1266 922 882 817 738 681 681

24469 9049 1812 1874 1262 895 669 795 531 341 314

73.9 28.4 5.4 4.8 3.4 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8

7 7 -3 18 7 24 6 -5 19 10 -27

8 5 -10 5 61 8 -20 -20 54 39 -7

1 3 -16 40 3 26 22 14 23 -12 -75

-12 -15 -10 4 0 -3 -24 -3 -28 -50 -54

37580

32960

100.0

-

-

-

-

30486 15478 3327 2222 2040 1657 1611 1563 1480 1390 992

28221 12966 3117 973 2054 1331 1092 1527 1346 1388 1073

65.2 33.1 7.1 4.8 4.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.1

7 9 -1 60 -1 32 13 5 -24 16

9 11 -10 40 -24 0 13 -6 51 34 11

11 20 -12 … -4 -9 28 -4 -30 92 9

-7 -16 -6 -56 1 -20 -32 -2 -9 0 8

46770

42120

100.0

-

-

-

-

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports Canada Turkey India Korea, Republic of Australia United States a Switzerland Russian Federation Brazil Above 10 Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of Brazil Canada Norway Russian Federation Australia Qatar India United States a Above 10

...

a The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis records film and television tape distribution services under charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.. 1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat.

127

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A53. Major exporters and importers of audio-visual and related services, 2014 and 2015 (Million dollars and percentage) Share in 10 economies

Value

Annual percentage change

2014

2015

2014

2010-14

2013

2014

2015

16435 6671 1724 551 406 391 265 222 216 214 195

...

4 5 -3 25 15 45 … -9 -12 14 42

19 22 -6 13 66 -29 117 -9 -8 -25 7

-11 -12 -16 25 -20 291

...

Exporters European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports Canada Korea, Republic of India Japan Brazil Argentina Russian Federation Australia Israel Above 10

...

79.7 32.4 8.4 2.7 2.0 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

20620

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

17209 7432 1847 1292 1274 846 698 606 489 471 272

...

5 7 -1 6 49 0 -1 9 10 12 0

3 2 -23 -6 11 6 -9 9 6 32 0

9 20 -3 -2

...

1859 1249 433 492 1006 477 489 313 292

68.8 29.7 7.4 5.2 5.1 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.1

-2 -20 -9 2 6 0

1 -3 -66 -42 44 -21 0 -34 7

25005

...

100.0

-

-

-

-

...

1552 570 364 531 135 264 131 145

...

-21 -25 51 17

...

-10 3 -11 36 -49 19 -39 -32 ...

Importers European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports Canada Australia Brazil Russian Federation Japan Norway Argentina Korea, Republic of Mexico Above 10

...

...

1RWH : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in personal, cultural and recreational services do not report the item audiovisual and related services separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata.

128

...

Statistical Tables

A54. Leading exporters and importers of intermediate goods, 2014 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Share in world exports/imports

Annual percentage change

2014

2010

2014

2010-14

2012

2013

2014

2783 1029 963 771 375 320 226 222 202 177 151 148 140 135 128 113

35.9 12.8 9.6 10.2 6.5 3.8 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.2

34.8 12.9 12.0 9.6 4.7 4.0 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4

4 5 11 4 -3 7 3 4 3 19 9 4 6 5 3 9

-6 -3 6 1 -3 1 0 -3 -2 79 10 -7 -2 -7 -5 19

7 9 11 0 -10 5 3 1 -1 24 2 2 16 4 -1 -4

0 -3 6 1 -5 4 1 8 1 -24 6 -6 -10 -8 3 -1

6853

86.1

85.7

5

-1

5

0

2607 839 1147 858 282 237 236 213 198 173 159 144 123 123 121 118

33.8 11.7 13.1 9.7 4.0 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 1.1 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4

31.7 10.2 13.9 10.4 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4

3 1 7 7 1 7 3 4 4 3 21 0 3 7 2 6

-10 -8 1 4 -5 5 -5 -4 3 2 104 -10 -2 -3 2 -1

3 -6 8 0 -6 2 0 -7 -2 2 15 -4 3 11 0 7

3 4 0 7 1 5 1 0 1 0 -23 5 2 -5 -11 -4

6739

83.1

81.9

5

-3

3

1

Exporters European Union (28) extra-EU (28) exports China a United States Japan Korea, Republic of Singapore Taipei, Chinese Canada Switzerland Mexico a Brazil India Australia Malaysia Russian Federation Above 15 Importers European Union (28) extra-EU (28) imports China a United States Japan Mexico a Korea, Republic of India Canada b Singapore Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Malaysia Turkey Thailand Brazil Above 15 a Includes significant shipments through processing zones b Imports are valued f.o.b.

129

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A55.World merchandise exports, production and gross domestic product, 1950-2015 (Index, 2005=100) Value

Volume

Exports Agricultural products

Total a 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 6 8 8 10 11 13 16 20 20 18 18 19 19 21 24 28 30 34 34 36 36 41 49 51 53 52 55 62 59 62 72 88 100 116 134 154 120 146 175 175 179 180 155

3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 10 14 17 17 19 22 25 31 35 34 32 31 33 31 35 40 45 47 49 50 53 51 59 69 71 70 67 64 65 65 69 80 92 100 111 133 158 139 160 195 194 204 207 185

Exports

Fuels and mining products 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 12 11 13 15 15 22 32 31 27 25 25 24 18 20 21 24 28 26 26 25 26 30 34 35 28 32 47 43 44 54 72 100 128 147 195 125 167 224 228 222 209 156

Manufactures

Total a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 15 15 14 14 16 16 19 23 27 29 33 34 37 37 42 51 53 55 56 58 64 62 65 75 91 100 113 130 143 115 137 158 157 162 168 159

4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 9 11 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 20 22 24 22 24 26 27 28 29 29 28 29 31 32 33 35 38 41 42 44 46 48 52 56 59 65 68 71 79 78 81 86 94 100 109 116 118 104 119 125 128 131 135 139

a Includes unspecified products. 1RWH: Secretariat estimates. See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports and GDP.

130

Agricultural products 15 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 34 35 35 38 38 36 37 40 41 44 46 49 51 50 50 52 51 50 53 55 56 57 59 62 63 68 71 74 79 80 80 83 85 87 91 94 100 106 111 113 111 119 126 129 132 136 …

GDP

Fuels and mining products 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 17 18 22 23 24 25 27 28 30 33 37 39 44 45 48 53 52 46 49 50 53 56 52 47 44 44 46 46 50 51 53 56 59 61 63 66 70 73 75 81 83 82 83 83 86 90 97 100 104 108 109 103 109 111 114 115 116 …

Manufactures 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 17 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 26 28 29 31 34 36 38 40 41 43 48 52 55 61 64 67 76 76 79 83 93 100 111 119 122 103 122 130 133 137 142 …

12 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 29 31 32 34 36 38 39 39 41 43 45 47 48 49 49 51 53 55 57 59 62 64 66 67 68 69 71 73 76 78 80 83 87 88 90 93 97 100 104 108 110 108 112 115 118 120 123 126

Statistical Tables

A55.World merchandise exports, production and gross domestic product, 1950-2015 (continued) (Annual percentage change) Value

Volume

Exports

Agricultural products

Total a 1950-63 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

7.4 11.8 8.3 9.2 5.2 11.0 14.2 14.6 11.7 18.3 38.4 44.9 4.3 13.1 13.7 15.8 27.0 23.0 -1.2 -6.4 -2.1 5.8 -0.3 9.4 17.4 13.7 7.8 12.9 1.3 7.2 -0.2 13.5 19.4 4.5 3.3 -1.4 4.0 12.8 -4.1 4.8 16.6 21.7 14.0 15.6 15.7 15.4 -22.6 21.7 20.0 0.2 2.0 0.6 -13.6

3.7 6.9 4.3 4.1 -0.2 4.1 6.9 10.6 7.4 20.3 45.5 21.7 1.0 10.5 13.5 13.3 24.4 13.8 -1.9 -7.5 -1.4 5.3 -5.7 11.1 14.9 13.1 4.3 4.7 0.8 7.1 -4.1 15.8 17.7 2.5 -1.3 -4.6 -3.7 0.1 0.3 5.9 16.9 14.6 8.8 10.9 20.0 18.5 -12.1 15.4 21.8 -0.7 5.2 1.6 -10.7

Exports

Fuels and mining products 8.5 11.8 7.1 9.8 5.7 14.2 9.2 13.6 11.3 14.1 47.4 122.9 -4.0 16.3 10.6 3.7 47.0 41.8 -3.2 -10.6 -8.0 -0.9 -3.2 -23.8 11.0 0.9 15.5 16.2 -6.2 -0.9 -3.5 5.1 15.2 14.2 2.7 -20.6 15.6 45.2 -8.8 1.4 23.2 34.7 38.3 27.6 15.4 32.6 -35.8 33.2 34.3 1.9 -2.9 -5.8 -25.2

Manufactures 10.1 15.0 10.9 10.8 7.7 14.9 16.5 15.4 13.7 19.4 34.1 31.3 8.8 12.8 14.7 21.6 21.3 15.9 -0.7 -3.6 0.5 8.1 3.8 20.3 19.7 16.1 6.9 14.4 3.3 8.0 0.0 15.6 20.0 3.5 4.6 2.3 3.3 10.0 -3.8 5.4 15.7 20.3 10.3 13.1 15.2 9.9 -19.9 19.5 15.2 -0.3 3.1 3.5 -5.5

Total a 7.7 10.9 6.6 7.7 5.7 10.8 12.2 8.7 7.0 8.4 12.1 5.4 -7.3 11.8 4.2 4.7 5.2 2.9 -0.3 -2.3 2.5 8.4 2.6 4.0 5.5 8.5 6.4 3.8 3.5 5.3 4.2 9.1 7.3 5.0 10.0 4.6 4.7 10.7 -0.3 3.6 5.4 9.9 6.4 8.7 6.5 2.1 -12.1 14.1 5.5 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.0

Agricultural products 4.5 5.4 5.1 3.7 2.4 5.7 5.4 3.1 2.0 6.9 0.9 -4.5 1.0 7.5 3.5 6.8 4.8 6.8 5.0 -2.0 0.2 2.8 -1.2 -1.7 5.6 2.7 3.1 0.7 3.3 6.0 1.0 8.7 4.6 3.9 5.9 1.5 1.0 3.2 1.8 3.5 3.9 3.5 6.3 5.7 4.9 1.9 -1.8 7.5 6.1 1.7 2.9 2.4 …

GDP

Fuels and mining products 7.2 8.8 3.2 6.2 10.3 12.0 6.0 12.4 1.0 6.9 10.2 -1.7 -12.0 6.8 2.7 5.3 5.9 -6.3 -9.9 -5.8 -0.9 4.8 -1.2 9.1 1.7 5.6 4.4 5.7 3.3 4.3 3.5 6.7 3.6 3.9 7.1 2.5 -0.7 1.7 0.0 2.6 5.6 6.7 3.6 4.1 3.4 1.1 -5.4 5.5 2.0 2.9 0.6 1.0 …

Manufactures 8.6 14.9 7.4 10.3 4.7 17.9 16.5 8.7 9.0 10.1 14.2 8.8 -4.0 12.6 5.0 5.9 5.0 5.9 4.0 -2.1 5.1 10.8 4.8 4.1 6.3 9.5 7.8 5.5 3.6 4.7 4.1 11.1 9.0 5.3 11.0 4.8 5.1 13.3 -0.6 3.9 5.9 11.3 7.9 10.5 7.7 2.3 -15.3 18.2 6.8 2.2 2.7 3.9 …

4.7 7.2 4.1 6.5 3.7 5.9 6.7 5.1 4.4 5.6 6.9 2.1 1.4 5.1 4.2 4.6 4.0 2.9 1.9 0.4 2.8 4.6 3.7 3.3 3.7 4.6 3.7 2.8 1.4 2.1 1.6 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.7 2.5 3.3 4.3 1.8 2.1 2.9 4.1 3.6 4.1 4.0 1.5 -2.1 4.1 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.4

a Includes unspecified products. 1RWH : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports and GDP.

131

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A56. Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, 2005-2015 (Billion dollars) 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Exports World a

10509.1

12130.5

14023.3

16160.4

12555.0

15301.1

18338.0

18496.3

18948.0

18995.0

16482.2

North America and Europe EFTA European Union (28) NAFTA

237.8 4082.7 1475.8

273.5 4606.1 1664.1

313.2 5366.0 1840.7

377.9 5954.9 2035.2

293.3 4613.5 1601.8

330.9 5183.9 1964.3

400.6 6092.2 2283.4

478.5 5808.6 2372.1

518.9 6074.2 2417.9

460.8 6154.7 2492.4

400.0 5387.3 2294.2

South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR

51.5 22.5 15.0 221.2

64.9 25.1 20.3 257.4

76.9 28.2 20.3 295.6

94.0 30.6 26.4 375.3

78.6 27.1 15.0 276.8

99.4 31.9 17.8 349.1

134.0 38.2 23.2 448.6

142.6 39.8 22.2 435.9

138.2 39.7 21.4 425.3

132.3 40.6 19.8 386.9

96.4 38.5 14.2 300.6

22.9 66.0 49.6 67.1 97.9 12.7

26.8 82.9 61.6 78.1 116.7 14.2

30.2 98.7 78.0 87.5 144.2 15.0

42.7 127.0 111.3 111.9 177.7 18.5

27.0 92.6 71.7 83.4 131.3 19.3

35.7 118.5 92.0 114.8 181.0 20.7

44.6 98.7 119.1 155.1 223.0 24.0

44.5 134.5 122.7 155.7 218.8 23.8

41.2 119.2 116.5 146.4 215.3 25.9

39.0 94.6 105.9 137.9 202.2 26.1

23.2 69.3 63.9 84.1 159.6 22.9

656.6 397.6 133.0

769.8 480.7 159.3

865.1 555.0 190.4

989.7 762.5 241.3

813.8 525.9 206.8

1049.8 661.7 277.6

1239.5 950.0 365.3

1253.7 1061.2 358.1

1272.6 1084.1 381.6

1294.9 1022.1 391.3

1162.6 649.6 334.2

226.8 82.3 10275.2

269.9 103.3 11832.3

316.9 128.1 13660.2

399.2 167.8 15678.8

288.8 127.6 12237.3

391.6 162.4 14905.5

495.1 202.7 17849.7

484.7 205.2 17996.1

469.0 212.8 18505.3

443.2 205.7 18580.1

320.7 154.4 16204.2

Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC WAEMU Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (162) Imports

10870.5

12461.5

14330.5

16572.3

12781.6

15510.7

18503.5

18704.9

19011.2

19104.3

16725.0

North America and Europe EFTA European Union (28) NAFTA

187.0 4249.7 2283.4

211.8 4870.3 2540.6

248.2 5655.2 2700.8

280.1 6358.4 2906.8

228.0 4809.2 2176.7

257.5 5421.1 2682.1

303.8 6330.1 3090.7

388.0 5950.9 3193.3

416.3 6005.0 3195.8

370.3 6137.0 3304.1

333.4 5316.1 3149.6

South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR

46.4 36.5 20.2 137.9

56.5 41.8 23.0 173.2

70.7 48.2 26.3 228.9

93.6 54.9 31.7 308.4

74.3 41.6 23.6 227.8

96.7 49.5 24.9 306.0

124.3 60.3 30.3 382.4

135.6 63.0 30.9 375.9

139.5 63.9 30.7 397.6

144.6 64.0 30.2 371.2

123.0 61.8 26.2 291.4

7.9 65.1 19.8 43.6 99.7 15.3

10.5 76.0 23.2 51.9 119.6 16.0

14.2 93.7 32.4 66.1 140.4 20.0

17.4 119.4 44.4 89.5 171.3 25.5

17.3 114.7 45.7 67.1 140.6 22.0

20.0 134.9 43.2 83.6 165.2 24.5

25.6 140.5 54.2 103.1 208.7 25.1

25.7 172.6 58.7 104.4 221.8 29.7

25.5 173.8 61.4 114.6 227.6 34.8

27.5 183.3 66.2 115.3 224.2 33.6

24.2 165.0 55.6 96.7 192.6 28.8

602.7 188.3 196.8

687.7 225.1 241.1

774.9 295.0 299.6

938.8 383.0 409.7

727.0 318.4 330.0

953.5 350.0 441.6

1154.3 426.3 579.8

1223.2 484.5 604.8

1245.2 521.3 583.1

1234.2 533.1 590.2

1090.8 490.6 509.7

216.5 86.9 10672.2

260.0 100.4 12251.4

309.5 124.5 14078.0

388.2 161.6 16243.0

314.0 153.5 12476.4

369.9 169.2 15170.5

455.5 209.4 18131.2

477.5 230.3 18314.2

498.7 250.1 18614.8

500.2 266.3 18707.7

439.6 241.8 16387.1

World a

Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC WAEMU Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (162)

a Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.

132

Statistical Tables

A57. Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies, 2006-2015 (Billion dollars) 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Exports World

2942.0

3522.9

3964.0

3533.6

3842.0

4349.5

4468.0

4747.3

5063.8

4754.0

North America and Europe EFTA European Union (28) NAFTA

103.9 ... 478.3

124.5 ... 554.0

140.0 ... 604.9

127.8 ... 574.1

137.0 1706.3 634.1

150.1 1924.7 704.8

157.3 1915.9 737.5

165.1 2074.1 773.9

170.2 2216.0 796.4

152.6 1998.8 789.0

South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR

7.8 9.2 9.6 27.8

8.7 11.2 10.3 36.6

10.1 12.1 10.6 45.2

9.9 9.8 9.7 41.5

10.6 11.3 10.1 47.3

12.1 12.5 10.0 56.3

13.9 13.8 10.3 58.2

15.5 14.7 10.5 56.9

16.1 15.5 10.9 58.2

17.0 16.6 11.1 51.9

Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC WAEMU

1.4 24.2 2.0 6.3 20.1 2.3

1.8 29.9 2.6 6.6 23.8 3.0

2.1 36.4 3.2 7.9 22.9 3.5

1.9 32.0 3.4 7.2 22.3 3.0

2.2 36.3 3.6 8.1 26.0 3.4

3.0 34.3 4.5 8.9 28.8 3.6

2.8 39.1 4.2 10.2 30.9 3.6

3.3 36.0 5.3 9.7 30.1 3.9

3.4 39.0 5.6 8.8 31.5 4.0

3.3 36.2 5.7 13.4 29.4 3.8

134.2 36.0 74.7

167.7 41.2 I 93.2

190.9 37.5 113.4

175.5 37.2 100.0

213.9 38.7 125.7

251.8 43.9 148.8

275.6 48.7 156.4

303.7 53.9 161.4

315.7 59.8 170.6

304.4 66.5 170.9

Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (162)

56.8 11.3 2896.2

64.5 14.2 3467.5

67.4 18.2 3896.5

62.7 18.5 3467.4

70.7 20.8 3774.6

78.3 25.8 4284.0

85.5 28.3 4402.2

86.7 32.4 4664.4

88.0 35.6 4981.2

88.8 36.0 4678.7

Imports World

2810.2

3328.6

3805.9

3375.7

3692.5

4162.4

4319.0

4581.3

4913.2

4611.7

North America and Europe EFTA European Union (28) NAFTA

82.7 ... 409.1

100.4 ... 449.7

113.7 ... 493.6

104.1 ... 460.2

116.4 1481.2 497.0

133.0 1635.9 536.5

141.1 1624.1 561.0

151.3 1752.5 578.3

157.3 1877.8 590.3

140.9 1716.4 594.0

South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR

12.3 6.0 6.4 41.4

14.3 6.7 6.7 57.3

17.3 7.1 6.9 72.1

16.2 6.2 5.9 70.5

19.2 7.1 6.2 88.1

21.8 7.7 6.8 107.2

24.3 8.4 7.4 115.0

25.8 8.9 7.6 121.8

27.3 9.4 8.1 122.6

24.3 9.8 7.3 104.0

Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC WAEMU

8.1 23.3 16.2 19.5 28.4 5.0

9.6 29.2 23.5 24.4 37.9 6.1

11.4 36.0 34.4 33.1 48.3 7.2

10.4 31.8 30.9 26.6 44.0 6.8

12.3 36.1 31.5 31.0 48.5 7.5

14.0 37.3 39.8 35.3 59.2 8.1

13.5 43.0 37.2 36.6 57.3 8.2

14.7 44.3 39.0 36.0 57.2 9.4

14.9 47.5 42.6 38.9 59.5 9.5

... ... 34.7 35.8 51.0 9.1

157.3 75.0 71.7

184.0 104.3 I 84.9

216.4 122.1 104.5

190.1 109.6 92.6

228.7 122.6 129.2

267.2 153.3 142.1

290.9 164.6 147.9

316.8 169.0 145.7

328.1 190.6 149.4

309.6 185.0 146.5

116.2 54.3 3710.2

102.2 50.4 3280.2

117.4 55.2 3600.1

136.9 68.4 4064.0

138.5 72.3 4202.7

138.9 75.4 4448.0

144.4 81.1 4778.9

128.4 75.0 4489.4

Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (162)

74.3 30.0 2746.2

92.5 39.5 3250.3

133

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A58. World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (Million dollars)  :RUOGD North America Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba (the Netherlands with respect to) Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

134









    







  













1475820

1664141

1840749

2035212

1601883

1964302

2283428

2372077

2417940

2492408



49 360475 214207 901082

27 388178 249961 1025967

27 420693 271821 1148199

24 456471 291265 1287442

29 316094 229712 1056043

15 387481 298305 1278495

13 451335 349569 1482508

11 455592 370770 1545703

12 458318 380015 1579593

21 474725 397129 1620532

20 408475 380772 1504914

371456

448945

514118

617101

474211

591869

761380

752147

732446

684889

539656

83 40351 4416 549 359 319 2827 118529 41267 21190 7026 2319 42 6145 10100 3418 28 5381 553 470 5048 1532 608 1654 7050 | 3153 17368 34 64 40 997 9942 3422 55716

74 46546 4716 694 510 419 3952 137807 58680 24391 8200 3159 41 6610 12728 3706 25 6025 588 509 5277 1948 695 1932 8034 3472 23830 40 94 38 1175 14155 3989 65578

59 55779 5206 802 524 416 4504 160649 67972 29991 9337 3981 37 7160 14321 4015 33 6898 679 522 5784 2254 676 2186 8821 4724 28094 34 98 48 1359 13396 4518 69980

65 70018 5456 956 488 469 6525 197942 64510 37626 9504 3957 40 6748 18818 4641 31 7737 795 480 6199 2439 1088 2531 9817 6407 31019 51 164 52 1743 18650 5942 95021

51 55672 1952 711 379 381 4960 152995 55463 32853 8784 3092 33 5483 13863 3866 29 7214 763 576 4827 1316 810 2391 10717 5080 26962 38 166 49 1402 9126 5405 57603

46 68187 265 702 429 478 6402 201915 71109 39713 9448 4914 37 6754 17490 4499 25 8463 880 579 6264 1328 807 3251 10987 6505 35803 32 215 42 2026 10982 6724 65745

56 84051 5180 834 475 604 8358 256040 81438 56915 10408 6440 928 29 8492 22322 5308 31 10401 1129 767 7977 1623 4133 14555 7763 46376 45 160 38 127 2467 14944 7912 92811

63 79982 1389 984 565 627 11254 242578 77791 60125 11433 5900 948 34 9069 23765 5339 35 9979 1416 815 8359 1712 4686 16215 7283 47411 46 182 43 131 2695 12983 8709 97340

68 75963 279 955 457 609 11657 242034 76477 58824 11603 5566 705 35 9651 24848 5491 38 10028 1375 885 7805 1569 4794 14755 9456 42861 41 174 49 164 2394 12770 9067 88753

55 68335 259 859 435 589 12266 225101 75675 54795 11252 5187 702 36 9920 | 25724 5273 37 10834 1167 951 8072 1452 5126 13184 9636 39533 42 161 48 132 2145 11806 9133 74714

55 56752 450 520 483 545 8261 191134 63362 35691 9624 4400 510 37 9450 18331 5485 30 10752 1100 990 7810 1240 4839 11300 8361 34157 40 188 45 135 1680 7285 7675 36700

4404322

4979263

5803062

6483418

5021188

5650067

6654099

6464042

6774158

6803608

5958012

658 125182 334400 2400 11739 8795 1465 78110 85121

798 136751 366745 3323 15064 10361 1333 94929 92558

1078 163620 430952 4152 18518 12340 1394 122498 103171

1355 181289 471840 5021 22362 14112 1633 146799 116923

1091 136989 370125 3954 16318 10403 1257 112955 93984

1545 152560 407692 4803 20630 11806 1402 132982 96440

1951 177428 475672 5850 28208 13338 1818 162939 111864

1968 166611 445939 5162 26686 12371 1740 157041 105469

2332 175156 468760 5687 29579 12659 2019 162274 110107

2431 178248 472319 5891 29285 13858 1811 175095 110887

1930 152335 398158 5100 25690 12903 1829 158164 95293

Statistical Tables

A58. World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (continued) (Million dollars) 









7716 599 65498 463428 2041 970914 17278 62936 3091 109657 373135 5161 11807 19120 2399 406372 103759 89437 38738 27688 5065 31889 19248 192644 130962 130930 73476 390860 4082707 1305672

9692 651 77206 495868 2401 1108107 20749 75255 3453 108726 416875 6155 14142 22980 2796 556 463629 122208 110780 44750 32458 6428 41862 23230 213717 147793 147856 85535 450907 4606066 1446904

11010 746 90025 559612 3398 1321214 23578 95400 4783 121543 499882 8308 17144 22933 3437 626 550755 136354 140146 52482 40488 8825 58516 30102 253297 168817 172078 107272 441831 5366012 1691637

12458 852 96455 616240 3991 1446171 26382 108504 5382 125719 542748 10144 23646 25694 3481 617 637918 171764 170458 57137 49535 10972 71142 34128 281493 183327 200759 132027 472168 5954870 1925494

9048 762 62854 484781 2708 1120041 20469 83008 4057 115928 406909 7702 16454 21339 2857 388 497891 116778 136503 44211 40567 8345 56082 26177 227338 130781 172474 102143 354893 4613534 1525858

11591 839 69518 523767 3351 1258924 27950 95483 4604 116497 447301 9532 20748 19748 3586 437 574251 130657 159724 49406 49579 9795 64664 29200 254418 158549 195609 113883 415959 5183906 1793930

16709 1008 79142 596473 4478 1473985 33819 112312 5347 125740 523258 13130 28050 20866 4386 628 667101 160410 188696 59617 63035 11779 79830 34682 306551 186963 234819 134907 506570 6092183 2163418

16087 952 73077 568708 4015 1401113 35441 103570 5064 116773 501306 14112 29611 18833 4250 469 655374 160953 185374 58090 57841 11229 80612 32163 295250 172345 312464 | 152462 472792 5808581 2163939

16321 1087 74437 580963 4299 1445067 36601 107503 4998 114356 518268 14467 32598 18445 3637 494 671556 156022 204984 62823 65835 14613 85750 34019 317833 167550 357851 151803 540616 6074182 2305944

16052 1128 74361 580471 4934 1494608 36163 110619 5053 118908 529899 14557 32364 19243 2930 441 672671 144591 220152 63907 69737 14845 86460 35969 324536 164362 311203 157610 505205 6154677 2261191

12906 1000 59445 505897 4490 1329469 28617 98578 4745 120439 459068 12054 25573 17298 2576 353 567217 105372 198243 55271 60586 13355 75584 31949 281836 139889 289874 143883 460446 5387310 1984965

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan

343707 974 7649 15979 865 27849 672 1091 243798 909 4944 34228 4749

430954 985 13015 19734 936 38250 891 1052 303551 1399 7156 38368 5617

520475 1152 21269 24275 1232 47755 1321 1342 354403 1468 8932 49296 8029

702540 1057 30586 32571 1495 71172 1856 1591 471606 1409 11945 66954 10298

450312 710 21097 21304 1134 43196 1673 1283 303388 1010 5000 39782 10735

589214 1011 26476 25284 1677 59971 1756 1541 400630 1195 6500 51478 11695

785950 1334 34495 41419 2189 84336 1979 2217 522011 1257 13000 68460 13254

799811 1380 32634 46060 2376 86449 1894 2162 529256 1360 16500 68530 11210

780649 1479 31703 37203 2910 84700 2007 2428 523276 1162 16800 64338 12643

735872 1547 28260 36081 2861 79460 1884 2340 497764 977 17500 54199 13000

500344 1487 14500 26676 2204 45726 1676 1967 340349 900 14000 37859 13000

Africa

310977

370710

436512

562212

393483

521371

610678

639670

600484

551337

388245

46002 24109 578 4425 468 58 18 2861 128

54613 31862 736 4529 588 58 21 3576 158

60163 44396 1047 5174 623 59 19 4230 178

79298 63914 1282 4951 693 57 32 5241 150

45174 40828 1225 3456 900 67 35 3552 120

57053 50595 1282 4693 1591 101 44 3878 140

73489 67310 1410 5882 2399 123 69 4517 190

71866 71093 1443 5971 2182 134 56 4274 203

64974 68247 1982 7911 2356 91 69 4514 116

62886 59170 2563 8509 2453 132 81 4926 96

37787 34151 2032 6141 2132 111 58 3760 90

Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland France FYR Macedonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom European Union (28) b extra-EU(28) exports

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic













135

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A58. World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (continued) (Million dollars)  Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania The Gambia Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle East Bahrain, Kingdom of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait, the State of Lebanese Republic Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

136









3081 12 4745 2403 7697 40 12912 7064 11 903 5065 2802 853 89 3420 651 131 31358 855 509 1101 625 2143 11190 1783 2070 489 50467 125 7 1578 340 158 … 51626 4824 1640 1679 7 660 10494 813 1810 1850

3352 10 6078 2705 8477 55 16728 8207 12 1043 5450 3727 1033 74 3502 718 158 40260 985 668 1550 1367 2329 12744 2381 2647 508 58726 147 8 1594 380 231 … 58175 5657 1660 1865 11 630 11694 962 3770 2000

3666 14 5635 3100 8669 58 19224 10210 13 1277 6309 4195 1203 107 4081 830 200 46970 1238 869 1556 1454 2238 15340 2412 2922 663 66606 177 7 1674 360 245 … 69784 8879 1740 2139 13 677 15165 1337 4617 2400

4169 7 8325 4400 10390 69 26224 15218 11 1602 9566 5270 1342 128 5001 884 242 62100 1310 879 2097 1788 2384 20345 2653 3141 910 86274 268 11 2170 430 216 … 80782 11671 1570 3121 14 853 19320 1724 5099 2200

2800 15 6100 3500 11327 77 23062 9100 11 1618 5356 5840 1050 122 4463 734 149 36951 1052 1188 1774 1364 1939 14054 2147 3146 1000 56742 235 8 2017 395 231 … 61677 8257 1660 2982 66 903 14445 1568 4312 2269

541236

659499

766232

1034138

722224

10242 56252 23697 42770 4302 44869 2337 18692 25762 180711

12200 77012 29361 46789 5204 56016 2814 21585 34051 211305

13634 88733 41268 54091 5725 62691 3574 24692 42020 233329

17316 113668 61273 61337 7938 87457 4454 37719 67307 313462

11874 78830 41929 47935 6375 54008 4187 27651 48007 192314









4800 26 11851 6600 12635 93 30528 13500 430 2875 9766 12785 1433 242 5756 1172 367 18996 1590 1425 2374 2749 2565 21654 3604 4407 1250 116000 464 11 2542 483 350 … 108815 10193 1910 4735 95 1179 17847 2159 9001 3512

4800 20 10275 6300 12124 118 29409 15500 480 2891 9493 13552 1928 131 6127 972 460 60946 1516 1183 2610 2641 2649 21446 3856 4389 1450 114700 591 12 2532 497 1122 … 99606 4066 1926 5547 119 1314 17007 2357 9365 3882

3900 21 9028 6200 13247 120 28493 14700 337 4077 8950 13752 1701 153 5856 847 559 43500 1923 1208 2339 2652 2869 21972 4024 4629 1600 102400 703 13 2666 578 1917 … 95938 4790 1895 4953 106 1522 17060 2408 10594 3507

3900 23 8977 6900 12574 129 26367 12600 664 4469 8473 13217 2007 166 6115 826 587 21000 2196 1342 2779 1935 2650 23826 4725 4620 1450 94200 723 17 2814 539 1552 … 91047 4454 1902 5046 104 1326 16756 2262 9688 3064

2900 ... 4650 5800 11158 132 19051 6700 500 3825 5074 9551 2071 259 5906 775 260 10200 2258 1375 2532 1502 2457 21886 4195 4082 1050 48400 659 15 2532 429 727 … 81673 2985 1697 4924 108 1227 14073 2245 6961 2716

906815

1267385

1348514

1346506

1286906

840573

14971 101316 52483 58413 7028 69978 5021 36601 74964 251143

19650 132000 83226 67796 8006 102103 5664 47092 114448 364699

19768 104000 94392 63141 7887 118912 5615 52138 132962 388401

20927 82500 89742 66781 7913 115105 5170 56429 136767 375873

20520 88800 84630 68686 8385 104315 4548 53221 126703 342299

11200 63000 49320 63673 7829 55092 3982 39244 77294 201739

3600 21 9400 5300 11410 85 26438 10000 13 2330 8686 7960 1471 127 5169 878 222 48673 1149 1066 1996 2074 2261 17771 3000 4026 1150 84000 297 11 2161 400 341 … 91347 | 11404 1800 4051 68 976 16427 1619 7200 3199





Statistical Tables

A58. World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (continued) (Million dollars)

Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia a Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji French Polynesia Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep. Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore domestic exports re-exports Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam





















8708 117287 5608

10919 145587 6654

11546 178630 6299

15410 239213 7584

10855 192000 6259

12796 214000 8100

11000 302000 9700

4000 349000 8300

2000 379000 8300

2000 375000 7800

 2200 265000 1000

3060839

3576140

4141180

4724686

3890700

5076344

5975096

6120021

6295824

6440019

5961206

384 106097 9297 258 6249 3092 761953 701 217 292119 20050 272069 99616 86996 594941 4 284419 553 2476 141626 162 1065 3776 863 1093 21730 691 16051 13 3273 41255 87 229649 124546 105103 103 6347 198432 110936 8 10 0 38 32442

416 123437 11802 414 7636 3692 968978 694 235 322669 22765 299904 121808 103527 646725 6 325465 882 2557 160749 225 1543 4539 838 1352 22409 509 16930 14 4166 47410 65 271807 143176 128631 121 6886 224017 129722 8 10 0 49 39826

454 141358 12453 675 7668 4088 1220456 755 197 349386 18109 331276 150159 118013 714327 10 371489 923 2543 175966 228 1889 6253 868 2104 26943 329 17838 11 4681 50466 97 299308 156038 143270 165 7740 246677 153867 8 8 0 50 48561

540 187257 15370 521 10319 4708 1430693 922 195 370242 16958 353284 194828 139606 781412 8 422007 1092 1997 199414 331 2539 6882 939 1300 30580 115 20323 10 5713 49078 72 338176 175702 162474 210 8452 255629 177778 13 9 0 57 62685

403 154331 15083 496 7200 4196 1201612 630 148 329422 16839 312583 164909 119646 580719 6 363534 1053 961 157244 169 1903 6662 823 993 24933 9 17523 6 4394 38436 46 269832 138064 131769 165 7345 203675 152422 8 8 0 57 57096

388 212634 19194 641 8907 5143 1577754 841 153 400692 14798 385894 226351 157779 769774 4 466384 1746 870 198612 198 2899 8661 856 1493 31396 5 21410 6 5742 51496 70 351867 182726 169141 224 8602 274601 193306 16 8 0 49 72237

376 271733 24439 675 12465 6704 1898381 1069 168 455573 16846 438727 302905 203497 823184 9 555214 2190 869 228086 346 4818 9238 919 1663 37669 2 25383 6 6908 48305 66 409503 223913 185590 418 10236 308257 222576 13 14 0 67 96906

429 256675 25127 535 13001 7838 2048714 1221 139 492907 22371 470537 296828 190032 798568 6 547870 2271 1021 227538 314 4385 8877 911 1326 37305 4 24567 9 6328 52099 76 408393 228161 180232 500 9380 306409 229106 31 16 0 55 114529

515 252981 29114 544 11447 9248 2209005 1108 151 535187 19826 515361 314848 182552 715097 7 559632 2264 1138 228331 331 4269 11233 879 1226 39445 4 25121 7 5951 56698 62 410250 219114 191135 448 10208 311428 228505 16 17 0 39 132033

571 241238 30405 409 10509 10860 2342293 1373 170 524065 15599 508466 322694 176293 690217 5 572664 2662 1241 233927 301 5775 11031 889 1602 41622 2 24706 6 5670 62100 50 409787 216297 193490 456 11298 320092 227524 14 19 0 63 150217

470 188445 32379 585 6600 11960 2274949 1200 130 510596 13075 497521 267147 150282 624939 9 526755 2340 1339 199869 240 4670 5950 720 1314 34359 2 22188 5 5520 58648 53 350506 173834 176672 402 10470 285421 214375 15 16 0 62 162107

11911140 14409249 14851641

15179769

15101552

13079871

3005921

2910121

2555667

0HPRUDQGXPLWHPV World excluding a intra-EU (28) exports

7732111

8971372 10348918 12130988

9467322

Europe excluding intra-EU (28) exports

1627287

1820101

1933511

2128687

2454042

2260091

2725334

2819401

a Includes significant re-exports. 1RWH Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. They result mainly from changes in the methods of collecting and reporting merchandise trade statistics. It should be noted that the World and Asia totals contain a significant element of double counting due to the use of the general system of recording merchandise trade statistics which includes re-exports. Recent figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat.

137

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A59. World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (Million dollars)  :RUOGD North America Bermuda Canada b Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba (the Netherlands with respect to) b Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic b Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras b Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua b Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

138







   

 













     

2284427

2541720

2702089

2908063

2177865

2683150

3091742

3194299

3196937

3305200

3150588

985 322411 228240 1732706

1094 359000 263476 1918077

1167 390188 290246 2020403

1159 419011 318304 2169487

1064 329907 241515 1605296

972 402690 310205 1969184

900 463640 361068 2266024

900 476296 380477 2336524

1012 475778 390965 2329060

969 479985 411581 2412547

900 436372 405280 2307946

308822

374046

467798

608591

451766

584680

735618

746358

770058

739347

621837

624 34152 4723 2727 1697 660 2916 95838 38406 26162 11548 10258 167 12174 12114 7663 299 11915 889 1619 7303 5650 2209 3404 10775 4744 15312 250 592 271 1013 6484 4806 33616

728 44706 5126 2956 1746 684 3586 126645 47164 32897 12952 10886 196 13597 13893 8821 365 13576 1059 1682 8888 6893 2549 3989 13269 5859 20368 272 614 327 1044 7663 5628 46097

743 57462 6011 3199 1920 837 5081 182377 62787 39669 15372 15373 247 15993 18852 9818 363 14547 1312 2315 10453 8465 3079 4731 15737 9033 29953 325 656 373 1304 9591 9069 50450

534 38786 2449 2535 1449 669 4545 133677 42806 32898 11395 9619 225 12296 15090 7325 282 11531 1161 2124 7372 5064 2607 3929 13877 6940 21814 296 520 333 1390 6955 6907 41540

501 56793 1394 2591 1569 706 5590 191537 59207 40486 13570 11496 224 15489 20591 8416 318 13838 1397 3146 8907 5225 2622 4792 16737 10033 30030 270 662 338 1398 6480 8622 39000

430 74319 5917 2966 1805 831 7927 236964 74695 54233 16220 14243 2130 226 17409 24438 9965 336 16613 1771 3020 11126 6439 6355 21802 12366 37747 247 697 332 734 1638 9511 10726 48000

492 67974 2046 3386 1780 861 8578 233398 80073 59048 17591 13869 2254 208 17739 25477 10258 341 16994 1997 3170 11371 6331 6778 22821 11555 42545 226 644 356 768 1994 9065 11652 51331

503 74442 1377 3166 1759 928 9338 250556 79249 59381 18014 14773 1906 203 16873 27146 10772 368 17515 1875 3403 10953 6219 6688 21795 12142 43670 249 620 370 924 2174 8871 11642 48773

500 65229 1350 3309 1739 1004 10519 239152 72159 64029 17186 13114 1819 230 17288 | 27726 10513 340 18276 1791 3733 11070 5838 6946 21200 12169 42346 268 627 362 959 2012 8386 11485 43170

500 59787 1270 2780 1618 975 9602 178798 63039 54058 15503 15000 1560 220 17200 21518 10416 355 17636 1550 3400 11180 5070 7090 18770 10291 37850 280 570 325 995 2030 6495 9489 33000

4579875

5252937

6117235

6895464

5217038

5904385

6923232

6620836

6720446

6798446

5898820

2618 127327 318700 7070 18163 18599 6316 76512 75581

3058 137212 351635 7345 23270 21477 6928 93191 85507

4188 163037 411558 9720 29961 25617 8615 118169 98027

5251 184293 466307 12189 36908 30728 10644 142038 109362

4550 143063 353364 8773 23539 21123 7835 105048 83133

4406 159009 391177 9223 25513 20067 8569 126652 83052

5396 191417 466943 11051 32582 22663 8678 152125 95663

4882 178513 439128 10019 32710 20832 7296 141412 91925

4902 183277 451677 10295 34303 22022 6314 144259 96589

5230 182006 454632 10990 34698 22790 6761 154375 99349

4318 155235 375267 9000 29298 20460 5567 140479 85522

506 28689 4288 2312 1604 593 2431 77628 32735 21204 9824 8084 165 9869 10287 6690 328 10499 788 1454 6545 4739 1950 2956 9600 | 3715 12502 210 486 240 1050 5694 3879 24027

Statistical Tables

A59. World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (continued) (Million dollars) 









10238 743 58766 504124 3228 777073 54436 66552 4979 68565 384790 8697 15548 22607 3681 363822 55488 101639 63921 40518 11635 34649 20337 288786 111697 126574 116774 519273 4249661 1472931

13449 790 69375 541919 3763 906684 63619 78262 6137 73118 442555 11541 19373 27145 4307 1842 416832 64261 126989 70684 51160 13172 44986 24141 328696 127547 141400 139576 612671 4870288 1713400

15677 1016 81704 630861 5281 1054983 78532 95565 6738 83822 511662 15322 24412 28029 4801 2867 492616 80297 165710 82129 70314 19164 60616 31559 389301 153226 161180 170063 638263 5655159 1982854

16026 988 91781 716795 6883 1185067 92580 108940 6205 83965 561919 16143 31099 32157 5300 3731 580937 90293 208804 94416 84053 24331 73912 37034 420803 168503 183574 201964 657783 6358376 2331558

10140 783 60889 560873 5073 926347 69448 77761 3604 62704 415105 9811 18304 25330 4478 2313 443153 68970 149459 71663 54324 16047 55650 26507 293218 119876 155378 140928 519078 4809188 1723465

12287 780 68803 611070 5474 1054814 66913 88178 3920 60276 487049 11691 23403 25092 5062 2182 516409 77330 178049 77749 62109 16735 65026 30094 327016 148946 176281 185544 591095 5421065 2031090

17459 987 84264 720028 7027 1254869 67475 102440 4841 66606 558787 16290 31773 28860 6293 2544 594366 90784 210597 82896 76480 19862 79842 35531 376606 177026 208220 240842 676896 6330061 2401296

18085 18459 1153 1115 76468 77570 674415 681467 6522 6620 1154852 1181233 63329 62166 95176 100111 4772 5020 62769 65853 488600 479447 17227 17865 31965 34806 27543 26916 6598 6142 2336 2349 586927 589697 87308 89808 199060 207607 72429 75719 70207 73481 18925 20543 77398 81735 32035 33373 337338 340598 164436 160609 295961 | 321509 236545 251661 695220 660034 5950949 6004976 2306307 2236738

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation b Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan

215610 1802 4350 16708 2490 17353 1102 2292 125434 1330 2947 36136 3666

279773 2192 5269 22351 3678 23677 1931 2693 164281 1723 2560 45039 4380

378973 3268 6045 28693 5215 32756 2789 3690 223486 2455 3619 60618 6340

500089 4426 7574 39381 6302 37889 4072 4899 291861 3273 5600 85535 9277

333314 3321 6514 28569 4500 28409 3040 3278 191803 2570 6800 45487 9023

415446 3783 6746 34884 5257 31107 3223 3855 248634 2657 5700 60911 8689

541197 4145 10166 45759 7065 36906 4261 5191 323831 3206 7600 82594 10472

571863 4261 10417 46404 8037 46358 5374 5213 335446 3778 9900 84639 12034

Africa Algeria Angola b Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic

256523 20357 8353 1018 3161 1260 269 438 2735 175

302868 21456 8778 1228 3086 1319 431 542 3150 203

374929 27631 13661 2037 4067 1678 319 750 4657 249

481396 39479 20982 2289 5211 2018 403 825 5686 300

411217 39294 22660 2064 4728 1870 402 709 4442 270

478977 40473 16667 2054 5657 2048 509 742 5133 300

566650 47247 20228 2129 7272 2406 752 947 6800 310

615618 50378 23717 2339 8025 3129 751 766 6515 323

Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland France FYR Macedonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom European Union (28) extra-EU(28) imports













18301 1065 76747 676603 7277 1207041 63774 104923 5375 73089 474193 17650 34394 26701 6818 2367 589440 89185 223674 78350 77790 20609 81953 33945 358924 162217 275742 242177 690466 6136962 2243476

14510 900 60089 572661 6400 1050025 48417 92600 5295 71336 408932 14312 28278 23431 5772 2049 505806 76228 192601 66701 69867 18173 73509 29706 309292 137625 251873 207199 625806 5316085 1913739

571380 4386 10321 43023 8012 48806 6070 5492 341335 4151 10000 76787 12998

506153 4424 9332 40502 8593 41296 5735 5317 308027 4297 10300 54330 14000

344536 3254 9400 30312 7724 30186 4070 3987 194087 3400 7800 36317 14000

635498 55028 26344 3010 8352 3823 811 725 6649 213

648750 58580 28587 3823 8071 3136 769 772 7049 381

559117 51501 21703 3028 6348 2647 755 563 6661 348

139

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A59. World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (continued) (Million dollars)  Chad Comoros Congo b Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti b Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau b Kenya Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania The Gambia Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle East Bahrain, Kingdom of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait, the State of Lebanese Republic Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

140











1350 115 2013 2892 5820 336 27300 2020 495 5207 1725 6754 956 127 7233 1500 467 6041 1804 1207 1820 1167 3627 23980 2869 2884 949 26523 591 71 3671 757 389 … 78715 8074 1910 4246 259 1085 15007 2557 3074 2300

1800 138 2530 3400 6683 473 37100 2767 510 5809 2157 8061 1218 168 8989 1738 499 6733 2635 1378 2185 1432 3894 32010 3050 3520 1149 34830 771 79 4871 859 445 … 88450 8775 1840 5337 321 1237 19099 3493 4007 2550

2000 180 3050 4300 7884 574 48382 3787 600 8277 2563 10269 1366 199 11128 1800 813 9150 3781 2204 3339 1941 4651 42366 4008 4340 1696 49951 1174 114 6528 1087 534 … 101640 9352 1580 7703 322 1509 24638 4526 5060 2950

2000 210 2900 3900 6960 451 44946 5200 590 7668 2501 8046 1060 202 10202 1850 551 12859 3199 2022 2486 1498 3733 32881 3764 4980 2200 33906 1308 103 4713 794 520 … 74054 9691 1780 6411 304 1509 19096 4247 3832 2900

2400 233 4000 4500 7849 374 52923 5200 660 8602 2983 10922 1405 196 12093 2300 710 17674 2584 2173 3428 1935 4386 35381 4600 5570 2476 44235 1431 112 4782 984 770 … 96835 10045 1960 7874 285 1683 22215 4664 5321 3800

3300 277 5007 5500 6720 511 58903 6500 950 8896 3665 15838 2106 240 14782 2500 1044 8000 2905 2428 3352 2467 5149 44272 6312 6593 2190 56000 2039 134 5909 1049 1717 … 124430 9236 1950 10799 341 2187 23952 5631 7178 4400

2800 273 5485 6100 9770 564 69200 6900 970 11913 3629 17763 2254 182 16290 2602 1005 22000 3094 2360 3524 3129 5354 44872 8688 7256 1900 51000 2300 131 6434 1071 1604 … 127154 9230 1848 11346 380 2380 24471 6044 8805 4400

3000 284 6080 6300 12483 719 59662 5800 1030 14899 3754 17600 2230 183 16358 2175 1150 27000 3260 2845 3807 3044 5397 45190 10099 7143 2020 56000 2302 152 6659 1083 1780 … 126359 9918 1693 12120 350 2769 24266 5818 10162 4300

3100 278 7475 6600 11178 803 71282 5600 1131 18991 3857 14600 2242 214 18396 2144 2100 19000 3227 2774 4009 2646 5610 45832 8747 7883 2190 60000 2563 170 6557 1143 1568 … 121965 9211 1690 11998 387 2529 24828 6074 9539 4200

2200 232 7747 6200 9915 890 65044 4200 1053 19063 3033 13291 1971 229 16093 1954 2237 13000 3173 2932 3167 2053 4792 37514 8293 7426 1990 48000 2570 150 5675 991 1477 … 104620 8585 1432 10285 410 2127 20221 5780 8451 4000

335424

375848

469613

603448

512323

581379

679446

736505

768948

782320

706574

9393 40041 23532 47142 10498 15801 9633 8971 10061 59459

10515 40772 20892 50334 11548 17243 9647 11039 16440 69800

11488 44942 21516 59039 13681 21362 12251 16025 23429 90214

14980 57401 33000 67656 16995 24840 16754 23137 27900 115134

10100 50768 38437 49278 14236 19892 16574 17936 24922 95552

12260 65404 43915 61209 15564 22675 18460 19973 23240 106863

12730 61760 47803 75830 18930 25090 20750 24019 29888 131586

12830 57092 56234 75392 20752 27259 21945 28636 34200 155593

14360 49000 61000 74861 22067 29299 22024 35577 34900 168155

13910 51000 59000 75483 22930 31484 21135 29305 34600 173834

9700 42500 52000 64813 20332 31539 18438 10100 37000 172252

950 99 1304 2690 5865 277 22449 1310 490 4095 1471 5347 820 106 5846 1410 310 6079 1706 1165 1544 1428 3157 20790 2408 2577 943 20754 471 | 50 3498 | 675 345 … 62304 6757 1890 3287 260 1060 13177 2054 2558 2350











Statistical Tables

A59. World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2005-2015 (continued) (Million dollars)  Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia a Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia b China Fiji French Polynesia Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep. Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore retained imports Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam





















10862 84654 5378

11488 100057 6074

14655 132500 8511

18105 177000 10546

15443 150000 9185

17562 165000 9255

16800 203000 11260

7300 226000 13273

5400 239000 13305

6700 250000 12940

5000 230000 12900

2889469

3333931

3819456

4574836

3677709

4861780

5965599

6219457

6347915

6324101

5443484

2471 125281 13889 386 1491 3927 659953 1607 1723 300160 75269 142870 75725 515866 74 261238 882 4514 114324 745 1184 1908 2283 1774 26219 591 25357 105 1729 49487 239 200047 94944 185 8834 182614 118178 109 121 13 149 36761

2744 139253 16034 420 1676 4771 791461 1804 1656 335754 86097 178410 80650 579064 62 309383 1060 5236 130441 927 1486 2538 2492 2117 26424 489 29825 115 2260 54078 275 238710 110079 217 10258 202698 128773 101 116 13 217 45015

3022 165336 18596 526 2101 5439 956116 1800 1863 370132 93791 229370 93101 622243 70 356846 1067 6045 146170 1096 2117 3247 3122 2809 30882 300 32590 116 2945 57996 266 263155 119885 294 11301 219252 139966 183 143 16 229 62682

3020 200273 23860 543 2572 6508 1132567 2264 2169 392962 98927 321032 127538 762534 75 435275 1403 5880 156348 1388 3616 4256 3590 3233 34369 160 42329 130 3510 60420 288 319780 157306 328 13953 240448 179225 269 168 26 314 80714

3336 165471 21833 529 2449 5830 1005923 1440 1717 352241 88672 257202 93786 551981 67 323085 1461 4751 123757 963 2131 4348 4384 2574 25574 70 31668 90 3210 45878 231 245785 114016 268 10049 174371 133709 295 145 14 294 69949

5154 201639 27821 854 2538 6791 1396247 1808 1726 441369 112587 350233 135663 694059 73 425212 2060 5629 164622 1091 3278 4760 5133 3312 30617 90 37807 107 3950 58468 310 310791 141650 404 13512 251236 182921 246 159 16 285 84839

6515 243701 36214 1043 3629 9300 1743484 2182 1796 510855 131822 464462 177436 855380 92 524413 2404 7927 187473 1465 6598 9019 5774 3698 37105 90 44012 129 4760 63693 346 365770 180180 469 20269 281438 228787 319 193 25 304 106750

9069 260940 34173 991 3572 11350 1818405 2253 1705 553486 136229 489694 191691 885843 109 519585 3055 8982 196393 1554 6738 9201 6066 3245 38254 90 44105 142 5330 65350 346 379723 199491 486 19190 277324 249115 664 199 30 296 113780

8724 242140 37085 909 3612 12800 1949990 2826 1815 621417 142411 465397 186629 833166 97 515584 3081 10140 205897 1733 6358 12043 6571 3240 39641 100 44647 169 6080 65705 367 373016 181881 521 18003 278010 250407 843 198 14 313 132033

7729 236933 42268 927 3599 13500 1959233 3250 1762 600613 149882 462910 178179 812185 95 525514 4271 11396 208851 1993 5237 16226 7561 3323 42518 125 47434 180 4000 67719 384 366247 172757 509 19417 281850 227748 858 219 12 313 147849

5571 208419 39460 1170 2585 14400 1681951 2940 1527 559427 133872 391977 142695 648494 100 436499 3860 10603 175961 1870 3797 15920 6380 2715 36563 129 44219 190 3400 69920 334 296745 120073 418 19050 237549 202654 850 205 11 388 166103

0HPRUDQGXPLWHPV World excluding a intra-EU (28) imports

8093754

9304605 10658179 12545480

9695897

Europe excluding intra-EU (28) imports

1803146

2096049

2131315

2444930

2868646

12120694 14574719 15060295 15242945 15210831 13322611 2514409

2994467

2976195

2952208

2904959

2496475

a Includes significant imports for re-export. b Imports are valued f.o.b. 1RWH Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. They result mainly from changes in the methods of collecting and reporting merchandise trade statistics. It should be noted that the World and Asia totals contain a significant element of double counting due to the use of the general system of recording merchandise trade statistics which includes re-exports. Recent figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat.

141

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A60. World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (Million dollars)

World North America Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba (the Netherlands with respect to) Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia

142

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2942000

3522900

3964000

3533600

3842000

4349500

4468000

4747300

5063800

4754000

479800 1490 64883 15888 397516

555600 1585 69289 17233 467475

606300 1431 73471 17667 513733

575400 1273 67075 14821 492184

635400 1342 75297 15233 543549

706200 1393 83665 15581 605590

738800 1330 87765 16146 633576

775200 1316 88722 20194 664948

797700 1317 85181 21086 690127

790300 1308 76292 22609 690061

83420 122 462 7713 1290 2403 1579 343 673 16978 7861 3675 4015 7201 99 6560 965 1477 129 1410 148 140 1810 2613 14 1991 500 3936 277 2533 172 342 169 214 802 1361 1445

99156 133 510 10007 1452 2566 1667 371 676 22615 9030 3899 5584 8588 108 6779 1118 1516 167 1619 173 203 1831 2670 14 2111 625 4315 425 3022 168 354 159 219 910 1804 1748

113706 122 547 11689 1586 2493 1792 356 734 28822 10738 4496 5765 9252 111 6813 1357 1506 166 1977 212 373 2006 2763 14 2089 803 5125 397 3514 155 362 151 232 918 2241 2028

103213 109 499 10542 1518 2311 1465 317 702 26245 8493 4495 3913 8444 106 6210 1245 1263 150 1982 170 429 1841 2616 12 2060 814 5457 451 3499 126 350 137 257 758 2283 1944

116144 113 466 13173 1545 2456 1601 325 688 29273 11149 5023 4719 10546 131 5170 1375 1466 150 2168 248 402 2076 2600 11 1965 848 6350 573 3552 129 368 136 207 869 2654 1617

132624 128 469 15088 1663 2446 1257 311 927 35331 13105 5543 5492 11149 1342 143 5446 1490 1578 157 2123 298 487 2221 2587 12 1048 8021 650 4121 137 378 137 899 191 1020 3607 1621

140766 127 470 14813 1741 2648 1206 371 1105 37393 12387 6335 6292 12760 1486 108 5778 1694 1805 161 2318 298 493 2210 2661 13 1157 9243 667 4770 137 389 138 1039 160 ... 3567 1806

143967 136 452 14369 1863 2631 1385 421 1197 36482 12452 6772 6737 13027 1636 115 6095 1911 2019 161 2417 165 595 2304 2641 14 1237 10035 772 5665 145 406 138 1063 165 ... 3447 1849

146807 141 463 13488 2022 2671 1359 465 1329 39047 10967 6782 6890 12663 1753 117 6691 2218 2165 184 2687 181 643 2465 2828 16 1302 10721 824 5721 156 444 140 1122 198 ... 3311 1562

140030 147 473 13652 2082 2695 1429 468 1528 32989 9737 7150 7676 10551 1511 130 7200 2217 2257 194 2644 ... 677 2634 2912 16 1342 11176 794 6070 159 445 147 ... 167 ... 2967 1456

1571700 1623 45138 59994 1137 ... 11170 ... 15516 52289 3781

1885100 2083 53872 74713 1985 8283 13012 ... 18970 62281 4658

2104100 2674 62465 94829 2238 9753 15771 10445 23695 73707 5644

1845600 2589 53303 90406 1880 8342 12626 9111 20570 56748 4568

1890000 2536 52178 96527 1860 8075 11944 9060 21463 61035 4676

2128200 2776 58564 103167 1867 8983 13073 9855 24676 66810 5577

2127600 2384 57266 104340 1725 8791 12458 9220 24314 66942 5688

2298900 2242 63883 110572 1768 9098 13038 10240 24578 70947 6425

2450800 2455 66638 121977 1832 8948 13602 10030 25202 72502 7003

2209200 2208 57947 109347 1640 7923 12510 8774 22838 60919 5820

Statistical Tables

A60. World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (continued) (Million dollars) 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

175 17891 164544 738 175175 35744 13471 2182 66114 101047 3004 3590 49794 5220 ... ... 31813 22510 18195 12242 ... 7343 4545 ... 43188 69899 25756 264987 … …

214 23476 195791 1034 205412 43098 16947 2996 81357 115102 4336 4198 63261 6594 933 ... 37600 31700 22979 13046 3131 8633 5751 ... 53261 83939 29601 311472 … …

252 31913 223126 1241 236270 50503 20351 2757 90431 114703 5327 5009 67674 9790 1193 ... 42385 38136 25792 16318 4002 9434 7435 ... 58654 94885 36649 303617 … …

170 28121 192817 1086 217755 37854 18427 2662 85172 95994 4355 4043 57095 9831 1053 ... 35166 31288 22383 11759 3481 6590 6138 ... 49908 90012 35355 261373 … …

191 27616 201110 975 220044 37093 19301 3001 89922 99779 4004 4457 61979 10025 1053 159758 41206 35173 22573 10348 3512 6402 6156 ... 52812 92796 35970 265793 1706251 744461

207 29176 235006 1443 245239 39153 24056 3436 104716 109065 4788 5525 72197 11011 1276 173467 40882 41212 26577 12038 4200 7261 6810 ... 64683 105784 40753 304080 1924750 845211

200 28512 233702 1361 242023 34583 20488 3480 109507 107065 4803 6059 75473 10644 1211 166448 46372 41763 25502 12608 3967 7761 6553 121870 65423 107407 42815 317153 1915884 863637

... 29347 255311 1527 261184 37044 22498 3975 122703 110628 5140 7098 88528 11320 1317 177060 48575 44491 28869 17812 4544 9143 7046 125639 71320 112501 47400 332276 2074090 944066

... 27916 274699 1690 272441 40954 24359 4249 134651 114116 5064 7699 99455 12202 1368 194824 49305 48011 31112 19925 5033 9062 7350 132044 75580 116629 51030 361350 2216048 1005359

... 24184 239682 1515 247309 30757 21412 4250 127713 98553 4442 6587 95111 10637 1347 178068 40290 43425 27775 18534 4232 8031 6600 117442 70980 108013 45910 345052 1998792 914715

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan

58200 584 867 2657 829 2584 351 517 35482 110 ... 11713 773

72700 755 1380 3522 989 3254 654 700 43563 116 ... 14734 962

92500 828 1576 4553 1167 3988 795 950 56531 134 ... 18699 1196

76100 776 2020 3683 1241 3823 628 764 45357 142 ... 14411 1036

85600 1001 2397 4761 1556 3900 586 745 48644 399 ... 17729 1328

101100 1286 2934 5573 1927 4078 846 956 57345 531 ... 20618 1773

111100 1376 4681 6276 2465 4606 951 982 61465 746 ... 21373 2343

121900 1493 4106 7466 2885 4906 1027 1098 69111 737 ... 21851 2526

111400 1594 4269 7853 2954 6110 890 1093 64818 310 ... 14582 ...

93700 1484 4423 6620 3066 5941 838 942 50984 197 ... 12129 ...

Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cabo Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros

65400 2512 195 196 763 55 6 900 366 22 80 43

77700 2787 311 281 836 78 7 1239 474 26 111 51

87400 3412 329 328 201 115 3 1355 581 29 129 56

80800 2745 623 204 841 142 2 1141 472 28 234 51

90200 3442 857 348 940 265 7 1240 487 34 273 55

91900 3527 732 391 1155 394 20 1809 569 37 294 64

99200 3570 780 414 1009 408 16 1543 577 35 290 61

95000 3701 1316 500 1167 458 32 1888 628 48 278 70

99200 3460 1681 456 1245 427 35 1866 608 ... ... 74

96600 3622 1751 ... 1118 ... ... ... 497 ... ... ...

Faeroe Islands Finland France FYR Macedonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) exports

143

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A60. World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (continued) (Million dollars) 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

251 219 815 97 15834 23 ... 859 121 92 1243 38 3 1987 35 143 385 565 62 291 76 1663 10857 364 505 84 2057 171 8 710 410 40 ... 12757 246 268 1467 159 4020 458 562 294

303 253 889 92 19660 26 ... 1114 138 128 1614 44 33 2418 39 156 109 846 70 360 74 2194 13390 404 579 79 1097 203 6 1088 456 43 ... 14519 468 486 1836 197 4620 503 672 250

352 451 987 131 24668 32 ... 1592 160 118 1559 95 44 2531 45 182 208 1102 72 443 121 2530 14725 489 538 126 1834 351 9 1169 464 59 ... 13588 382 252 1966 253 5649 687 619 222

358 522 1010 142 21302 28 ... 1516 142 104 1522 67 32 2198 36 142 385 736 75 336 140 2225 14388 544 638 100 1760 265 10 905 418 100 ... 12836 283 202 1795 265 5076 857 529 262

409 291 1026 149 23618 44 ... 1911 163 131 1344 61 42 3016 42 40 410 961 75 356 105 2656 14329 245 664 119 2619 259 13 936 440 56 ... 15676 212 250 2001 289 5298 1033 571 308

562 326 870 144 19031 48 ... 2549 266 144 1679 71 43 3326 41 365 40 1160 81 379 185 3215 15486 366 723 64 2314 368 18 1029 465 157 ... 16950 300 296 2256 464 4286 1614 665 363

572 225 846 147 21336 45 ... 2537 346 151 3200 156 21 3880 37 350 152 1308 100 312 128 3364 14947 792 1059 69 2067 359 17 1080 672 176 ... 17203 861 225 2753 405 4754 1942 990 359

686 167 790 169 17881 48 ... 2867 385 205 2353 100 38 4042 29 321 180 1253 106 372 168 2734 13935 645 912 141 1916 393 36 1177 818 219 ... 16401 1019 214 3142 437 4577 2272 758 ...

729 163 797 ... 20262 49 ... 2734 402 ... 1977 ... 45 4027 28 216 79 1294 95 404 255 3119 15223 725 1021 271 1495 325 70 1160 825 202 ... 16458 1414 269 3376 439 4555 1828 851 ...

... ... ... ... 18156 ... ... 2851 ... ... 5712 ... ... 3692 ... 223 ... 1114 98 ... ... 2654 13746 675 1100 ... 2742 352 67 ... 839 ... ... 14665 1397 316 3665 ... 3022 1945 ... ...

Middle East Bahrain, Kingdom of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait, the State of Lebanese Republic Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen

78700 3462 5544 353 19020 2850 7495 11657 1311 3484 13973 2649 6259 468

90700 3681 6791 839 21372 3436 9104 12748 1683 3129 16160 I 3561 7434 578

98800 3916 7629 1249 25009 4353 11362 17620 1826 2276 9132 4145 8958 1049

96400 3831 7888 1730 22516 4197 10891 16895 1620 1943 9428 4583 9503 1085

105100 4233 8657 2199 25356 5221 8429 15972 1808 2826 10351 7040 11028 1471

112800 3296 8202 2159 29426 5250 9503 19621 2330 5580 11116 2434 12063 1111

117500 3085 8259 2657 32884 6030 8250 14484 2689 8851 10575 ... 15276 1412

126100 3302 8776 3092 34463 6026 5594 15051 2931 10294 11308 ... 20422 1551

133600 3335 9342 3873 35358 6597 5684 13725 3066 12775 11962 ... 22982 1507

140900 ... 9592 4961 34452 5760 5676 ... ... 14103 13807 ... 26358 ...

144

Statistical Tables

A60. World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (continued) (Million dollars)

Asia Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji French Polynesia Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep. Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Micronesia, Federated States of Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam Memorandum items: World excluding intra-EU (28) exports Europe excluding intra-EU (28) exports

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

604700 ... 32524 922 42 745 1272 93492 850 876 54384 69166 11157 107229 8 ... 55703 203 10564 20971 549 22 483 291 252 296 9739 2214 305 11064 138 59013 47 1604 28818 24414 25 22 2 140 5060

741900 ... 39745 1021 52 813 1396 124895 902 977 64383 86235 12148 119438 10 ... 70030 255 14337 28988 1572 25 575 313 340 355 11490 2185 313 13502 167 73995 51 1755 32940 29876 32 27 2 177 6415

861300 1129 42431 1100 51 867 1495 144677 1097 1004 69841 105668 14885 138696 12 ... 90127 359 18024 30714 1633 26 517 328 494 389 11693 2517 318 13055 168 89421 44 1981 36525 32781 23 32 3 225 6956

756200 1752 39195 968 53 915 1746 121613 786 847 64602 92484 12691 118447 11 ... 71638 374 18977 28249 1538 29 415 315 600 346 10088 2522 160 14084 162 81593 55 1874 31201 29893 24 28 2 241 5666

919600 2060 45836 1236 67 462 1917 153606 928 774 80468 116583 16331 131833 11 ... 82244 489 29007 34588 1804 32 483 337 583 409 11448 2931 279 17770 172 100575 89 2454 39976 34086 31 41 3 271 7355

1076600 2687 51733 1419 80 502 2603 200294 1078 866 91232 137935 21316 137871 13 ... 89706 526 39844 38751 2098 29 617 727 775 404 13092 3457 387 18866 181 118649 108 3062 45499 41280 26 49 3 279 8581

1133000 1391 53046 1352 97 483 3054 200586 1113 845 98425 145030 23070 133838 12 ... 102298 553 45364 40498 2173 30 959 1183 769 387 12980 3205 433 20425 196 127475 115 3773 48616 49306 30 70 4 295 9510

1186200I 931 52604 1526 121 493 3354 205778 I 1109 857 104656 148188 22334 132650 11 ... 102531 761 53619 42005 2586 30 707 2679 968 420 13318 3309 384 23321 206 139955 123 4657 50696 58251 49 70 3 339 10585

1324300 1159 53368 1627 123 557 3713 279423 1164 934 106566 155670 22920 158626 11 ... 110961 746 53134 41860 3020 33 573 4127 1078 413 14201 3509 177 25483 196 150449 109 5574 56520 54993 62 49 ... 320 10833

1283300 799 48374 1684 122 577 3775 285476 1169 ... 104152 155288 21259 157863 ... ... 96844 790 39902 34759 3040 ... 646 ... 1139 ... 14135 3277 79 28153 ... 139335 95 6366 56473 60280 57 59 ... 295 11054

...

...

...

...

2880200

3270000

3415700

3617200

3853100

3669900

...

...

...

...

928200

1048700

1075300

1168900

1240100

1125100

145

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A61. World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (Million dollars)

:RUOG North America Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba (the Netherlands with respect to) Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia

146









































410000 837 72185 23128 313812

450800 1091 81383 24051 344315

494600 1021 88317 25092 380172

461200 966 82024 22822 355341

498000 995 97239 22451 377353

537400 879 105957 26104 404468

561900 881 110621 26203 424152

579200 879 111547 28364 438366

591300 953 106721 30341 453265

594900 882 95405 29495 469110

80861 91 249 8105 722 1510 643 143 807 26183 8736 5973 1535 1258 50 1510 2271 1205 101 1756 245 574 1027 1969 15 750 509 1641 365 3277 96 182 80 251 311 937 5782

102253 103 271 10395 751 1502 607 159 880 34700 10352 6751 1723 1325 63 1691 2487 1290 104 2017 273 491 1058 2226 16 789 660 2078 443 4224 100 199 103 293 327 1079 10723

123734 102 270 12887 759 1306 700 161 993 44396 11946 7823 1776 2079 69 1895 2950 1277 106 2010 325 592 1213 2304 17 866 804 2602 569 5577 121 209 98 367 271 1462 12831

116446 70 217 11716 650 1069 652 154 990 44075 10503 7917 1483 1673 65 1741 2574 952 91 2106 272 633 942 1824 16 927 696 2118 515 4671 97 185 87 246 335 1233 12949

143001 54 214 14259 641 1101 672 154 1125 57813 13046 9275 1832 1923 65 3156 2941 1054 89 2388 344 731 1143 1767 16 911 680 2709 700 5893 107 200 86 237 371 1470 13836

170961 54 203 17117 807 1258 499 162 1625 70984 16178 10748 1792 2462 820 64 2763 3046 1152 91 2498 434 755 1417 1884 17 805 4235 864 6359 112 197 80 238 553 468 1989 16231

181636 55 197 17568 785 1522 487 177 1895 75832 15131 12112 2054 2406 888 65 2804 3090 1301 89 2525 526 773 1689 2088 15 851 4214 906 7183 113 183 82 262 611 ... 2350 18340

191879 56 212 17899 841 1615 683 195 2302 81053 15855 12683 2100 2306 904 68 2621 3401 1429 93 2739 503 780 1643 1978 15 1024 4868 1048 7458 119 181 86 263 589 ... 3179 18594

193563 57 219 16357 877 1713 678 213 3007 85916 14724 13381 2182 2074 887 70 2687 3423 1434 91 3006 426 858 1745 2170 15 988 4546 1085 7514 125 174 86 289 800 ... 3141 16104

170450 58 238 17490 845 1194 683 207 2352 68921 13444 11084 2618 2125 988 72 2970 3118 1498 93 3011 ... 766 1746 2076 16 902 4357 1071 7794 139 176 88 ... 713 ... 2608 13921

1356900 1541 35109 55833 458 ... 3754 ... 12097 46975 2521

1611800 1892 40922 72956 487 5785 4158 ... 14570 56426 3131

1812500 2354 45142 89028 585 6691 5237 5669 18333 65992 3515

1587300 2216 38923 82177 631 5577 4379 4922 16175 54182 2587

1624200 1989 38643 87383 533 4568 3802 4977 17381 54448 2921

1797500 2235 44363 94754 549 4966 4011 5253 20065 61266 3769

1792700 1861 44044 97702 506 5286 3927 5037 20288 60866 3983

1935400 1921 50884 103820 498 5474 4030 6125 20857 62321 4695

2067500 2029 53207 116806 526 5597 3995 6149 22456 62109 4800

1886000 1644 45505 105530 483 4927 3796 5440 19767 53526 4005

Statistical Tables

A61. World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (continued) (Million dollars) 



















274 19002 145260 538 223313 17623 11953 2415 81807 104426 2026 2485 34377 4282 ... ... 31558 19590 10948 6934 ... 6088 3342 ... 38826 48686 11017 184817 … …

359 22960 168222 728 257577 21844 15602 2862 98720 125564 2791 3316 44098 5199 386 ... 41134 24042 13188 8887 3436 7759 4374 ... 46739 56397 14933 207493 … …

382 31533 193844 942 286977 26662 18328 2409 114654 129596 3295 4120 46072 7890 596 ... 47551 30394 15215 11941 4266 9896 5245 ... 52883 63734 17092 210460 … …

343 27853 175159 784 248828 21274 16780 1960 107516 107711 2385 2954 39594 8389 452 ... 36781 24019 13615 10379 3427 7781 4474 ... 45013 65316 15971 176637 … …

366 27317 180898 779 262101 19819 15800 2171 109690 110950 2301 2924 45526 8436 439 135650 44950 30707 14128 8260 3485 7244 4469 ... 46385 69235 18507 178485 1481219 602455

394 29626 202017 920 294464 19082 19148 2579 118795 116482 2751 3710 53491 9168 434 149982 47625 33916 15592 9657 3938 7623 4765 ... 54570 82805 19574 191445 1635868 657478

200 31125 202228 941 292143 15659 15583 2722 119615 106426 2739 4211 56615 8873 438 142570 52328 33771 13476 9386 3768 7164 4543 63905 55498 86012 19422 195675 1624139 656289

... 31506 226193 1005 324691 16145 17196 2806 123550 108415 2806 5213 67386 9416 441 151233 56210 34243 14395 11475 4070 8586 4651 62716 59402 92261 23018 202225 1752544 713200

... 30523 251769 1193 329354 16779 17644 3097 145054 113659 2774 5458 77029 9890 437 172714 56052 36537 16008 12070 4373 8948 4999 68013 66465 98136 23054 210230 1877800 790217

... 25756 228159 1119 289475 12048 15592 2807 151566 99260 2506 4596 71997 8341 459 157116 45758 32461 14171 10786 3498 7933 4280 64579 59542 92378 20819 207704 1716384 732313

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan

71900 665 2859 1691 693 8672 455 461 45237 393 ... 8623 402

93500 931 3331 2063 874 11612 599 619 59201 590 ... 11104 390

116700 1123 3852 2735 1162 11014 904 794 75704 453 ... 15831 427

95000 1040 3613 2208 913 9898 737 682 61209 289 ... 11125 415

111300 1252 3845 3000 1003 11198 792 678 73226 524 ... 12189 486

131600 1351 5741 3347 1206 10848 955 802 89388 666 ... 12759 557

156400 1479 7330 4038 1369 12644 1314 877 106717 885 ... 13994 943

179800 1611 8176 5245 1480 12095 1098 946 125742 1064 ... 15538 1032

173500 1686 10187 5729 1615 12639 1218 968 118909 608 ... 11702 ...

134300 1549 8553 4332 1614 11489 949 797 86868 356 ... 9787 ...

Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cabo Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros

85600 4533 6860 346 571 346 193 1426 251 120 2124 54

108800 6358 11997 491 727 435 173 1719 292 147 1702 62

141400 10484 20451 500 402 590 241 2596 357 164 1838 77

126000 11159 18210 488 633 546 160 1902 315 156 1851 83

140500 11489 16028 503 824 817 156 1717 297 196 2376 93

158500 12034 22415 497 958 1130 189 1952 326 201 2390 107

162400 10470 21151 575 727 1170 188 2058 361 193 2299 103

163000 10276 21269 761 774 1407 221 2626 338 161 2580 107

173500 11244 24230 884 681 1296 245 2735 362 ... ... 113

156900 10522 18783 ... 596 ... ... ... 300 ... ... ...

Faeroe Islands Finland France FYR Macedonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom European Union (28) Extra-EU (28) imports

147

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A61. World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (continued) (Million dollars) 



















Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia, Republic of Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

2422 763 2239 81 10288 845 ... 1154 1207 94 1442 238 40 1252 358 217 2324 600 142 674 387 1312 3562 720 420 327 12115 232 16 808 274 76 ... 13803 2454 365 1212 261 2245 756 488 485

3523 1443 2423 99 13088 1128 ... 1733 1426 87 1812 259 68 1499 354 219 2456 1005 141 776 487 1562 4527 820 504 369 15553 270 15 1214 243 87 ... 15890 2615 495 1364 303 2570 958 807 502

3565 1856 2666 121 16335 1657 ... 2361 1599 86 2038 400 85 1716 379 344 3572 1350 133 1024 732 1910 5612 918 578 600 22577 403 19 1388 241 112 ... 16552 2464 629 1627 358 3109 1234 805 510

3209 1692 2608 114 12765 2058 ... 2187 1253 83 2366 294 85 1653 397 141 4323 1114 136 817 607 1586 5301 987 569 736 16487 440 17 1108 235 123 ... 14980 2079 540 1685 374 2710 1377 640 611

3678 2497 2740 104 12991 2564 ... 2534 1805 73 2444 387 101 1890 410 234 5251 1097 205 1007 638 1951 5660 1176 723 845 19868 451 22 1076 259 242 ... 19158 2406 652 1843 395 3054 1774 849 860

4368 2633 2635 127 13129 2603 ... 3308 2507 68 3126 530 100 2003 462 266 3555 1144 225 1115 725 2428 6713 2209 775 868 22470 547 27 1242 262 418 ... 20430 2123 867 2157 467 3002 2413 1052 1149

3594 1944 2773 127 15557 3068 ... 3581 2303 80 3838 772 73 2287 424 420 6279 1118 203 1059 968 2382 6578 4448 718 828 22412 425 24 1298 383 518 ... 18438 1985 808 2310 437 2989 2459 1290 963

4107 2309 3056 161 14808 2642 ... 3363 2536 78 4371 619 87 2206 352 437 7388 1202 221 1214 941 2143 6418 3857 927 978 20079 511 43 1410 469 681 ... 17599 1922 676 2436 471 3139 2739 1770 ...

4981 2678 3140 ... 16800 2889 ... 4230 2524 ... 3833 ... 116 2698 311 634 6966 1084 246 1174 848 2426 7693 3624 1132 1038 22546 397 77 1414 500 1201 ... 16625 1905 620 2599 426 3112 2709 1596 ...

... ... ... ... 16658 ... ... 4612 ... ... 4948 ... ... 2523 ... 617 ... 991 270 ... ... 2176 7039 3285 1080 ... 18836 427 62 ... 496 ... ... 15111 1671 516 2569 ... 2590 2738 ... ...

Middle East Bahrain, Kingdom of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait, the State of Lebanese Republic Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen

122500 1605 11407 5030 14864 2854 8805 8716 3896 6864 29488 2437 24322 1800

160000 1701 14760 4741 17462 3356 10494 9968 5095 7348 46331 I 2917 33372 1811

189400 2030 17100 7168 19582 3926 14799 13440 5878 7067 49571 3096 42773 2289

175100 1741 16937 8426 17169 3672 12886 14023 5484 5662 47039 2623 36752 2025

192500 1905 18153 9606 18539 4312 14323 13010 6364 7666 50996 3437 41337 2103

224500 1778 17285 10870 20004 4357 17585 12944 7724 15548 54954 2818 55702 2112

235000 1480 14881 13016 20504 4465 20014 11425 8767 22126 49889 ... 62301 2296

242500 1560 15287 14353 20559 4500 19873 12828 9808 24844 51745 ... 61157 2208

266400 1618 15679 14482 22225 4532 22338 12501 10228 30007 62683 ... 63744 2486

257200 1621 13680 12200 22120 4578 22993 ... ... 28390 56520 ... 65650 ...

148

Statistical Tables

A61. World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2006-2015 (continued) (Million dollars)

Asia Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji French Polynesia Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep. Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Micronesia, Federated States of Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam 0HPRUDQGXPLWHPV World excluding intra-EU (28) imports Europe excluding intra-EU (28) imports





















682500 ... 32663 2309 61 1035 760 100332 530 542 63558 58041 21342 139755 30 ... 69598 31 3107 23421 226 55 514 541 488 1119 7997 8177 1584 6491 62 66198 66 2359 31690 32430 45 29 10 66 5082

801400 ... 41270 2872 86 1115 772 128269 515 602 68572 69757 24325 156856 39 ... 83889 38 4655 28475 326 55 456 629 716 1313 9519 8562 1945 7418 62 76296 95 2568 34015 37814 52 35 20 70 7137

927500 565 48322 3588 118 1181 799 155477 622 707 72466 87238 28219 176769 43 ... 96940 102 5893 30060 419 59 616 599 840 1318 10370 9366 1817 10875 63 90957 111 2975 34076 45772 102 48 23 129 7881

814600 658 41609 3184 95 1215 810 145139 462 698 60977 79628 22892 153971 39 ... 81646 130 5050 27257 394 83 559 593 828 1040 8602 5966 1823 8965 66 83915 101 2487 28950 36300 292 44 19 106 8046

983000 1352 50765 4122 135 1076 947 181824 444 594 70246 114037 25971 162921 44 ... 96546 258 7482 32400 446 77 768 754 845 1300 10135 6551 2737 11714 79 101020 180 3075 36987 44774 450 42 26 123 9771

1141900 1981 61671 4978 171 1541 1289 246779 533 556 74117 124198 31157 173807 54 ... 102043 325 10546 38083 576 76 1770 1067 761 1371 12021 7408 2937 12013 77 118006 183 3973 41233 51965 710 62 35 143 11707

1228900 2257 65728 5230 188 2237 1501 280260 562 506 76467 128955 33639 182829 57 ... 107794 333 11347 43131 567 78 2048 1434 882 1420 12291 7634 3715 13962 88 129548 188 4406 41833 52767 465 74 25 145 12353

1289600 2002 67085 6194 171 2423 1735 329419 551 488 75046 125189 34425 169040 58 ... 109161 523 11757 44973 692 77 2019 2162 971 1387 12513 7241 3853 16058 87 146260 235 5232 41789 54598 331 87 17 148 13635

1447500 1809 62409 7195 184 1853 1854 450805 547 487 73797 126710 33076 190185 44 ... 114741 479 10490 45161 791 74 2139 2561 1150 1303 13015 7751 2249 20607 73 155248 217 5590 45065 52919 359 78 ... 143 14305

1412000 1686 53674 8745 178 1885 1878 466330 469 ... 73909 122225 30222 173689 ... ... 112345 554 10301 39814 860 ... 1520 ... 1225 ... 11523 7378 1037 23599 ... 143268 170 5886 46756 50473 357 70 ... 180 15292

...

...

...

...

2813800

3184000

3351100

3542000

3825600

3627600

...

...

...

...

745400

819100

824900

896000

979900

901900

149

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A62. Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS), 2011-2013 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value

Austria Belgium Bulgaria a Canada China b Costa Rica b, c Croatia a Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark a Estonia a Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong, China b, d Hungary India b, e, f Ireland a Israel a, e Italy a Japan b, c, f, g Latvia h Lithuania Luxembourg a Malta a, i Netherlands New Zealand b, f Norway a Poland a Portugal Romania Serbia a Slovak Republic j Slovenia k Spain Sweden a Thailand b, c United Kingdom a United States b, c Viet Nam b, c Zambia b, c Memorandum item: European Union a Extra-EU a, l

Annual percentage change

2011

2012

2013

2008-2013

2011

2012

2013

52.6 75.9 6.1 177.5 134.0 ... ... 1.5 44.1 39.3 2.9 20.7 229.4 281.8 ... 155.4 30.8 8.7 79.5 13.0 119.4 85.6 4.0 4.5 13.4 1.1 113.3 5.8 39.5 39.0 23.5 19.3 3.7 10.6 | 3.4 117.0 69.1 35.6 360.6 761.5 7.4 1.3

50.1 74.6 6.1 191.9 ... ... 4.0 1.4 40.5 35.4 2.8 20.7 208.2 293.7 9.8 167.9 27.8 ... 79.8 ... 110.5 172.5 4.1 4.7 14.5 1.3 103.8 ... 42.1 36.3 19.0 19.5 3.0 12.7 3.2 103.5 69.9 29.8 379.8 751.3 ... 1.2

53.3 ... 6.3 196.5 ... 2.6 4.6 1.7 38.2 37.8 2.9 ... 223.6 315.6 9.3 185.7 28.8 ... ... ... 115.7 143.4 4.0 5.1 16.8 ... 113.1 ... 43.2 41.5 20.3 20.8 3.5 10.0 3.2 110.5 ... 10.6 ... 800.3 ... 1.5

1 … 0 … … … 0 21 … -2 0 … -2 -1 … 6 -3 … … … -2 … 2 1 … … 1 … 1 3 -7 … … … … -1 … … … -2 … …

14 -29 15 14 … … … 38 5 7 15 17 3 12 … 8 15 … 30 9 7 -1 20 27 … … 11 … 9 14 -10 … … … … 5 17 61 14 3 69 …

-5 -2 1 8 … … … -10 -8 -10 -1 0 -9 4 … 8 -10 … 0 … -7 102 3 4 8 21 -8 … 7 -7 -19 1 -19 … -7 -12 1 -16 5 -1 … -4

6 … 2 2 … … 15 21 -6 7 3 … 7 7 -5 11 4 … … … 5 -17 -3 9 16 … 9 … 3 14 7 7 18 -21 1 7 … -65 … 7 … 24

1520 672.5

... ...

… …

13 49

-2 5

… …

1549.5 643.3

Excluding wholesale and retail trade as well as repair activities. Unless otherwise specified: - all or a large part of financial service activities are excluded; - insurance activities and/or activities auxiliary to financial and insurance activities are included; - all or a large part of community, social and personal services activities are excluded. * Data for 2011 for China refer to 2008. Data for 2011 for India refer to 2009. a Insurance activities and activities auxiliary to financial and insurance activities are not covered. b Financial service activities are included. c Community, social and personal services activities are included. d Includes other income. e Output instead of sales. f Fiscal year as reference period. g No estimation for non-response. Real estate activities are not covered. h Insurance activities and administrative and support activities are excluded in 2013. i Accomodation and food services excluded in 2011. j No insurance activities prior to 2012. k No insurance activities after 2011. No real estate activities in 2013. l It refers to the sales by foreign affiliates which are established in the EU (28) and controlled by non-EU (27) entities. 1RWH : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata.

150

Statistical Tables

A63. Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies - affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities (outward FATS), 2011-2013 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value 2011

Annual percentage change 2012

2013

2008-2013

2011

2012

2013 …

Australia a

23.3

...

...

…

…

…

Austria

38.2

37.2

38.5

1

3

-3

3

Belgium b

24.5

28.0

60.8

…

5

14

117

A

Canada c

158.6

163.2

171.2

…

…

3

5

R

Costa Rica

...

...

0.1

…

…

…

…

Y

Cyprus

3.5

3.3

2.4

-13

15

-5

-27

Czech Republic

0.3

0.2

0.9

6

-23

-28

297

Finland

22.7

23.1

22.8

2

-25

2

-1

R

France

465.1

456.4

482.1

…

10

-2

6

E

Germany

573.8

533.8

551.3

1

10

-7

3

R

Greece

4.1

4.4

4.6

…

36

8

3

U

Hungary

3.3

2.5

2.5

-5

41

-24

0

Israel b, d, e, f

3.7

...

...

…

8

…

…

Italy R

188.8

184.5

190.3

3

5

-2

3

Japan g

37.9

143.4

172.3

26

-8

279

20

Korea, Republic of d, f, h

20.9

...

...

…

…

…

…

1.1

0.5

0.6

…

213

-57

28

Latvia Lithuania i

0.6

0.4

2.7

80

174

-35

…

Luxembourg j

4.1

6.3

5.1

…

12

55

-18 48

T

Malta j

...

0.2

0.4

-3

…

…

O

Norway

36.7

41.3

44.1

…

25

12

7

Poland

2.9

3.5

1.7

…

22

21

-52

Portugal

20.2

19.0

22.8

…

11

-6

20

0.4

0.2

0.2

-16

49

-46

-20 8

K

Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

B

United Kingdom i

S

United States

1.2

1.1

1.2

…

9

-9

211.4

169.2

171.1

…

28

-20

1

68.8

74.7

72.8

-10

-25

8

-2

699.9

781.0

719.9

…

-1

12

-8

1154.0

1198.7

1244.0

…

6

4

4

1296.9

1342.6

1351.6

…

6

4

1

Memorandum item: 8

Extra - EU k

Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities. a Refers to fiscal year 2009. Financial and insurance affiliates only. b Classified under services according to activity of parent company. c Part of professional, scientific and technical activities excluded. d Financial intermediation activities are excluded. e Refers to output. f Part or all community, social and personal services are not covered. g Also includes affiliates foreign owned by more than 10 per cent. Fiscal year as reference period. Excludes affiliates of mother companies active in finance, insurance and real estate. No estimation for non-response. h Refers to 2009. Also includes affiliates in which a Korean corporation has invested capital of 10% or more. No estimation for non-response. i Branches are excluded. j Includes wholesale and retail trade and repair activities. k It refers to the sales of affiliates which are established outside the EU (27) and controlled by EU (28) entities up to 2012. Starting in 2013, it refers to extra-EU(28) sales. 1RWH : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata.

151

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A64. Services supplied by United States affiliates established abroad (outward FATS) and by foreign affiliates in the United States (inward FATS) by economy of affiliate, 2013 (Million dollars and percentage) Supply of services abroad Value 2013

Share

Supply of services in the United States Annual percentage change

2013 2010-2013

Value

2012

2013

2013

Share

Annual percentage change

2013 2010-2013

2012

2013

World European Union (28) Canada Japan Switzerland Singapore

1320875 558724 127589 71568 64214 59522

100.0 42.3 9.7 5.4 4.9 4.5

5 3 3 1 1 13

3 1 1 2 -1 9

3 1 0 -7 6 9

World European Union (28) Japan Canada Switzerland Australia

867683 451530 146509 84394 52024 22865

100.0 52.0 16.9 9.7 6.0 2.6

8 5 16 6 -2 20

4 4 7 1 -11 15

8 4 36 3 -1 4

Above 5 Australia Mexico China Brazil Hong Kong, China India British Virgin Islands Bermuda Korea, Republic of Chile

881617 52580 43393 43257 39594 33770 21301 16264 15065 12571 11521

66.7 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9

5 8 14 10 3 14 18 1 5 11

0 8 14 2 0 5 4 17 0 15

4 7 9 3 3 25 43 -8 3 0

Above 5 Bermuda Korea, Republic of India Singapore Mexico British Virgin Islands China Hong Kong, China United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

757322 17602 16121 11850 8331 7503 4464 4437 4214 2848 2451

87.3 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3

19 16 17 12 19 19 59 9 6 …

26 9 11 -4 15 42 222 -4 -7 …

3 16 8 -1 13 4 -1 4 5 52

1170933

88.6

-

-

-

Above 15

837143

96.5

-

-

-

Above 15

1RWH This information refers to supply of services products to foreigners by United States owned affiliates and supply of services products to United States persons by affiliates foreign owned. This differs from the FATS data presented for the United States in the tables A62 and A63 which refer to sales of foreign affiliates operating in the services sector. For instance the latter include sales of goods of foreign affiliates whose primary activity is classified as a service industry but not the supply of services of those whose primary activity is classified as a manufacturing industry.

152

Statistical Tables

A65. World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (Million dollars)

:RUOG North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Argentina Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of























4031777

4484826

5200590

6060378

6738733

5213156

6512978

7753929

7732032

8010560

7995717

142721 73650 472631

158036 83025 512476

175622 92810 581161

193198 95240 644353

199363 102411 717289

139413 79252 540369

176547 106075 664837

206109 127228 758953

201398 140162 764037

199507 143156 763970

201778 151179 770612

20426 1091 57657 24461 5614 3185 1657 1694 759 664 1354 654 415 149 1312 9812 2232 1410 5736

22896 1138 69007 31860 6919 3859 1539 1878 889 855 1881 747 465 159 1307 12813 2403 1561 5983

25837 1731 81059 47626 8410 4282 320 2130 1121 1110 1708 1196 463 1241 1298 18730 2817 1864 4164

33670 2128 92382 55401 10705 5180 1514 3159 1351 1262 2870 1479 611 1282 2274 21949 3965 2269 8500

42696 2919 116028 49114 11835 5413 1355 2440 1733 1585 3430 2146 948 1659 3590 23905 4893 2903 4571

32317 2824 94829 42453 9762 3474 909 1591 1669 1189 3175 1551 651 3437 2343 20822 1630 2784 2036

41489 3498 127797 57169 10380 4776 1136 1909 1971 1308 4066 1934 979 3289 3292 28060 3664 3567 3810

52640 4581 167830 64243 12466 5646 1674 2856 2629 1842 5298 2478 1274 5517 4361 35719 6966 4210 2536

48580 5411 155387 60931 12808 6386 1201 3041 2901 1894 4957 3329 2088 420 3765 34911 6854 4845 1358

45686 4939 157925 58453 11166 6346 1271 4137 2897 1871 4774 3335 2041 383 5650 30881 6273 5273 1861

41225 5656 147957 56920 10830 25741 950 4650 3611 1648 5070 3079 2032 343 5584 27057 6130 5157 4149

166 54039 150721 1016 4937 3075 239 38768 26480 3543 36023 186849

205 58342 165091 1599 5933 3499 243 44162 28578 4318 36103 194745

260 67140 181764 2276 8039 4091 272 52382 31766 4765 42806 217838

389 83285 219300 2724 9841 5275 336 66693 36445 5908 49226 252267

571 91423 233503 3108 11860 6054 437 78262 41810 6923 50616 275280

344 68485 180104 2085 8345 4465 389 57480 33536 4560 31829 207704

619 78207 209244 2719 10732 5058 522 67896 34327 5859 42233 233779

759 91664 243187 3403 15408 5878 711 85728 40452 7710 47717 268969

715 84797 227365 3175 13976 5560 622 81882 38444 7818 42835 249055

777 87573 250616 3355 15782 6079 570 86571 40015 8191 44254 254345

272 90016 231342 3542 15786 6372 559 92613 40985 7750 41248 251909

Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

153

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A65. World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (continued) (Million dollars)

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia FYR Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom























412508 6590 27975 1017 53517 161792 2643 3275 8275 504 1826 276 130296 16236 37790 18369 11199 0 14858 8477 77836 62803 57156 24584 150837

458604 7213 31737 1010 57536 170416 2943 4170 8408 611 1603 346 142530 18038 44083 19601 13358 2688 16461 9365 83392 65197 59577 28099 160446

532832 8813 36262 1233 55179 194557 3287 4836 9847 771 1910 349 163867 21595 55778 23118 16780 3941 19561 11338 94104 73380 66546 34976 178290

614244 9706 42772 1808 65345 233663 4540 7127 11217 976 2111 496 193500 28170 71975 27824 22047 5327 26410 14043 113525 86197 78336 44942 191004

681989 11932 47699 2728 68833 250225 5230 8780 12454 1215 2004 649 207852 29024 85240 29050 27044 6528 31382 15305 122612 92447 89637 61545 192154

505383 8920 34644 1965 60369 183628 3687 5899 8286 1956 1571 435 164041 21786 61289 21765 19749 4362 24976 10802 93290 65043 76278 46267 140461

591016 9658 41981 2459 61270 206921 4792 7359 9860 2079 1875 557 190210 24883 74973 25432 25940 5688 29591 12553 109338 81028 89044 52324 165787

701656 11543 52316 2806 69096 246027 6111 9912 11667 776 2022 952 238045 26996 92472 30733 33757 6921 36362 15173 135729 94980 104364 62658 197022

656515 10612 49610 2595 65999 230297 6340 10489 9747 1662 1983 840 225553 24941 88291 29041 32290 6203 36925 14089 125057 86605 186565 76925 187179

673168 10502 53753 2611 63706 235587 6202 11248 9636 2537 1895 1037 236559 24824 97967 30210 36524 7177 37837 14792 132562 83560 231867 69936 261787

690623 10501 56432 2546 64067 238863 6228 12196 10019 2537 1693 1045 238779 25015 103334 30570 39014 7434 37655 15495 134114 82304 177341 70293 232064

522 348 5366 332 6775 564 51857 568 22746

715 459 5677 396 7901 445 61563 702 24802

763 590 6790 513 11251 448 75109 794 28978

848 537 8727 727 15466 543 93153 958 36775

768 801 12127 977 21308 766 105425 867 50787

510 394 7526 642 12840 675 67167 673 29291

749 474 9904 868 15719 844 80314 926 36973

908 675 14618 1061 23706 1292 99737 871 49154

867 669 15600 1054 26232 912 119034 1015 50238

871 637 12496 1197 18426 1097 113823 756 47897

876 621 13193 1205 16448 929 112530 645 43165

752 254 346 838 609 3493 4611 446

830 233 296 824 598 3362 5393 507

1046 166 331 1173 736 3440 7086 555

1227 195 417 1394 279 3844 9108 990

1812 301 427 1667 320 4685 9558 1177

938 248 759 1434 305 5907 10282 1059

1200 241 1241 1683 243 6006 11562 1595

1692 254 2213 1725 246 7108 14336 1817

1740 329 2071 1576 172 6474 13130 2000

1765 445 2258 2402 197 6036 12970 2149

2276 589 2380 2036 151 7690 11601 2666

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Tajikistan Ukraine Africa Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia

154

Statistical Tables

A65. World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (continued) (Million dollars)  Gabon Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia





















576 1485 718 43 189 335 262 630 4415 1107 278 1030 76 524 26622 0 994 1109 324 3144 394 1461

712 2682 947 89 203 366 382 638 5232 1289 347 1170 106 589 30531 0 957 1269 286 3532 487 1675

734 3036 1095 122 247 515 620 666 6063 1761 326 434 104 494 34641 0 1143 1416 438 4009 573 3615

948 3244 1416 245 405 718 767 617 7191 1838 486 1812 133 623 42232 0 944 1615 249 5057 786 4361

934 3464 1803 124 274 757 1024 649 12083 1944 888 3563 211 823 48876 0 542 2279 468 7777 1092 4903

833 4688 1530 140 267 988 844 530 6490 576 560 3639 120 851 34128 0 462 2228 586 5589 908 4091

1625 5025 1751 136 301 875 412 565 10148 1536 401 9411 179 1027 51244 0 1312 3111 499 6548 939 6994

1624 8853 1779 182 384 1166 555 507 12816 2458 814 12898 285 1391 71311 0 1247 3883 697 6832 1310 8733

1216 10496 1850 175 430 994 1706 512 11874 2253 848 18116 299 1382 62220 3194 1561 4482 645 6645 1278 8829

1444 8417 1850 445 778 1009 1995 535 11114 2177 826 10194 370 1294 60338 3349 1728 3283 687 6876 1462 9517

1329 8191 1818 541 1229 972 1505 577 12017 2941 565 10061 390 1284 55387 2842 1706 4203 586 6474 1378 9187

1551 3179 25928 1660 1816 982 789 2259 11682 1086 12325 128

2041 4937 27693 1741 2051 1017 1138 1629 15212 1203 16620 187

2111 6503 29381 2106 2119 1349 1542 2592 17816 2593 18922 196

2421 7747 32181 2243 2355 1653 2190 3768 21285 2766 25506 315

3492 11008 42807 4122 3348 2117 3356 1755 20038 4231 37497 291

2092 8104 32341 3089 3890 2124 3670 4084 15726 2471 34400 198

3512 14047 39697 3521 5092 2403 4568 1701 28417 2692 44634 265

5640 16888 48086 4398 5995 2809 6706 2492 38918 1761 56433 364

4943 14893 43526 4159 6411 2855 7230 14914 41481 1009 85497 417

5838 14026 47922 3960 4639 1977 7949 5151 43325 728 85339 862

5796 12512 48731 4169 4487 1595 7205 454 51077 384 75334 351

41588 972 47 699 225730 232

48157 1281 137 682 293784 264

61365 2040 199 768 388368 237

72858 1918 396 686 495629 237

90537 1740 14 1108 600190 320

77017 1553 255 2228 458677 220

112872 2184 377 1982 627380 254

151339 2445 410 1918 772710 310

140914 1917 320 2653 818960 349

146462 1920 152 2916 909193 295

135261 1924 169 4388 963168 421

Middle East Bahrain, Kingdom of Iran Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanese Republic Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Fiji

155

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A65. World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (continued) (Million dollars)  French Polynesia Hong Kong domestic exports India Indonesia Japan Korea, Republic of Macao, China Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Viet Nam a Includes Secretariat estimates.

156





















129 8452 40983 34530

146 8181 53639 40973

129 10584 61837 50468

122 8792 75842 61273

123 9696 92679 71228

105 12543 79171 57673

99 9793 110649 80469

105 12583 136943 98890

104 18577 134076 88492

112 16072 155134 87268

119 6862 139897 83389

291509 131596 522 71579 678 935 272 8277 4893 26414 121302 1438 111139 47611 5277

311236 148064 483 76837 908 1161 319 8590 5565 27451 138123 1797 120734 52826 6439

334612 167259 509 87095 1356 1124 263 8972 5874 32409 165503 2010 148544 64051 9278

366646 193393 511 98464 1666 1364 377 10716 6269 32451 176256 2266 165582 78413 12257

397616 212502 349 91454 1595 1548 492 11296 6965 31418 184783 2303 170731 85135 16699

321557 183938 202 90804 1181 1309 477 9108 6177 23594 155739 1720 138987 75088 14797

420433 247531 50 115194 1837 2861 486 11138 7663 24284 202778 2256 186826 98781 20813

450837 290724 54 132576 2399 2786 510 13484 10564 25998 217860 3040 209291 121925 28708

436897 293165 77 125643 2247 2381 489 13408 10129 32895 218804 2670 203319 113757 37392

394556 308481 663 124048 2536 3878 461 14169 10201 38175 224365 2594 205793 113237 38855

375382 320424 152 127592 4169 15013 491 14227 9555 41076 225995 2890 221670 111877 44248

Statistical Tables

A66. World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (Million dollars) 





















4195964

4673125

5352153

6286928

7024194

5382631

6766775

8036183

7952647

8186120

8230554

132753 125096 535025

146848 136831 596206

160277 155485 662813

169066 157058 682139

174059 178876 706164

137383 140303 518898

170419 182902 655606

194251 209386 772033

199447 220494 806015

195903 225752 805167

197676 237228 857887

90 12222 391 593 426 132 916 37628 9479 9887 4599 2208 59 2560 3555 1920 97 3311 241 1465 1378 772 2100 963 4718 73 132 88 281 1765 1416 7286

106 15284 239 756 484 140 1107 42712 11739 11303 5249 2901 61 3462 4254 3017 156 4938 294 1723 1678 880 1346 1185 5801 81 148 89 364 2059 1629 9585

160 18225 510 951 522 163 1293 51260 13530 13747 6492 2980 66 4498 4989 3549 114 3772 310 1965 1764 891 2475 1663 7031 102 193 101 382 2237 1884 10040

184 23492 544 962 534 173 1608 60872 16400 16935 6614 3062 74 5637 5959 3939 121 6092 381 2367 2089 1206 3167 2004 9038 106 144 123 447 2881 2298 12298

196 30244 526 933 575 234 2209 93737 20985 20293 8247 4399 91 6609 8335 4575 121 6747 442 4858 2433 1342 4443 2841 13441 124 159 134 572 3440 3124 21724

136 19874 341 831 452 204 1931 67826 14519 15733 4992 2523 80 5174 6799 3070 96 5138 387 2170 1723 1151 5008 2170 10220 111 123 123 605 2292 2442 19260

101 29211 308 809 439 207 2357 94536 19696 19477 7228 3040 83 6207 8701 3744 73 6226 454 2458 1689 1357 5853 3028 13867 102 122 116 538 2094 3243 16074

84 36781 413 941 497 212 3148 115536 24041 24987 8913 3713 107 8038 11005 4496 69 7482 511 3173 2048 1771 8364 3917 17472 102 119 114 629 2827 4189 22655

95 34532 381 1101 475 241 3418 114494 25366 25888 9253 3645 74 7192 11706 4614 63 7415 588 3032 1995 2038 3729 3690 18337 76 125 122 679 2716 4036 27970

97 35537 282 1054 484 258 3515 122443 25015 25575 8964 3830 94 7177 12528 4751 71 7635 590 5029 1852 1985 3913 4031 18096 79 112 119 905 2965 4436 21446

116 31820 378 1165 483 321 4053 117908 23747 27266 6567 3338 101 7436 12955 4686 71 7780 556 2927 1651 2002 4406 4119 18666 100 164 86 672 2763 3974 17801

Europe Albania

980

1142

1339

1720

2180

1996

2008

2284

1925

1986

1141

Andorra

368

351

373

394

395

320

268

261

229

235

263

51088 139359 2064 6512 6523 1762 37750 28536 4439 225 23366

55261 151233 2985 7647 7093 1769 42519 30650 5082 207 26017

63408 168795 3319 9992 8211 1997 53016 36148 5925 254 31639

76554 202803 4343 13288 9985 2642 67266 42746 6645 327 38422

83926 214904 5219 15360 11616 3266 77642 46947 7211 334 39475

63205 162600 3422 9619 8130 2263 56164 32360 4384 258 23917

73478 188981 3861 11087 7966 2437 69078 33584 5898 215 29804

89793 230214 4596 14793 8945 2402 84114 39119 8353 251 35052

80892 212577 4216 14275 7904 1854 77399 36806 8393 333 30339

83602 229364 4406 14912 8647 1660 79777 37922 8486 291 30056

83836 216411 4818 15729 8944 1690 85928 38965 8588 350 30688

:RUOG North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of

Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland

157

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A66. World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (continued) (Million dollars) 





















196667 314181 17905 33997 1383 28034 156814 3074 4895 7595 1396 2054 711 … 112947 22222 47053 26125 16965 … 16238 9564 114348 46106 49681 53566 195161

208616 357533 17956 34218 1787 29797 164279 3283 5658 7511 1381 1966 896 … 121851 25541 52449 27559 19843 … 18024 10672 119780 49643 53097 61050 198266

229966 426980 21142 40196 2162 32798 193609 4129 7002 8705 1675 2290 1010 628 143425 30135 65746 30850 24830 5717 23255 12344 139477 55926 61338 71586 225012

272891 495994 26144 49898 2546 35695 231530 5572 9378 9622 2209 2368 1416 932 171160 38072 83251 36108 33423 8131 34147 15676 172227 71050 72885 90482 264108

296238 547138 30157 54646 2908 33482 241616 5707 10424 10828 2805 2292 1720 1302 189240 41512 102141 39855 39060 9416 40205 17097 181201 74845 80383 104521 265535

224651 407750 20921 39004 1766 22380 167724 3141 6148 7648 1982 1625 1168 852 140080 30582 73472 29879 28059 5709 29316 11892 121629 49673 64697 70514 177082

255136 495667 19357 46721 1949 21506 214027 4085 7516 8510 2414 2130 1403 821 163124 32960 88544 32928 33403 6429 35696 13711 133881 63844 73713 94007 223861

294701 598222 20635 53895 2356 24352 250006 5572 9997 11483 2927 2302 1875 918 211876 39367 106487 37407 41833 8478 40757 15782 154718 75393 87926 120360 258109

272609 540615 17301 47380 2180 24727 209453 5514 9785 9838 2777 2122 1859 778 194100 37682 95200 32050 37968 8439 39713 14034 133457 65814 178992 116541 241543

277182 548954 17278 51651 2249 25542 211186 5586 10746 9513 3008 2176 1991 771 202631 37628 103114 33277 40625 9982 41237 14404 139415 62094 205523 129474 250999

276894 567067 17381 55540 2268 27411 216244 5728 12168 9437 3604 2007 1959 769 201851 38754 110178 34244 42292 9603 41855 14621 148916 62986 158721 123129 269849

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine

687 2004 7264 726 5467 473 27360 400 1220 10393

869 2319 6330 838 7341 411 34740 501 1550 13521

995 2512 8256 1145 9290 546 46028 698 1776 16725

1373 2930 10353 1668 12769 818 65531 849 2550 23522

1774 3699 14443 2017 15499 1093 85942 1149 3168 31589

1464 3229 9075 1367 13255 918 57723 985 2101 15716

1499 3641 12816 1774 9940 920 80854 1153 2624 21210

1617 4980 15176 2138 14715 1307 106570 1407 3537 27518

1601 5051 16193 2765 17958 1678 123882 1473 3263 27640

1712 5968 16209 2623 19444 2014 123853 1633 3525 27032

1820 4822 14162 2925 16460 2721 114262 1857 4088 20171

Africa Algeria Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia

9983 316 1167 412 67 1032 134 58 562 1321 12642 223 1291

10362 298 1229 459 132 1052 149 53 777 1566 15802 153 1837

12192 327 1178 581 158 1149 188 131 911 1639 18545 117 1966

15557 496 1547 612 163 1590 236 109 634 1999 24324 114 2552

23597 569 2185 749 173 1947 306 86 809 2375 33559 110 3903

22455 536 1974 735 190 1793 228 89 796 2321 27029 144 3939

23663 636 2591 840 210 1850 253 99 791 2357 30854 210 3819

27148 726 3188 932 464 2274 328 104 1031 2183 37948 228 4197

24800 731 4094 1145 573 2271 223 93 1416 2987 39177 249 5241

27145 930 3841 1645 313 2762 228 59 1463 3198 37252 217 7047

30955 835 4357 1304 255 2666 265 80 1636 3622 40696 210 10389

France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia FYR Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

158

Statistical Tables

A66. World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (continued) (Million dollars) 





















Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia

408 88 1946 366 14 2096 224 829 499 555 292 1251 9649 687 908 248 6924 141 13 1170 123 163 17410 2262 976 1279 243 7745 818 1241

665 95 2112 383 23 2412 188 762 662 657 319 1201 10425 741 973 270 8753 188 15 1185 151 149 19622 3918 830 1497 221 7644 921 1511

773 95 2306 391 43 2881 195 883 586 736 464 1265 11476 831 1079 333 12065 324 22 1250 171 147 23630 4395 552 1995 942 8708 1079 1436

978 109 2929 485 64 3769 226 1197 723 906 530 1489 16514 864 1514 343 18206 305 27 1750 191 240 28092 5088 605 2467 292 11498 1383 2021

1104 116 3530 681 74 4677 368 1960 1178 1516 555 1763 21506 1239 1769 421 14807 527 35 2219 269 225 30926 5166 214 3348 343 14688 1940 2600

1259 110 2971 710 72 4491 567 1850 1014 866 589 1378 15728 1287 2308 668 17654 575 33 1675 218 211 22458 4387 151 2761 367 11093 1874 2089

1045 100 3697 793 70 4990 610 1303 1219 1873 671 1641 17051 1113 2341 1077 22712 680 35 1559 215 312 29889 6628 972 3317 400 12804 1977 3176

1343 115 5396 1126 101 6402 594 1274 1325 1338 992 1955 22752 2775 2654 772 30008 821 48 1888 232 531 35599 5172 778 4451 528 14029 2214 4252

1516 111 5968 1234 109 6451 751 1203 1199 1384 1277 2116 21823 2806 2937 740 17052 895 41 2342 222 589 34616 3089 786 4407 769 13058 2066 4886

1554 117 5410 874 107 7040 740 1258 1552 1322 1169 1845 22365 3247 3156 743 20149 947 42 2324 243 521 35020 4061 709 4607 1020 13689 2180 5883

1551 139 6354 867 108 7640 674 1639 1359 1301 1167 1864 23918 3727 3172 970 20756 1020 49 2318 255 460 33510 3699 784 5416 799 12467 2379 5074

Middle East Bahrain, Kingdom of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanese Republic Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen

2063 19323 3330 23423 3840 3671 3319 4251 2575 21939 4073 28192 1931

2868 19477 4644 24698 4193 5087 3249 4077 5396 29447 5016 35834 2603

2165 4731 5379 25573 4253 7544 3109 4976 8876 35038 5158 41022 2752

3099 29586 5486 29317 5486 9316 4308 7444 12859 46120 6400 58224 3910

5744 33250 7920 31202 6970 10596 5630 10358 15199 29341 9158 87057 4150

3541 31181 9793 21471 5655 5852 5335 7748 10031 22022 9762 63020 3887

5636 32409 12353 28466 6014 7793 6571 8446 12360 51013 9505 72650 3908

5339 34678 15017 34679 6882 8039 7975 10877 7556 64174 9190 94827 4087

5194 40401 16619 32586 7531 8481 7482 12333 11066 72734 4121 131302 4075

4482 33589 19304 32781 8429 11597 7487 14156 12839 76793 3029 135037 4564

5790 37333 16627 33567 8736 12287 7444 13934 14731 66540 3175 126256 6662

914 38105 7041 79 648 1300 371583

1420 42941 7645 193 655 1520 440343

1508 47380 9379 229 805 1854 517237

1605 57073 10695 262 860 2184 632740

811 69125 16475 248 1062 2697 716313

882 56886 15153 229 1024 2305 659229

1217 66466 20350 397 1191 3078 888857

1156 74277 27715 462 1351 3588 1055805

529 75322 22268 539 1531 4160 1063001

1020 68902 23829 121 1599 5785 1142917

1196 68203 26116 91 1271 12948 1147033

Asia Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China

159

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A66. World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2004-2014 a (continued) (Million dollars)  Fiji French Polynesia Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Japan Korea, Republic of Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Viet Nam a Includes Secretariat estimates.

160

















528 413 18056 51680 25202

 551 437 18150 70689 28636

 573 412 21871 81700 29180

589 438 24166 104964 35757

750 572 21766 135915 70408

513 445 22150 134272 51169

592 465 29709 181632 72705

682 424 30771 236951 92148

694 431 33736 228124 99670

775 450 51758 212275 98463

942 439 31234 212631 94345

182336 121611 1417 73377 256 410 1615 545 470 7929 8982 684 34998 63 98448 4554 97433 58728 27 32 19455

197550 133761 1460 78067 268 420 1735 501 521 8628 11833 656 36010 70 114957 4941 104079 68533 33 34 22377

226130 152633 1749 88381 318 511 1982 515 582 8645 12560 717 38051 74 133081 5307 117021 73779 30 49 27996

251994 181548 1752 99664 411 762 2854 781 572 10153 14488 979 39252 66 142224 5687 125410 87351 34 58 38229

283519 210006 1456 93816 461 855 3111 1035 834 11913 19160 1219 36444 69 153400 7247 131285 104749 37 72 48024

203378 162431 905 82136 288 691 3297 1995 740 8778 15165 1340 28946 59 122948 5180 97543 77804 35 88 42281

267574 210469 667 108778 324 911 2009 2665 879 10237 17448 1653 35961 102 155461 6463 141987 111131 46 81 55508

311282 247020 784 120232 425 1672 6158 3131 851 12491 20574 2670 28809 108 166865 9532 157594 132931 54 75 69629

295747 233742 953 117379 418 1791 7484 3113 832 12461 19458 3181 36903 112 170765 8842 142616 135226 54 105 76817

279138 234235 2198 120451 447 1905 8705 3587 875 12612 21072 2304 35904 119 173685 8581 136576 135783 47 83 92842

281896 236160 1468 123341 528 1697 10175 3835 902 13320 23095 1998 36298 119 173143 9037 143929 120915 67 73 103306

Statistical Tables

A67. Export prices of primary commodities, 2005-2016 (Index, 2005=100) 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1

Food and beverages

100

110

127

157

136

153

182

175

175

171

144

151

146

144

136

138

Food Cereals Wheat Maize Rice Barley Vegetable oils and protein meals Meat Beef Lamb Swine meat Poultry Seafood Fish Shrimp Sugar Bananas Oranges Beverages Coffee Cocoa beans Tea

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

111 122 126 124 106 123 103 95 97 96 94 94 121 125 105 133 118 98 108 112 103 112

127 159 167 166 116 181 143 99 99 101 94 106 113 112 116 102 117 114 123 129 127 98

157 222 214 227 243 211 193 103 102 106 96 115 113 119 91 117 146 132 152 150 167 125

134 161 147 168 205 135 154 98 101 91 82 116 114 121 85 152 147 108 154 132 187 145

150 166 147 189 181 167 170 117 128 91 110 116 140 151 98 172 153 118 176 165 203 146

180 230 207 297 192 218 209 134 154 93 132 118 139 146 115 211 169 102 206 231 193 160

176 236 206 303 202 251 216 132 158 63 122 128 113 117 97 175 171 99 167 180 154 161

178 218 205 263 180 217 206 136 155 66 128 141 160 166 136 148 161 111 147 147 158 123

170 180 187 196 148 154 191 159 189 81 152 149 162 163 160 146 162 90 178 185 198 110

141 149 143 173 132 135 154 137 169 67 100 155 132 131 136 118 166 77 173 154 203 157

148 159 158 177 141 139 162 141 182 76 97 154 140 137 151 124 169 80 170 168 189 135

143 152 151 171 133 135 157 140 171 70 106 156 132 126 152 114 170 71 170 156 199 148

141 146 138 172 130 135 152 141 174 63 109 156 133 129 145 107 165 75 176 147 211 179

132 138 125 170 124 130 143 125 148 59 89 154 123 130 96 128 162 84 174 144 214 168

136 136 125 163 128 126 144 122 142 59 89 152 148 159 107 125 178 79 159 140 193 134

Agricultural raw materials

100

109

114

113

94

124

153

133

136

139

120

129

126

114

111

110

Timber Cotton Wool Rubber Hides and skins Minerals and non-ferrous metals (excluding crude petroleum)

100 100 100 100 100

108 105 104 140 105

107 115 144 153 110

109 129 138 174 98

102 114 115 128 68

101 188 153 243 110

111 280 234 321 125

107 162 215 225 127

107 164 196 186 144

109 151 178 130 168

105 128 162 104 133

105 125 155 115 161

103 131 171 119 147

105 129 164 97 116

106 126 159 84 109

105 121 167 87 107

2015

100

156

183

169

136

202

229

190

182

164

126

137

135

121

111

109

Copper Aluminum Iron ore Tin Nickel Zinc Lead Uranium

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

183 135 119 119 163 237 132 171

194 139 130 196 251 235 265 355

189 136 219 250 143 137 215 230

141 88 285 184 99 120 177 167

205 114 522 276 148 157 221 165

240 126 597 353 155 159 246 201

217 106 457 286 119 141 212 175

199 97 482 302 102 138 220 138

187 98 345 297 114 157 215 120

150 88 196 218 80 140 184 132

159 95 222 249 97 151 186 136

165 93 206 211 88 159 199 132

143 84 194 206 72 134 176 130

133 79 164 204 64 117 173 129

127 80 170 209 58 122 178 117

Total of above

100

123

140

151

127

161

190

171

169

162

134

142

138

131

124

124

Energy

100

119

132

185

117

147

201

203

196

180

99

105

115

95

82

65

100 100 100

115 121 104

117 133 138

174 182 266

110 116 149

113 149 206

154 204 254

171 208 202

165 201 177

160 184 149

107 97 121

137 100 130

102 116 125

98 94 120

91 80 110

75 61 108

100

121

135

172

121

152

197

191

186

173

112

119

124

109

97

86

Natural gas Crude petroleum Coal All primary commodities

1RWH The indices are period averages based on dollar prices. The quarterly figures are not seasonally adjusted. For sources and methods, see the Metadata.

161

World Trade Statistical Review 2016

A68. Export prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, 2005-2015 (Index, 2005=100)  7RWDOPHUFKDQGLVH Germany Japan United States





















100 100 100

103 98 104

113 99 109

124 106 115

115 104 110

113 108 115

123 117 124

115 114 125

118 104 124

118 99 124

99 88 116

100 100

105 104

122 123

137 147

121 132

124 139

142 165

135 174

141 178

139 176

115 153

100 100

125 121

143 129

166 149

123 104

146 130

178 160

167 152

162 145

153 142

117 103

100 100 100

101 96 102

111 97 106

121 103 110

114 103 109

110 106 113

118 112 119

110 111 119

114 99 119

114 95 118

97 86 116

100 100 100

105 100 ...

126 114 ...

145 141 ...

119 105 ...

120 115 ...

137 132 ...

122 126 ...

121 114 ...

119 108 ...

97 91 ...

100 100 100

104 103 105

116 109 110

131 119 119

122 105 112

119 119 118

131 139 125

124 135 125

127 127 126

128 122 124

106 102 118

100 100 100

100 95 100

108 94 101

116 97 102

110 101 103

106 102 104

112 105 104

105 104 106

108 91 106

108 87 106

93 80 106

100 100 100

93 90 94

90 84 91

88 82 88

81 81 86

75 79 82

74 78 80

67 73 80

67 66 78

66 62 76

56 57 74

Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

102 99 101

112 100 102

120 102 103

115 106 103

112 104 104

119 112 105

112 112 108

115 104 109

115 101 110

100 93 109

Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

102 99 ...

113 102 ...

124 109 ...

117 111 ...

113 117 ...

125 134 ...

117 136 ...

121 133 ...

122 130 ...

103 118 …

Germany United States

100 100

101 ...

111 ...

119 ...

114 ...

110 ...

118 ...

109 ...

114 ...

114 ...

97 …

Agricultural products Germany United States Fuels and mining products Germany United States Manufactures Germany Japan United States Iron and steel Germany Japan United States Chemicals Germany Japan United States Machinery and transport equipment Germany Japan United States Office and telecom equipment Germany Japan United States Automotive products

Textiles

Clothing

Memorandum item: World, unit value indices 7RWDOPHUFKDQGLVH























Agricultural products

100

105

120

140

125

134

154

150

154

153

…

Fuels and mining products

100

123

137

180

122

154

202

200

193

180

…

Manufactures

100

102

109

117

111

112

121

118

119

118

…

1RWH For sources and product group definitions, see the Metadata

162

Statistical Tables

A69. Import prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, 2005-2015 (Index, 2005=100) 





















7RWDOPHUFKDQGLVH Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

105 108 105

116 115 109

130 142 122

113 117 108

115 134 115

129 158 128

122 157 128

122 147 127

120 142 125

97 110 113

Agricultural products Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

104 103 101

120 119 106

137 141 116

123 123 114

126 138 125

143 165 140

135 162 143

140 153 146

140 148 150

118 134 145

Fuels and mining products Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

127 124 119

142 136 132

182 193 173

127 129 116

154 166 145

201 224 190

192 227 187

185 214 183

170 204 175

112 124 105

Manufactures Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

100 98 101

109 100 103

117 109 107

108 107 105

105 111 107

112 116 110

105 115 112

107 106 111

106 102 110

91 95 108

Iron and steel Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

102 98 104

130 124 121

147 183 162

110 140 114

121 148 136

138 165 154

120 140 142

116 124 131

114 125 133

91 104 109

Chemicals Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

106 104 104

119 110 112

134 131 123

120 119 114

121 129 126

135 142 138

126 141 140

130 129 137

129 121 137

108 110 129

Machinery and transport equipment Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

98 96 99

102 96 100

106 100 101

99 100 100

95 101 100

97 101 101

90 99 102

92 89 101

91 86 101

78 80 99

Office and telecom equipment Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

91 92 96

84 88 92

78 88 89

68 84 85

63 84 83

59 80 80

54 75 78

53 66 77

52 63 77

43 59 75

Automotive products Germany Japan United States

100 100 100

101 97 100

111 96 101

121 106 104

116 112 104

110 117 104

117 130 107

108 132 109

111 122 109

111 115 109

94 103 107

Germany United States

100 100

102 ...

111 ...

120 ...

114 ...

112 ...

125 ...

118 ...

122 ...

121 ...

104 ...

Germany Japan United States a

100 100 100

101 98 100

109 98 101

118 109 103

114 118 103

110 125 103

124 140 110

119 144 114

123 133 113

123 127 114

109 121 114

Textiles

Clothing

a Includes products classified under HS heading 42.02. 1RWH : For sources and product group definitions, see the Metadata.

163