Bulletin 1108

August 2001

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Sector

Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station Vance H. Watson, Director

Malcolm A. Portera, President • Mississippi State University • J. Charles Lee, Vice President

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

David R. Parrish Research Scientist Social Science Research Center Warren C. Couvillion Economist MSU Department of Agricultural Economics National Center for Intermodal Transportation Albert J. Allen Professor MSU Department of Agricultural Economics National Center for Intermodal Transportation

For more information, contact Dr. Couvillion by telephone at (662) 325-2886 or by e-mail at [email protected]. This bulletin was published by the Office of Agricultural Communications, a unit of the Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University. August, 2001

TABLE

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C ONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Data Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 County-Level Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Map and Chart Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure I NTRODUCTION The general business community has benefited from the application of spatial technologies in the examination of local and regional markets. The lack of standardized spatial data for Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure has prevented similar investigations within Mississippi. The initial development of several standardized spatial databases for Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure was the objective of this study. Two source databases were combined to produce a single database with 12,944 records representing the 1999 Mississippi Agribusiness Inventory. This report visually depicts the

geographic locations of agribusinesses within Mississippi, graphs employment and sales information about the agribusiness industry, and provides tables of county-specific information. The data gathered, manipulated, and visually portrayed will be useful to state leaders, decision-makers, and researchers in agribusiness planning, development, and decision-making. This collection of agriculture-related businesses might generate tangential research projects in agribusiness, as well as create the need to periodically update and augment the database for ongoing research efforts.

DATA B ACKGROUND The construction of a standardized set of spatial data layers for Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure began by obtaining databases that included data relevant to the objective. In this search for relevant databases, two were found to have data sufficient for an accurate representation of the Mississippi agribusiness sector. The first database was the 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi by American Business Directories, Inc. This extensive database was purchased by the Social Science Research Center (SSRC) at Mississippi State University (MSU) and consisted of approximately 96,000 total entities, including trade, business, governmental, and nonprofit organizations within the state of Mississippi. A second database — 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory by the Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development — contains approximately 3,000 records and was obtained through the MSU Extension Service.

Each of these data sets contained agriculturerelated businesses and information about each organization. However, as with most database designs, the data fields present in one data set were not included in the second data set or the data field types did not match. Nevertheless, the databases were manipulated, filtered through several iterations, and combined to produce a single data set with 12,944 Mississippi agribusiness organizations (12,492 records from the larger database and 452 records from the smaller database). The fields included came predominantly from the larger database and are listed below: Name Address City Zip Code County Telephone Number

SIC Code SIC Code Description Number of Employees Annual Sales FIPS Number (County ID) Primary Line of Business

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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Since the smaller data set did not contain the same fields as the larger set, there are missing values for some organizations in terms of “Number of Employees” and “Annual Sales” data. In most cases involving governmental agencies, this type of data was not available. Defining the subdivisions for Mississippi’s agribusiness sector required the use of another information source. The agribusiness sector is defined as the companies or organizations that perform activities pertaining to the production and marketing of food and agricultural fiber products. All businesses that produce various agricultural inputs, agricultural producers, and organizations that process and distribute agricultural products are encompassed by this definition. A paper written by David W. Hughes and R. Wes Harrison at the

Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Center was used as the source for these categories. This paper, which is entitled A Comparison of the Size and Location of Agribusiness Industries for Louisiana and Its Parishes: 1982 – 1992, contained seven major categories for the division of Louisiana’s agribusiness sector. Table 1 lists these seven categories, their respective subdivisions, and the associated SIC codes. All spatially related data were obtained through the Mississippi Automated Resource Information System (MARIS), Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), or from an SSRC spatial data collection. Examples of such data include congressional district boundaries, county boundaries, and zip code centroid (geographic center of zip code boundaries).

M ETHODOLOGY To determine the spatial data layers developed in this study, MARIS and MSU Extension global information system (GIS) contacts were asked to provide guidance. These opinions directed the development of a data set including as many of the Mississippi agribusiness organizations as could be identified. The established data set was then subdivided according to Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes or North American Industrial Classification System codes. The resulting data set representing multiple spatial layers will serve as a basis for future development of agribusiness infrastructure information and research. Drawing on the professional guidance, a search began for extant data sets that included Mississippi agribusiness organizations. As described in the “Data Background” section, the 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi and the 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory were identified as sources of information on Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure. The first data set included approximately 96,000 Mississippi businesses, while the second consisted of approximately 3,000 Mississippi manufacturing businesses. Before consolidating the data sets, a means of agribusiness identification had to be developed. The data sets had to be trimmed to include only the businesses that qualified as agribusinesses. The discovery of a study conducted by LSU scientists provided a basis for a classification system that accommodated this

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need. This study — entitled A Comparison of the Size and Location of Agribusiness Industries for Louisiana and Its Parishes: 1982–1992 — used seven categories to identify and subdivide the agribusiness sector in Louisiana; the categories are listed in Table 1. Using Microsoft Access and the LSU classification system, the first data set was trimmed from 95,821 organizations to 12,492 agribusiness organizations. Likewise, the second data set was reduced from 3,073 to 1,067. Before combining the two data sets, duplicate entries were eliminated from the second data set. After eliminating these duplicates, 452 records from the second data set were added to the 12,492 records in the first set, forming a final data set of 12,944 Mississippi agribusiness organizations. The data were converted to a dBase format for mapping in ESRI’s ArcView® GIS software. With this software package, agribusiness data layers were created using latitude and longitude coordinates, as well as zip code locations. The first operation in the spatial layer development process was geocoding all 12,944 businesses. The term “geocode” is defined by ESRI as “[t]he process of identifying the coordinates of a location given its address. For example, an address can be matched against a TIGER street network to determine the location of a home. Also referred to as address geocoding.” (Source: http://www.esri.com/library/glossary/glossary.html). This geocoding process was a two-step operation. The

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

data set was geocoded using street-level address information; 2,945 organizations matched to street-level accuracy. The unmatched data were then geocoded to the zip-code-centroid level; 9,999 organizations matched to zip-code-level accuracy. After completing the geocoding process, the visualization of the data was not considered to accurately represent the state’s agribusiness infrastructure. The “dot-on-top-of-dot” phenomenon, resulting from geocoding to zip-code level, visually misrepresented the distribution of the agribusiness population. This circumstance created a need to randomly disperse the zipcode-level data to create a more accurate visual depiction. An ArcView® script was used to randomly distribute the points about each zip code centroid; however, the randomization process dispersed points outside the state boundary and outside some organizations’ respective county boundaries. To correct this problem and produce points that would be accurate for county-level analysis, the outlying points were isolated and geocoded back to the original zip code center. This method of point dispersion allowed the zip-code-level data to be visualized more accurately while maintaining the integrity of the data at the county level. The final step in the data development involved the visualization of the data with the creation of eight dot-density maps and two thematic maps. In the dot-density maps, one dot represents one organization. One of the dot-descriptive maps depicts the locations of all Mississippi agribusinesses, and the other seven represent the spatial distribution of various subdivisions of agribusiness within the state. The two thematic maps show the number of agribusinesses per county and number of agribusinesses per congressional district. These maps, along with supporting information charts, are located in the “Map and Chart Gallery” section.

Table 1. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Industries Designated as Agribusiness by Major Agribusiness Subsector. Agribusiness subsector Farming, Fishing, and Agricultural Services: Farm Production (Farm Proprietors and Workers) Agricultural Inputs: Agricultural Services Chemical and Fertilizer Mining Agricultural Chemicals Farm Machinery and Equipment Wholesale Farm and Garden Machinery Commodity Contract Brokers, Dealers Land, Mineral, Wildlife Conservation Regulation of Agricultural Markets Agricultural Processing: Meat Processing Dairy Products Canned and Frozen Fruits and Vegetables Grain Mill Products Bakery Products Sugar and Confectionery Products Fats and Oils Products Beverages Miscellaneous Food and Kindred Products Tobacco Processing Leather Tanning and Finishing Natural Fibers Textiles: Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Cotton Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Wool Narrow Fabric Mills Natural Fiber Knitting Mills Finishing Plants, Cotton and not classified elsewhere Carpets and Rugs Yarn and Thread Mills Coated Fabric, Not Rubberized Nonwoven Fabric Textile Goods, nec Food Wholesale and Retail Trade: Farm Product Warehousing and Storage Refrigerated Product Warehousing and Storage Groceries and Related Products Wholesale Farm-Product Raw Material Wholesale Beer, Wine, and Distilled Beverage Wholesale Farm Supplies Flowers and Florists Supplies Tobacco and Tobacco Products Wholesale Retail Nurseries and Garden Stores Food Stores Eating and Drinking Places Liquor Stores Forest Products: Lumber and Wood Products Paper and Allied Products Wood-Based Furniture and Fixtures: Wood and Upholstered Household Furniture Wood TV and Radio Cabinets Household Furniture, not classified elsewhere Wood Office Furniture Public Building and Related Furniture Wood Partitions and Related Furniture Furniture and Fixtures, not classified elsewhere

1992 SIC Code 01-02 07 147 287 3523 5083 6221 9512 964 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 21 3111 221 223 224 2253-2259 2261, 2269 227 228 2295 2297 2299 4221 4222 514 515 518 5191 5193 5194 5261 54 58 592 24 26 2511, 2512 2517 2519 2521 2531 2541 2599

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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C OUNTY -L EVEL E XAMINATION To provide a more detailed breakdown of the state’s agribusiness infrastructure, county-level tables provide statistical figures associated with Mississippi agribusiness. Table 2 illustrates the distribution of agribusinesses by county and major sector. Table 3 pro-

vides information concerning the number of agribusiness organizations by county, by employee ranges. Table 4 contains information detailing the number of agribusinesses by county, by annual sales ranges.

Table 2. Number of Mississippi Agribusiness Organizations by County and Major Sector.1 County

Farming, fishing, & agricultural services

Adams Alcorn Amite Attala Benton Bolivar Calhoun Carroll Chickasaw Choctaw Claiborne Clarke Clay Coahoma Copiah Covington DeSoto Forrest Franklin George Greene Grenada Hancock Harrison Hinds Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Itawamba Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Leake Lee Leflore Lincoln Lowndes

2 2 2 3 1 15 2 2 6 0 3 0 4 30 5 2 9 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 13 8 28 3 3 2 6 0 1 6 0 1 1 3 2 4 5 6 4 1

Agricultural inputs

Agricultural processing

Natural fibers textiles

Food wholesale & retail trade

Forest products

Wood-based furniture & fixtures

Total

23 14 3 6 6 51 14 3 13 4 4 3 10 32 9 8 55 48 6 13 1 17 11 99 152 18 27 1 13 57 5 2 5 27 6 19 12 38 5 8 51 51 20 37

10 5 2 4 1 4 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 8 2 1 4 10 0 2 0 1 0 23 26 0 4 0 1 10 3 1 1 13 5 2 2 12 1 3 14 9 2 8

0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 16 0 3

160 139 39 74 21 135 62 23 78 20 43 38 82 128 94 44 239 350 14 62 35 102 122 663 1,053 74 45 5 52 351 42 22 35 215 33 121 52 282 47 60 359 138 110 239

17 17 6 9 3 2 10 3 21 7 6 18 3 5 13 6 12 21 5 5 8 15 3 20 55 9 0 0 11 9 6 6 3 22 16 6 12 22 13 9 43 3 18 18

0 3 0 2 1 1 6 0 49 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 1 4 3 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 42 0 0 2

212 182 52 98 33 209 95 31 170 32 57 65 102 209 124 61 324 434 27 83 45 139 138 812 1,304 109 104 9 89 431 62 31 45 285 61 150 79 358 68 85 521 223 154 308

Table 2 sources: 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi, American Business Directories, Inc.; and 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory, Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development.

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A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Table 2 (cont.). Number of Mississippi Agribusiness Organizations by County and Major Sector.1 County

Madison Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha Panola Pearl River Perry Pike Pontotoc Prentiss Quitman Rankin Scott Sharkey Simpson Smith Stone Sunflower Tallahatchie Tate Tippah Tishomingo Tunica Union Walthall Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wilkinson Winston Yalobusha Yazoo Total

Farming, fishing, & agricultural services

Agricultural inputs

Agricultural processing

Natural fibers textiles

Food wholesale & retail trade

Forest products

Wood-based furniture & fixtures

Total

10 1 4 6 3 3 7 4 4 8 3 1 1 2 0 9 6 2 22 3 1 1 24 12 9 2 0 26 4 8 9 27 0 1 2 1 2 17 442

55 13 14 23 11 13 10 10 25 25 29 2 19 9 11 19 46 16 20 13 3 9 35 23 17 8 7 20 11 10 29 74 9 9 5 11 8 36 1,714

8 3 1 7 1 2 3 1 10 5 4 0 8 2 2 3 4 6 0 2 3 1 8 0 0 2 0 4 2 4 2 10 2 0 1 0 1 3 318

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 73

251 88 92 110 48 69 70 49 112 112 131 33 170 72 96 37 115 70 17 78 46 46 82 48 56 58 73 42 68 38 199 236 58 31 37 58 41 101 9,240

15 14 15 11 9 15 11 9 14 6 9 8 22 23 17 1 15 11 1 8 10 14 3 4 1 13 14 0 9 6 13 4 10 6 5 12 2 16 892

8 1 0 15 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 29 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 19 13 0 13 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 265

347 120 127 172 73 102 102 73 166 161 177 45 222 141 137 69 186 105 61 104 64 71 157 87 86 102 107 92 107 67 253 362 79 49 50 83 54 174 12,944

Table 2 sources: 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi, American Business Directories, Inc.; and 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory, Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development.

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Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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Table 3. Number of Mississippi Agribusiness Organizations by County and Number of Employees.1 County

1-4

5-9

10-19

20-49

50-99

100-249

250+

N/A

Not given

Total

Adams Alcorn Amite Attala Benton Bolivar Calhoun Carroll Chickasaw Choctaw Claiborne Clarke Clay Coahoma Copiah Covington DeSoto Forrest Franklin George Greene Grenada Hancock Harrison Hinds Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Itawamba Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Leake Lee Leflore Lincoln Lowndes Madison Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha Panola Pearl River Perry Pike Pontotoc Prentiss Quitman Rankin

110 71 28 50 14 102 39 19 63 17 26 33 54 99 65 24 122 147 16 46 21 73 66 375 591 54 59 6 31 209 35 17 22 125 32 55 31 158 35 44 188 108 83 136 147 66 62 82 31 42 49 31 59 79 93 24 103 50 65 37 92

29 35 11 16 7 45 25 8 27 4 9 5 22 32 21 16 73 89 1 14 15 21 33 151 200 22 20 2 14 79 8 7 13 51 8 31 18 67 13 10 102 33 31 70 72 19 25 32 16 21 19 18 30 30 32 7 42 31 24 16 35

33 36 8 10 7 27 12 2 28 4 12 10 8 40 18 9 55 91 2 11 3 14 25 97 197 19 12 1 17 48 9 4 3 47 2 28 16 53 8 16 87 31 14 38 56 13 21 21 13 12 19 9 26 20 26 7 34 12 13 5 19

17 17 2 10 3 22 8 0 14 1 3 5 11 23 6 6 41 69 3 7 4 16 8 105 179 8 9 0 10 56 5 1 4 29 1 20 4 42 5 9 63 30 14 23 40 13 10 13 5 16 8 9 32 18 18 3 25 15 19 8 24

8 9 0 4 0 4 3 1 10 0 3 1 2 7 6 2 13 15 1 1 0 5 3 46 64 2 1 0 4 19 2 1 1 8 0 10 2 16 0 0 32 10 4 17 15 1 2 6 2 1 3 1 4 6 2 1 3 8 3 1 5

2 2 1 2 0 1 2 0 7 1 1 2 2 4 3 1 6 8 1 0 0 3 0 17 32 1 1 0 1 8 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 9 1 1 13 4 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 2 4 1 1 0 8 5 1 0 3

1 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 12 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 1 1 7 1 1 4 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 5 2 0 1

5 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 3 1 0 2 0 4 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 5 1 2 2 1 1 0 3 0 2 4 1 0 1 4 0 3 0 2 0 2 3 1 1 0 2 2 0

7 10 1 5 1 3 6 1 12 4 1 7 1 4 5 1 9 11 0 3 2 4 3 15 29 0 0 0 10 9 2 1 0 13 16 4 6 9 4 4 26 6 4 15 10 4 4 11 5 4 4 1 8 5 2 0 4 15 8 0 7

212 182 52 98 33 209 95 31 170 32 57 65 102 209 124 61 324 434 27 83 45 139 138 812 1,304 109 104 9 89 431 62 31 45 285 61 150 79 358 68 85 521 223 154 308 347 120 127 172 73 102 102 73 166 161 177 45 222 141 137 69 186

Table 3 sources: 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi, American Business Directories, Inc.; and 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory, Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development.

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A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Table 3 (cont.). Number of Mississippi Agribusiness Organizations by County and Number of Employees.1 County Scott Sharkey Simpson Smith Stone Sunflower Tallahatchie Tate Tippah Tishomingo Tunica Union Walthall Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wilkinson Winston Yalobusha Yazoo Total

1-4

5-9

10-19

20-49

50-99

100-249

250+

N/A

Not given

Total

45 32 51 31 35 80 48 42 39 50 42 42 33 105 181 38 20 26 40 30 91 5,912

19 13 20 11 12 30 16 23 14 19 25 14 14 43 57 15 10 8 15 8 29 2,392

18 9 14 7 11 22 9 9 22 19 15 19 10 45 63 11 11 10 15 8 22 1,907

9 6 10 7 4 14 10 6 6 9 6 14 4 23 29 6 4 2 7 4 16 1,385

4 1 2 2 3 2 0 1 7 1 0 3 2 9 7 6 1 0 1 0 7 460

3 0 3 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 8 7 0 1 1 1 0 2 216

6 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 3 1 0 3 0 3 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 114

0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 10 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 105

1 0 4 3 5 3 3 3 9 6 1 8 4 7 13 2 1 2 3 2 6 452

105 61 104 64 71 157 87 86 102 107 92 107 67 253 362 79 49 50 83 54 174 12,944

Table 3 sources: 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi, American Business Directories, Inc.; and 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory, Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development.

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Table 4. Number of Mississippi Agribusiness Organizations by County and Sales Level (1997 Dollars).1 County Adams Alcorn Amite Attala Benton Bolivar Calhoun Carroll Chickasaw Choctaw Claiborne Clarke Clay Coahoma Copiah Covington DeSoto Forrest Franklin George Greene Grenada Hancock Harrison Hinds

Less than 500,000 500,000 1 million 124 109 28 52 16 119 48 17 70 18 31 30 63 115 68 29 161 211 12 54 24 70 100 479 732

37 21 7 12 7 37 11 6 22 1 9 10 16 34 21 13 73 95 5 8 11 25 18 154 234

1 - 2.5 million

2.5 - 5 million

5 - 10 million

10 - 20 million

20 - 50 million

14 15 7 12 2 23 13 4 25 5 5 6 5 25 16 8 43 51 1 7 5 12 13 77 145

9 5 5 6 5 9 7 0 10 1 2 5 4 13 2 3 13 25 3 5 1 6 1 23 58

4 11 1 5 0 6 5 0 14 0 4 3 4 6 6 2 9 17 1 2 2 6 3 21 21

5 4 0 2 0 5 2 1 5 0 2 0 2 6 3 1 4 8 1 1 0 6 0 18 28

4 3 0 1 0 2 1 0 8 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 5 6 0 1 0 2 0 17 25

More than Not 50 million available 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 2 0 2 12

7 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 0 6 0 6 20

Not given

Total

7 10 1 5 1 3 6 1 12 4 1 7 1 4 5 1 9 11 0 3 2 4 3 15 29

212 182 52 98 33 209 95 31 170 32 57 65 102 209 124 61 324 434 27 83 45 139 138 812 1,304

Table 4 sources: 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi, American Business Directories, Inc.; and 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory, Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development.

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Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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Table 4 (cont.). Number of Mississippi Agribusiness Organizations by County and Sales Level (1997 Dollars).1 County Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Itawamba Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Leake Lee Leflore Lincoln Lowndes Madison Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha Panola Pearl River Perry Pike Pontotoc Prentiss Quitman Rankin Scott Sharkey Simpson Smith Stone Sunflower Tallahatchie Tate Tippah Tishomingo Tunica Union Walthall Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wilkinson Winston Yalobusha Yazoo Total

Less than 500,000 500,000 1 million 63 59 8 43 256 35 18 23 143 31 83 42 185 39 48 237 125 85 169 201 70 70 87 36 46 48 29 73 86 113 20 118 58 69 35 99 42 32 58 32 36 86 51 45 45 59 58 49 36 137 218 39 20 26 43 27 102 6,971

14 23 1 6 81 11 3 12 51 7 21 13 82 6 12 86 31 30 54 57 22 25 23 12 20 20 14 39 32 28 10 33 21 22 16 40 23 9 16 9 14 20 7 15 13 13 16 15 14 38 54 14 9 6 15 10 23 2,218

1 - 2.5 million

2.5 - 5 million

5 - 10 million

10 - 20 million

20 - 50 million

17 5 0 15 37 3 4 3 36 3 25 8 35 7 8 84 21 15 28 44 9 13 22 10 13 16 9 26 13 18 5 24 16 17 10 21 13 11 10 6 8 28 15 13 17 14 10 17 5 27 28 10 8 9 14 7 17 1,466

8 7 0 6 13 3 2 3 15 1 4 4 9 7 6 28 11 4 12 14 3 7 10 2 9 6 8 4 8 5 5 17 14 9 3 10 5 4 6 5 1 7 4 4 5 6 2 4 3 14 18 5 3 3 1 2 7 607

2 2 0 3 12 1 1 1 8 0 6 1 5 0 2 16 11 7 10 5 4 2 5 4 2 5 1 3 5 4 1 8 5 3 0 1 9 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 5 2 1 3 3 7 10 5 4 1 3 2 11 380

2 3 0 2 8 2 0 1 7 1 0 2 15 1 1 18 7 3 9 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 3 0 6 2 0 1 3 1 0 2 1 1 5 0 2 2 1 2 2 0 2 6 2 1 1 0 0 2 263

0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 8 3 0 2 6 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 3 1 0 0 7 5 5 0 3 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 4 0 4 3 0 1 0 1 0 2 183

More than Not 50 million available 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 1 0 7 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 5 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 1 2 1 86

2 3 0 4 9 3 2 2 6 2 7 2 6 3 4 11 7 5 7 5 2 3 9 3 5 2 5 4 7 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 5 3 4 4 4 2 5 2 14 8 2 2 2 2 2 3 318

Not given

Total

0 0 0 10 9 2 1 0 13 16 4 6 9 4 4 26 6 4 15 10 4 4 11 5 4 4 1 8 5 2 0 4 15 8 0 7 1 0 4 3 5 3 3 3 9 6 1 8 4 7 13 2 1 2 3 2 6 452

109 104 9 89 431 62 31 45 285 61 150 79 358 68 85 521 223 154 308 347 120 127 172 73 102 102 73 166 161 177 45 222 141 137 69 186 105 61 104 64 71 157 87 86 102 107 92 107 67 253 362 79 49 50 83 54 174 12,944

Table 4 sources: 1998 State Business Directory – Mississippi, American Business Directories, Inc.; and 1999 Mississippi Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory, Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development.

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A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

M AP

AND

C HART G ALLERY

The cliché A picture is worth a thousand words Figures 6-8 represent information pertaining to the deserves merit because there are an infinite number of first subclass of Mississippi agribusiness: Farming, circumstances in which visually enhanced data can be Fishing and Agricultural Services (SIC Codes 0100s used as a more effective tool than can words or numand 0200s). This category contains 442 organizations bers. The recent explosion in the use of GIS technology and comprises almost 3.5% of Mississippi’s agribusican be attributed to this idea. ness infrastructure. Examples of this subclass include This section contains maps that illustrate the spatial Sanderson Farms, Cal-Maine Egg Products, Inc., Dairy characteristics of Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastrucFresh Corporation, and Bee Lake Partners. ture. Along with the maps that represent each Figures 9-11 portray information associated with respective agribusiness sector, there are bar graphs that the second subclass of Mississippi agribusiness: define the sales ranges and number of employees for Agricultural Inputs (SIC Codes 0700s, 1470s, 2870s, each sector layer. 3523, 5083, 6221, 9512, and 9640s). Company examFigure 1 is a thematic depiction of the number of agribusinesses in Mississippi. This figure graphically represents the same data that is displayed in Table 2. Figure 2 is a thematic illustration of the number of agribusinesses within each of Mississippi’s U.S. congressional districts. Figures 3-5 correspond to the entire Mississippi agribusiness infrastructure. Figure 3 is a dot-intensive Number of map that represents the approximate agribusinesses locations of all agribusinesses in per county Mississippi. Figures 4 and 5 demon0 - 100 strate the distribution of agribusiness 101 - 250 sales and employment ranges for the 250 - 500 entire agribusiness sector. These 500 - 1,275 charts show that nearly half of the organizations have one to four employees, and more than half have sales figures of less than $500,000 per year. Figures 6-26 contain the same type and depth of information as Figures 3-5. These figures (in groups of three) describe the subclasses of agribusinesses within the state. Each set of three contains one dot-density map portraying the business locations of each subclass and two bar charts delineating sales and employment statistics for each subsector. Figure 1. Number of agribusiness organizations per Mississippi county. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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ples in this category include Mississippi Chemical Figures 24-26 present details about the seventh Corporation, Warren, Inc., and Magnolia Tree and last subclass of Mississippi agribusiness in this Company. This subclass represents approximately study: Wood-Based Furniture and Fixtures (SIC Codes 13.2% of agribusiness with 1,714 Mississippi busi2511, 2512, 2517, 2519, 2521, 2531, 2541, and 2599). nesses. Action Industries, River Oaks Furniture, and Johnston Figures 12-14 depict data corresponding to the Tombigbee are examples of the 265 businesses that are third subclass of Mississippi agribusiness: Agricultural predominately found in the northeastern portion of the Processing (SIC Codes 2010s, 2020s, 2030s, 2040s, state and account for 2% of Mississippi agribusiness. 2050s, 2060s, 2070s, 2080s, 2090s, 2100s, and 3111). This subclass is the second smallest agribusiness sector NOTE: Sources for Figures 1-26 are the 1998 State Business Directory - Mississippi by American with 318 represented organizations accounting for only Business Directories, Inc., and the 1999 Mississippi 2.5% of the agribusiness infrastructure. Sanderson Manufacturers / Cross-Match Directory by the Farms, Wayne Farms, and Bryan Foods, Inc., are a few Mississippi Department of Economic and Community Development. of the more easily recognized names in this agricultural class. Figures 15-17 describe details about the fourth and smallest subclass of Mississippi agribusiness: Natural Fibers Textiles (SIC Codes 2210s, 2230s, 2240s, 2253–2259, 2261, 2269, 2270s, 2280s, 2295, 2297, and 2299). GenCorp, U.S. Axminster, and Burlington Sportswear are District 1 2,862 Organizations among the 73 organizations in this subclass, which comprises less than 1% of Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure. Figures 18-20 represent the fifth and largest subclass of Mississippi agribusiDistrict22 District 2,905Organizations Organizations ness: Food Wholesale and Retail Trade 2,905 State Ranking (SIC Codes 4221, 4222, 5140s, 5150s, 5th 5180s, 5191, 5193, 5194, 5261, 5400s, 4th 5800s, 5920s, 5992, and 5993). More than 3rd 71% of Mississippi’s agribusiness sector 2nd (9,240 organizations) falls under the Food District 3 2,483 Organizations 1st Wholesale and Retail Trade category. Household names such as Jitney Jungle and Tyson Foods are included in this subclass, but a majority of the subclass consists of small convenience stores, restaurants, and other small retail stores District 4 2,306 Organizations with agricultural associations. Figures 21-23 portray information from the sixth subclass of Mississippi District 5 2,388 Organizations agribusiness: Forestry Products (SIC Codes 2400s and 2600s). Approximately 6.9% of Mississippi’s agribusiness or 892 businesses can be attributed to Forestry Products, and well-known names in this Figure 2. Number of agribusiness organizations arena include International Paper, per Mississippi congressional district Weyerhaeuser, and Georgia Pacific. (12,944 total organizations). 10

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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Figure 3. Visual representation of Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization (12,944 organizations).

Number of organizations Annual sales per organization

1-4

10-19

1,907

20-49

1,385

50-99

460

100-249

216

250+

115

Number of employees per organization

5-9

2,392

5,912

Not Given

557

183

$20 to $50 million

770

1,466

2,000

2,218

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

8,000 6,971

7,000

Figure 5. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure (12,944 businesses).

Not Given

86

263

$10 to $20 million

More than $50 million

380

607

1,000

$5 to $10 million

$2.5 to $5 million

$1 to $2.5 million

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

0

Number of organizations

Figure 4. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s agribusiness infrastructure (12,944 businesses).

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Figure 6. Visual representation of Mississippi’s farming, fishing, and agricultural services infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Farm Production Businesses (Farm Proprietors and Workers)

442 Organizations

SIC Codes: 01, 02

Farming, Fishing, and Agricultural Services Number of organizations Annual sales per organization

12 1-4

258

10-19

46

20-49

26

50-99

5

100-249

7

250+

0

Number of employees per organization

5-9

100

Not Given

0

6 3 1 0 1

$5 to $10 million $10 to $20 million $20 to $50 million More than $50 million Not Given

50

51

89

100

150

200

250

282

Figure 8. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s farming, fishing, and agricultural services sector (442 organizations).

9

0

$2.5 to $5 million

$1 to $2.5 million

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

Number of organizations

Figure 7. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s farming, fishing, and agricultural services sector (442 organizations).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

300

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

13

Figure 9. Visual representation of Mississippi’s agricultural inputs infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Agricultural Services Chemical and Fertilizer Mining Agricultural Chemicals Farm Machinery and Equipment Wholesale Farm and Garden Machinery Commodity Contract Brokers, Dealers Land, Mineral, Wildlife Conservation Regulation of Agricultural Markets

1,714 Organizations

SIC Codes: 07, 147, 287, 3523, 5083, 6221, 9512, 964

Agricultural Inputs Number of organizations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1-4

10-19

157

20-49

97

50-99

9 100-249

8

250+

5

Number of employees per organization

5-9

339

990

Not Given

109

66

5 3

More than $50 million

282

400

600

800

1,089

1,000

Figure 11. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s agricultural inputs sector (1,714 organizations).

Not Given

36 12 $20 to $50 million

$10 to $20 million

$5 to $10 million

$2.5 to $5 million

119 $1 to $2.5 million

200

112

0

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

Number of organizations

Figure 10. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s agricultural inputs sector (1,714 organizations).

Annual sales per organization

1,200

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Figure 12. Visual representation of Mississippi’s agricultural processing infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Meat Processing Dairy Products Canned and Frozen Fruits and Vegetables Grain Mill Products Bakery Products Sugar and Confectionery Products Fats and Oils Products Beverages Miscellaneous Food and Kindred Products Tobacco Processing Leather Tanning and Fishing

318 Organizations

SIC Codes: 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 21, 3111

Agricultural Processing Number of organizations Annual sales per organization

14 1-4

59

10-19

34

20-49

50-99

25

100-249

30

250+

23

Number of employees per organization

5-9

28

41

78

Not Given

10

16

20

21

25

30

30

27

41

38

40

40

50

60

70

80

Figure 14. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s agricultural processing sector (318 organizations).

Not Given

More than $50 million

$20 to $50 million

$10 to $20 million

$5 to $10 million

$2.5 to $5 million

$1 to $2.5 million

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

0

Number of organizations

Figure 13. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s agricultural processing sector (318 organizations).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

80

90

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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Figure 15. Visual representation of Mississippi’s natural fibers textiles infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Cotton Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Wool Narrow Fabric Mills Natural Fiber Knitting Mills Finishing Plants, Cotton, and not classified elsewhere Carpets and Rugs Yarn and Thread Mills Coated Fabric, Not Rubberized Nonwoven Fabric Textile Goods, nec

73 Organizations

SIC Codes: 221, 223, 224, 2253-2259, 2261, 2269, 227, 228, 2295, 2297, 2299

Natural Fibers Textiles Number of organizations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1-4

31

10-19

4

20-49

6

50-99

5

100-249

3

250+

5

Number of employees per organization

5-9

7

Not Given

12

4 $10 to $20 million

8

10

12

15

20

25

Number of organizations

29

30

Figure 17. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s natural fibers textile sector (73 organizations).

Not Given

More than $50 million

5

4 $5 to $10 million

2

5 $2.5 to $5 million

$20 to $50 million

4

5

$1 to $2.5 million

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

0

Figure 16. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s natural fibers textiles sector (73 organizations).

Annual sales per organization

35

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Figure 18. Visual representation of Mississippi’s food wholesale and retail trade infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Farm Product Warehousing and Storage Refrigerated Product Warehousing and Storage Groceries and Related Products Wholesale Farm-Product Raw Material Wholesale Beer, Wine, and Distilled Beverage Wholesale Farm Supplies Flowers and Florists Supplies Tobacco and Tobacco Products Wholesale Retail Nurseries and Garden Stores Food Stores Eating and Drinking Places Liquor Stores

9,240 Organizations

SIC Codes: 4221, 4222, 514, 515, 518, 5191, 5193, 5194, 5261, 54, 58, 592

Food Wholesale and Retail Trade Number of organizations

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1-4

10-19

1,531

20-49

1,085

50-99

326

100-249

103

250+

28

Number of employees per organization

5-9

1,762

4,403

Not Given

2

30

1,846

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000 5,397

Figure 20. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s food wholesale and retail trade sector (9,240 organizations).

Not Given

28

86

$20 to $50 million More than $50 million

148 $10 to $20 million

1,072

1,000

401 232

0

$5 to $10 million

$2.5 to $5 million

$1 to $2.5 million

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

Number of organizations

Figure 19. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s food wholesale and retail trade sector (9,240 organizations).

Annual sales per organization

16

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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Figure 21. Visual representation of Mississippi’s forestry products infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Lumber and Wood Products Paper and Allied Products

892 Organizations

SIC Codes: 24, 26

Forestry Products Number of organizations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1-4

144

10-19

95

20-49

105

50-99

62

100-249

40

250+

22

Number of employees per organization

5-9

141

283

Not Given

55

74

20

42

200

250

287

300

Figure 23. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s forestry products sector (892 organizations).

Not Given

More than $50 million

$20 to $50 million

$10 to $20 million

$5 to $10 million

$2.5 to $5 million

134 $1 to $2.5 million

150

Number of organizations 100

131

32

50

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

0

Figure 22. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s forestry products sector (892 organizations).

Annual sales per organization

350

A Spatial Inventory of Mississippi’s Agribusiness Infrastructure

Figure 24. Visual representation of Mississippi’s wood-based furniture and fixtures infrastructure; 1 dot = 1 organization.

Wood and Upholstered Household Furniture Wood TV and Radio Cabinets Household Furniture, not classified elsewhere Wood Office Furniture Public Building and Related Furniture Wood Partitions and Related Furniture Furniture and Fixtures, not classified elsewhere

265 Organizations

SIC Codes: 2511, 2512, 2517, 2519, 2521, 2531, 2541, 2599

Wood-Based Furniture and Fixtures

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1-4

27

10-19

20-49

25

50-99

28

100-249

25

250+

32

Number of employees per organization

5-9

15

40

Not Given

73

5

16

22

16

20

30

27

26

30

40

46

50

60

Number of organizations 70

80

Figure 26. Number of organizations per annual sales range for Mississippi’s wood-based furniture and fixtures sector (265 organizations).

Not Given

More than $50 million

$20 to $50 million

$10 to $20 million

$5 to $10 million

$2.5 to $5 million

$1 to $2.5 million

$500,000 to $1million

Less than $500,000

0

10

Figure 25. Number of organizations per employee range for Mississippi’s wood-based furniture and fixtures sector (265 organizations).

Number of organizations Annual sales per organization

18 78

90

S UMMARY The spatial data layers in this study include 12,944 agribusiness organizations that comprise the 1999 Mississippi Agribusiness Inventory. The locations of these businesses are displayed geographically for visual analysis, and supporting graphs display employment and sales information about each agribusiness sector. The summary data below are based on the firms where employee numbers and/or sales data were known. County-level tables also provided more specific details about this diverse, statewide industry. Number of Employees Where numbers were reported, most of the firms were generally small. Agribusiness firms with less than 20 employees accounted for 81% of the 12,387 firms reporting. Overall, only 1% of the firms had more than 250 employees. Seventeen percent of the wood-based furniture and fixture industry had more than 250 employees. In this category, only 14% had less than five employees. Forty-five percent of the category had more than 50 employees. Three other agribusiness categories had more than 20% of the firms with 50 or more employees. These were the forestry products, natural fibers textiles, and agricultural processing sectors. Data on the number of employees were missing from 557 firms, or approximately 4%. Annual Sales Of 12,174 firms that reported annual sales data, a large majority (87%) of the businesses had annual sales of less than $2.5 million. In the agricultural processing sector, 40% of the 239 firms reporting had more than $10 million in sales. This was the only category in

which more than 10% of the firms had more than $50 million in sales. In the farming, fertilizer, agricultural services, and aquacultural inputs categories, 92% of the firms in each sector had less than $5 million in sales, and no firms had more than $20 million in sales. Forestry and wood-based furniture categories had the widest distribution in sizes of firms. The wood-based furniture industry had at least 9% of the firms in each category, except for the more-than-$50-million category, in which this sector had 3% (20 firms). Eighty-six agribusiness firms in Mississippi reported more than $50 million in sales. More than 500 agribusiness firms had more than $10 million in sales, with 263 firms in the $10-20 million category and 183 in the $20-50 million category. Sales data were missing from 770 of the 12,944 firms in the database. This accounts for approximately 6% of the firms. Conclusions The agriculture industry is an important segment of Mississippi’s economy. Cotton, soybeans, tractors, and cattle are commonly associated with Mississippi agriculture. However, there are many branches of agribusiness; while some of the entities are not as easily recognized, they are just as vital to Mississippi’s growth and development. Spatial technology applications are important business tools for examining the intricacies of business markets. The agribusiness market is no exception. Agribusiness trade analysis can greatly benefit from the use of spatial information. Where a business is located may be just as important as what it produces.

Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

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