A Review paper on Recycled Materials in Concrete Pavement Rishikesh A. Khope * PG Student, Civil Department, PRMITR, Badnera, Amravati 444701, India. [email protected]

Milind V. Mohod Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering PRMIT&R, Badnera, Amravati 444701, India [email protected]

Abstract: Infrastructure development across the world created demand for construction materials. Concrete is the premier civil engineering construction material. Concrete manufacturing involve consumption of ingredients like cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). Among all these ingredients, aggregates form the major part. Use of natural aggregate in such a rate leads to a question about the preservation of natural aggregates sources. In other hand, we use alternative materials i.e. Waste Materials in place of natural aggregate in concrete production of civil engineering construction which makes concrete as sustainable and environmentally friendly construction material. Examples of such waste materials include Coconut Shell, Scrap Tyre, Recycled Aggregate, crushed brick etc. Road Construction events in India have undergone significant variations over the last two decades owing to the huge investments made in construction technology and design principles. If these materials can be suitably utilized in Road construction, the pollution and disposal problems may be partly reduced. The use of secondary (recycled) materials instead of primary (virgin) materials helps easing landfill pressures and reducing demand of extraction. This is one way of getting the road construction industry on track towards sustainable construction practices. This report reviews the various types of Recycled Materials and their potential for use in concrete (rigid) Pavement. Keywords: Waste Materials, Secondary (recycled) materials, Concrete (rigid) Pavement. 1.0 INTRODUCTION

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ue to increase in demand and decrease in supply of aggregates for the production of concrete in road construction there is need to identify new sources of aggregates from the Recycled (waste) materials. In recent years the use of Recycled Materials has been considered in road construction with great interest in many industrialized and developing countries. Use of Recycled material in road construction applications is beneficial because it reduces the environmental impact and economic cost of quarrying operations, processing, and transport. Examples of such waste materials include Coconut Shell, Scrap Tyre, Recycled Aggregate, crushed brick etc. Apart from above mentioned waste materials and industrial by products, few studies identified that coconut shells as agricultural by product can also be used in concrete (rigid) road pavement. From available literature it is found that limited research has been conducted on mechanical properties of concrete with industrial waste materials and agricultural by product * Corresponding Author

(Recycle Materials) as aggregate replacement in concrete pavement construction. Therefore, further research is needed for better understanding of the behavior of Recycle Materials as aggregate in concrete and Road Construction. 2.0 DIFFERENT WASTE MATERIALS 2.1 Coconut Shell Infrastructure development across the world created demand for construction materials. Concrete is the premier civil engineering construction material. From this aggregates are the major part. Demand of natural aggregate is increasing day by day. Use of natural aggregate in such a rate leads to a question about the preservation of natural aggregates sources. Hence most of the researchers have focus on use of the waste materials in concrete according to their properties. By using the waste materials we can saves natural resources and dumping spaces, therefore it will helps to maintain a clean environment. Different waste material has been used as alternative for replacing natural

aggregates. Apart from the waste material use in concrete, a few studies shows that agriculture waste coconut shell can also be used as coarse aggregate for concrete. India is the third largest coconut producing country in the world. Huge amount of waste is generated by coconut. The waste coconut shell may be used to replace conventional coarse aggregate. It may help to produce concrete economically and at the same time also will help to reduce its disposal problem [1]. Coconuts show a wide diversity in size, weight, shape and color, depending on genetic variety and maturity of the nut at harvest [2]. As the use of coconut shell will reduces the Aggregate cost and provides a good strength for the structures and roads [3]. Limited research has been conducted on mechanical properties of concrete with coconut shells as aggregate replacement [4]. However, further research and study is needed for better understanding of the behavior of coconut shells as aggregate in concrete for the road construction. 2.2 Scrap Tyre A large quantum of concrete is being utilized in various construction activities. Coarse aggregate, which is one of the major constituent used in the production of conventional concrete, has become highly expensive and also scarce. India being a developing country has grown in the field of infrastructure and development leading to more number of vehicles used i.e. more road construction and as a result more number of used tires is produced. India, being third in the world produces more than 1.3 billion waste tires. [ Divya International Pyrolysis and Recycling Plant, www.divyaint.com]. The production of waste by the tire industry has been a growing problem, indicating the need for its reuse in the construction field. Waste tyre management is a serious global issue. Tonnes of waste tyres are produced and dumped or burned every year, often in an uncontrolled manner, causing a major environmental and health problem [5]. Therefore, recycling of waste tyre plays a vital role in concrete. For this highway construction industry is a big alternative market for recycling scrap tires. Panda K. C, Parhi P.S and Jena T, (2012)[6]used Scrap tyre rubber chips as coarse aggregate with the replacement of conventional coarse aggregate. Over the years, research is going on the use of recycled tire rubber in PCC mixture as a possible alternative aggregate (partially replacing some part of aggregate).

2.3 Recycled Aggregates In India growth rate of urbanization is very high due to industrialization. For overall economic development of the country the construction industry plays a vital role. Therefore there is huge demand of concrete for the construction industry. Each construction industry is manufactured construction material from some combination of raw materials such as sand and gravel (aggregate), cement and water out of these cement can be manufactured in industries but natural aggregates are usually obtained by mining cannot be manufactured in industries. As we know aggregates are nonrenewable and scarce therefore there is an urgent need to find the sustainable solution to get an alternative source for the material. At this stage the concept of using recycled aggregate has proved to be a good alternative. Therefore there is preserving virgin aggregate resources. Now a days, the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a road construction is increasing. For achieving the targets of the road sector 750 million cu. m aggregates would be required. Road Connectivity is one of the key components for rural development, as it promotes access to economic and social services, generating increased agricultural income and productive employment [7].Recycled aggregates are the materials for the future. Using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a substitute for natural (virgin) aggregates is a way to potentially address these economic and environmental concerns. 2.4 Crushed Bricks During the last decades, it has been recognized with growing concern that wastes from a construction are of large volume and that this volume is increasing year by year. The problem of waste accumulation exists worldwide. Most of waste materials are left as a landfill material or illegally dumped. Environmental impact can be reduced by making more sustainable use of this waste [8]. In eastern and north eastern states of India and Bangladesh where natural rock deposits are scarce, burnt clay bricks are used as an alternative source of coarse aggregate. In these places of India brick aggregate are traditionally used as coarse aggregate. The use and performance of concrete made with broken brick as coarse aggregate are quite extensive and satisfactory for ordinary concrete. [9]. Clay can be burnt in its natural form as is done in brick-making and the product may be a source of coarse aggregate for concrete. Also in brick-making, a large number of bricks are

rejected due to nonconformity with the required specifications. One such major nonconformity is the distorted form of brick produced due to the uneven temperature control in the kiln. These rejected bricks can also be a potential source of coarse aggregate. Crushed bricks are extensively used in parts of India and Bangladesh for concrete making and the performance of this concrete is found to be quite satisfactory. [10]

replaced by saw dust and PKS in same ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Compressive and flexural strengths were noted at different time intervals. It was seen that at 25% sawdust and PKS can produce lightweight reinforced concrete slabs that can be used where low stress is required at reduced cost. 7.43% reduction can be achieved in terms of cost for every cubic meter of slab production with use of sawdust/PKS.

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

J. P. Ries (2011) observed that Lightweight aggregate plays important role in today’s move towards sustainable concrete. Lightweight aggregates contributes to sustainable development by lowering transportation requirements, optimizing structural efficiency that results in a reduction in the amount of overall building material being used, conserving energy, reducing labour demand and increasing the life of structural concrete.

3.1 Coconut Shell Olanipekun et al. (2006) [4] A comparative study of concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates carried out the comparative cost analysis and strength characteristics of concrete produced using crushed, granular coconut and palm kernel shell as substitutes for conventional coarse aggregate. The main objective is to encourage the use of waste products as construction materials in low-cost housing. Crushed granular coconut and palm kernel was used as substitute for conventional coarse aggregate in the following ratios: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for preparing of mix ratios 1:1:2 and 1:2:4. Total 320 cubes were casted, tested and their physical and mechanical properties were determined. The result showed that the compressive strength of the concrete decrease as the percentage of the coconut shell increases in the two mix ratios, Coconut shell exhibited a higher compressive strength than palm kernel shell in the test. Moreover, there is a cost reduction of 30% and 42% for concrete produced from coconut shell and palm kernel shell respectively. Siti Aminah Bt Tukiman and Sabarudin Bin Mohd (2009)[11] Investigation the combination of coconut shell and grained palm kernel to replace aggregate in concrete: A technical review replaced the coarse aggregate by coconut shell and grained palm kernel in their study. Percentage of replacement by coconut shell were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively. Conclusion is that the combination of these materials has potential of being used as lightweight aggregate in concrete and also has reduce the material cost in construction. Olutoge (2010)[12] Investigations on Sawdust and Palm Kernel Shells as Aggregate Replacement studied the saw dust and palm kernel shells (PKS). Fine aggregates are replaced by saw dust and coarse aggregates by palm kernel shells in reinforced concrete slabs casting. Conventional aggregates were

Amarnath Yerramala Ramachandrudu C. (2012)[13] Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shells as Aggregate Replacement in his experimental study, coarse aggregate was partially replaced by coconut shell and fly ash. Percentages of replacement by coconut shell were 10%, 15%, 20% and Percentages of coconut shell replacement by fly ash were 5%, 25%. He concluded in his study that workability decreased with increase in CS replacement. Compressive and split tensile strengths of CS concretes were lower than control concrete. Daniel Yaw Osei (2013)[14] Experimental assessment on coconut shells as aggregate in concrete in this experimental study coarse aggregate is partially replaced by coconut shell. Percentages of replacement by coconut shell were – 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%. He concluded that CS can be used to produce lightweight concrete and 18.5% replacement of crushed granite with coconut shells can be used to produce structural concrete. Parag S. Kambli & Sandhya R. Mathapati. (2014)[15] Compressive Strength of Concrete by Using Coconut Shell prepared three different Mix Designs for M20, M35, M50 grades of concrete. Percentage replacement by coconut shell varied as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% respectively. It is concluded in this study that for M20 grade concrete cubes with 30% replacement of CS aggregates had given strength of 23 MPa at 28 days. Concrete cubes with 30% replacement of CS aggregates had given strength of 42 MPa at 28 days for M35. For M50 grade concrete cubes with 30% replacement of CS aggregates had given strength of 51 MPa at 28 days.

B.Damodhara Reddy et al.(2014) [16] in Experimental Analysis of the Use of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate examined and tested the properties of coconut shell and coconut shell aggregate concrete construction. The M30 grade concrete is use. The various tests such as workability test, compressive strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength tests were conducted. A nominal mix of 1:2:4 was used and four different mixes were made with 0%, 25%, 50%, 100% replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shells. Compressive strength of coconut shells cube samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 100% replacement of coarse aggregate is as 24, 22.62, 14.93 and 5.48 MPa resp. and flexural strength of coconut shells cube samples with 25%, 50%, 100% replacement of coarse 2 aggregate is as 5.36, 4.32 and 2.4 N/mm resp. From the above results we can see that in CSC where 25% of the coarse aggregate is replaced, shows properties similar to the nominal mix and 50% replaced CSC shows properties similar to light weight concrete. Ashwini et al. (2015) [3] in Application of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete conducted experiment to utilize coconut shell as fine and coarse aggregates in concrete with 0 %, 10%, 20% to 30% on the strength criteria of M20 Concrete for 7, 28, 56 days. The main objective of this study will give partial replacement for the aggregates and spread awareness of using coconut shell as partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete and determining its compressive strength, split tensile strength and density. Conclusion of this study is that Coconut shell can be replaced up to 10- 12.5% as a coarse aggregate. It is also concluded that Increase in percentage replacement by coconut shell reduces compressive strength, split tensile strength of concrete and increases workability of concrete. Here in this it is observed that the concrete with 20 % replacement of coconut shell exhibits a good strength. Apeksha Kanojiaet al. (July-2015) [1] in Performance of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: A Review focuses on production of concrete using agricultural waste as point of this ingredients replacing fast depleting conventional aggregate sources construction material and there by finding the solution for social and environmental issues. The aim of this paper is to address issue related to shortage of conventional material, problem of disposal of waste material and review the works done on use of waste coconut shell for concrete production. It is concluded that the Coconut Shells are more suitable as low strength-giving

lightweight aggregate when used to replace common coarse aggregate in concrete production. 3.2 Scrap Tyre Eldin N.N and Senouci A.B. (1993), [17]Rubber tyre particles as coarse aggregates examine compressive and tensile strengths of rubberized concrete. He notes that rubberized concrete did not perform as well as normal concrete under repeated freeze-thaw cycles. It exhibited lower compressive and tensile strength than of normal concrete but unlike normal concrete, rubberized concrete had the ability to absorb a large amount of plastic energy under compressive and tensile loads. It did not demonstrate the typical brittle failure, but rather ductile, plastic failure mode. Toutanji H. A (1996) [18] "The use of rubber tyre particles in concrete to replace mineral aggregates" Cement concrete investigated the effect of replacement of mineral coarse aggregate by rubber tyre aggregate. Shredded rubber tyres used had a maximum size of 12.7mm and a specific gravity of about 0.61. The incorporation of these rubber tyre chips in concrete exhibited a reduction in compressive and flexural strength. The specimens which contained rubber tyre aggregate exhibited ductile failure and underwent significant displacement before fracture. The toughness of flexural specimens was evaluated for plain and rubber tyre concrete specimens. The test revealed that high toughness was displayed by specimens containing rubber tyre chips as compared to control specimens. Khatib Z.K and Bayon F.M (1999) [19] has developed "Rubberized Portland cement concrete" to conduct experimental program in which two types of rubber fine Crumb Rubber and coarse tyre chips were used in Portland cement concrete (PCC) mixtures. Rubberized PCC mixes were developed by partially replacing the aggregate with rubber and tested for compressive and flexural strength in accordance to ASTM standards. Tyre chips were elongated particles that ranged in size from about 10 to 50mm. Results show that rubberized PCC mixes can be made and are workable to a certain degree with the tyre rubber content being as much as 57% of the total aggregate volume. However, strength results show that large reductions in strength would prohibit the use of such high rubber constant. It is suggested that rubber contents should not exceed 20% of the total aggregate volume. Mohammed Mustafa Al Bakari. A. Syed NuzulFazl S.A, Abu Bakar M. Dand Leong

K.W (2007) [20] "Comparison of rubber as aggregate and rubber as filler in concrete" this research will attempt to use rubber waste replacement of coarse aggregates to produce early age concrete. It carries out two different type of concrete which are rubberized concrete and rubber filler in concrete. In rubberized concrete, rubbers were used to replace coarse aggregates and river sand as fine aggregate. Coarse aggregate usually gravel or crushed stone and shredded rubber as filler in concrete. The compressive strength was reduced in rubberized concrete for several reasons including the inclusion of the waste tyres rubber aggregate acted like voids in the matrix. This is because of the weak bond between the waste tyres rubber aggregate and concrete matrix. With the increase in void content of the concrete, there will be a corresponding decrease in strength. Portland cement concrete strength is dependent greatly on the coarse aggregate, density, size and hardness. Since the aggregates are partially replaced by the rubber, the reduction in strength is only natural. F. Hernandez-Olivares et al. (2007) [21] Fatigue behaviour of recycled tyre rubberfilled concrete and its implications in the design of rigid pavements presents the results of fatigue bending tests on prismatic samples of recycled tyre rubber-filled concrete (RRFC) with different volumetric fractions (VF) of rubber (0%, 3.5% and 5%) after a long term exposition to natural weathering in Madrid (Spain) (one year ageing).From experimental results, he developed an analytical model based on classical Westergaard equations to calculate the minimum thickness of RRFC for rigid pavements subjected to high density traffic. In this investigation any value of the modulus of subgrade reaction for rigid pavement design has been considered. It is concluded that the methodology presented in this paper for rigid pavements design of road construction is based on experimental results obtained from laboratory tests and analytical calculations, according to Westergaard equations for flat plates on elastic foundations. Zeineddine Boudaoud et al. (2012) [22] Effects of Recycled Tires Rubber Aggregates on the Characteristics of Cement Concrete in his experimental work investigates the impact of substituting part of the conventional aggregates with rubber aggregates on certain characteristics of the cement concretes. The effect of these aggregates on the shrinkage of the concretes at an early age is appreciable and even very interesting for the concretes used, for example, in road construction. In this paper the compressive and the flexural strengths of

concrete specimens were determined after 7 and 28 days of standard curing on cylindrical and beam specimens. The study of the paper concluded that substitution of effects of coarse traditional aggregates by rubber aggregates resulting from worn tires decrease in the mechanical characteristics of the tested concretes. Eldhose C., Dr. Soosan T. G. (2014) [23] Studies on Scrap Tyre Added Concrete for Rigid Pavements investigate the wide range of physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing waste tyre aggregates and assess its suitability as a construction material. The fine scrap tyre aggregate is added as 2%, 4%, 6%, 10%, and 12% increment to replace the fine aggregate. The aim of this study is to investigate the optimal use of waste tyre aggregates as fine aggregate in concrete composite. The test such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of different mixes of concrete added with scrap tyre aggregate were carried out. They also carried out analysis on this paper to validate the test results (2015).Analysis were done using Ansys for the critical load positions, center edge and corner of the slab with dimensions 3.5 x 4.5 x 0.24m and the results are compared with experimental values. Stress distribution and the maximum stress were obtained and were checked with the experimental results. Conclusion of this study is to conduct by adding different percentages of rubber tyre aggregates to M35 mix. From this study it can be concluded that up to 8% of rubber aggregate can be added into concrete mixes without considerable reduction in strength. Reshma E.K et al. (2015)[24] Investigations on Replacement of Coarse Aggregates by Waste Tires for Road Construction has carried out basic Mechanical and physical tests on feasibility of use of waste tires as replacement for coarse aggregates for road construction. In his experiment the results shows that by replacement of coarse aggregates up to 15% by waste tire have shown remarkable improvement in the physical properties of coarse aggregates. For Crushing and Impact Test the aggregate size ranging from 12.5mm to 10mm were tested. In this paper it was observed that with the increase in the Waste Rubber content, the impact value decreases and the crushing value decreases from 12.7% to 10%. Likewise other test such as Abrasion Test, Water Absorption Test, Specific Gravity Test and Shape Test are carried out. Conclusion of this study is that replacement of coarse aggregates by tire leads to decrease of the aggregate impact value. By replacing the rubber content by

15 % it is difficult to conduct impact test due to the rebound effect. 3.3 Recycled Aggregates Dr. R Kumutha et al. (2008) [25] in Effect of recycled coarse aggregates in properties of concrete investigate the properties of concrete containing coarse recycled aggregates. Laboratory trials were conducted to investigate the possibility of using recycled aggregates from the demolition wastes available locally as the replacement of natural coarse aggregates in concrete. A series of tests were carried out to determine the density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with and without recycled aggregates. The water cement ratio was kept constant for all the mixes. The coarse aggregate in concrete was replaced with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% recycled coarse aggregates. The test results indicated that the replacement of natural coarse aggregates by recycled aggregates up to 40% had little effect on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. A replacement level of 100% causes a reduction of 28% in compressive strength, 36% in split tensile strength and 50% in flexural strength. D. N. Parekh et al. (2011) [26]Characterization of recycled aggregate concrete this paper reports the basic properties of recycled fine aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate. It also compares these properties with natural aggregates. Basic changes in all aggregate properties were determined and their effects on concreting work were discussed at length. Similarly the properties of recycled aggregate concrete were also determined and explained here. Basic concrete properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, workability etc. are explained here for different combinations of recycled aggregate with natural aggregate. Use of recycled aggregate has been found useful for pavement construction. Reasons, of use of recycled aggregate concrete in pavement construction, with technical proofs are explained here in detail. Individual performance of recycled fine aggregate in concrete, use of silica fumes in recycled aggregate concrete, use of fly ash in recycled aggregate concrete etc. are shown with experimental reasons. Chetna M Vyas et al. (2012) [27] in A techno-economical study on recycled aggregate concrete determine the strength characteristic of recycled aggregates which will give a better understanding on the properties of

concrete with recycled aggregates, as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete by cost. The scope of this project is to determine and compare the strength and cost of concrete by using different percentage of recycled aggregates. There were total of six batches of concrete mixes, consists of every 20% increment of recycled aggregate replacement from 0% to 100%. The test results show maximum strength at 40% replacements of recycled aggregates. Mr. Tushar R Sonawane et al. (2013) [28] in Use of recycled aggregate in concrete reports the basic properties of recycled fine aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate & also compare these properties with natural aggregates. Basic changes in all aggregate properties are determined and their effects on concreting work are discussed at length. Similarly the properties of recycled aggregate concrete are also determined. Basic concrete properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, workability etc. are explained here for different combinations of recycled aggregate with natural aggregate. Visakh Suthan Pallath et al. (2015) [7] in Experimental study on strength characteristics of concrete with recycled aggregates and analysis of its effective uses in road works project deals with the use of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements replacing natural aggregates in rural roads. From review of literature it is found that studies under rural roads using recycled aggregates was done. In this paper maximum size of aggregates 20mm is taken. For design M30 grade of concrete is being used and various tests are conducted on proportion mix of recycled aggregates and natural aggregates. For this experimental study the strength recommended 2 was 30 N/mm . In this paper it is observed that for (70%NCA+30% RCA) got the maximum 2 strength of 32.10 N/mm and for (50%NCA+50%RCA) got strength of 30.35 2 N/mm . In this project the required strength for rigid pavements under recycled aggregates is being evaluated. The ultimate aim is to attain a suitable strength on usage of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements in rural roads thus to implement cost effective nature and durability. 3.4 Crushed Bricks Fadia S. Kallak (2009) [29] Use of crushed bricks as coarse aggregate in concrete in his investigation two types of concrete mixing are prepared. The first one is a mixture of 1:2:4 without crushed bricks and is

used as a reference mixture .The second one is made of different weight of crushed bricks (as a percentage from the weight of the coarse aggregate). The conclusion of this study indicate that the use of crushed bricks as coarse aggregate decreases the compressive strength of concrete about (11-87) % at age of 28 days according to the ratio of crushed bricks that used. The splitting tensile strength of crushed brick concretes is lower than that of normal concrete. The ratio ranged from (0.2-1.4). Mohammad Abdur Rashida et al. (2009) [30] Properties of higher strength concrete made with crushed brick as coarse aggregate in his investigation use of crushed brick as aggregate to achieve concrete of higher strength and study the mechanical properties. It was found that higher strength concrete (31MPa to 45.5MPa) with brick aggregate is achievable whose strength is much higher than the parent uncrushed brick. Crushed bricks may be used satisfactorily as coarse aggregate for making concrete. The unit weight of such concrete is about 13% lower than that of normal weight concrete. Similar to normal weight concrete a drastic reduction in the compressive strength of brick aggregate concrete due to the increase in water-cement ratio has been found. Mohammad Abdur Rashid et al (2012) [31] Effect of Replacing Natural Coarse Aggregate by Brick Aggregate on the Properties of Concrete done experimental investigation on the properties of concrete obtained replacing stone aggregate (partly or fully) by crushed clay-brick. The only variable considered in this study was the volumetric replacement (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of stone aggregate by brick aggregate. The use of brick aggregate as a replacement of stone aggregate resulted reductions in unit weight, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity of concrete by about 14.5%, 33%, and 28% respectively. It is conclude that concrete with compressive strength of around 20 MPa are easily achieved by using crushed clay-brick. Hasan taherkhani et al. (2014) [32] An investigation on the using of cement stabilized recycled concrete and brick in pavement layers describes the results of an experimental research on the physical and mechanical properties of cement stabilized recycled concrete and brick produced from construction and demolition waste materials. Compaction, unconfined compressive, tensile and bending strength, and durability tests were conducted on the specimens for different percentage of cement contents. It can be concluded that up to a 9% of cement content,

the compressive strength of all mixtures increases with increasing the cement content. The ratio of the compressive strength after 7 days of curing, to that after 28 days, increases with increasing the cement content. Apebo N. S. et al (2014) [33] The suitability of crushed over burnt bricks as coarse aggregates for concrete tested physical properties of the crushed over burnt bricks aggregates. The concrete mixes were prepared using crushed over burnt bricks as coarse aggregates at different water – cement ratios of 0.40, 0.50, 0.55 and 0.60. The results indicate that the compressive strength of crushed over burnt bricks sand concrete is 29.5 2 N/mm and gravel sand concrete is 30.8 2 N/mm .It can be concluded that by reducing the water-cement ratio from 0.60 to 0.40 the compressive strength of crushed over burnt bricks sand concrete and gravel sand concrete increase by more than 30%. 4.0 CONCLUSIONS This review focuses on study of the various types of Recycled Materials and their potential for use in concrete (rigid) Pavement. At present, the rising cost of construction materials is the factor of great concern. Therefore there is need to use recycled materials for preserving virgin aggregate resources. From available literature it can be concluded that use of the recycled aggregate have many advantages over other recycled materials. Nowadays, the applications of recycled aggregate in construction areas are wide. The applications are different from country to country.

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Recycled aggregates are easily available in large quantities such as from construction and demolition site, RMC plants etc.

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It can save energy to transport the recycled materials to the recycling plants. Because everything can be done on the construction site i.e. processing, manufacturing and utilization.

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The cost of recycled aggregate is cheaper than virgin aggregate. It is just around one and half of the cost for natural aggregate that used in the construction works. The transportation cost for the recycled aggregate is reduced due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than virgin aggregate.

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The markets for recycled concrete aggregate are wide. According to Environmental Council of Concrete Organization, recycled concrete aggregate can be used for sidewalk, curbs, bridge substructures and superstructures, concrete shoulders, residential driveways, general and structural fills. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used in sub bases and support layers such as unsterilized base and permeable bases. References

[1] Apeksha Kanojia, S.K. Jain, Performance of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: A Review, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 July-2015. [2] Sreenivasulu Dandagala, Praveen K, Satish K, Sri Harsha K, Mahesh V Anil Kumar P, Laboratory investigation on coconut shell in concrete: An alternative low cost building material,Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 0974-2115 Special Issue 4: December 2014. [3] Ashwini Manjunath B T, Manasa H R, Pavan Pissy, Madhu Kumar H N, Sudeepa H C, Application of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate In Concrete, International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 Volume 2 Issue 11 July 2015. [4] E.A. Olanipekun, K.O. Olusola, O. Ata, A comparative study of concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates, Building and Environment 41 (2006) 297–301, Received 5 July 2004; received in revised form 5 January 2005; accepted 13 January 2005. [5] Stephan A. Durham and Adam Kardos, Beneficial use of crumb rubber in Concrete mixtures, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment February 2012. [6] Panda K. C, Parhi P.S and Jena T, ScrapTyre- Rubber Replacement for Aggregate in Cement Concrete: Experimental Study, International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Volume 05, No. 06, December 2012. [7] Visakh Suthan Pallath, G. Gangha, N. Ganapathy Ramasamy, Experimental study on strength characteristics of concrete with recycled aggregates and analysis of its effective uses in road works, International

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Apebo N. S., Agunwamba J. C., Ezeokonkwo J. C., The suitability of crushed over burnt bricks as coarse aggregates for concrete, International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2014. Author’s Biography Mr. Rishikesh A. Khope obtained his BE from BNCOE, Pusad, SGBAU Amravati University and pursuing ME (Structural Engineering) from PRMIT&R, Badnera, SGBAU, Amravati University.

Mr. Milind V. Mohod is currently Assistant Professor at Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology and Research, Badnera, Amravati. He obtained his BE from PRMIT&R, Badnera, SGBAU, Amravati University and M.Tech (Structural Engineering) from GCOE, Amravati. He has an experience of 4.5 years. He has presented and published numerous research papers in several National conferences, International Conferences and Journals. His area of interest are Structural Dynamics, Earthquake Engineering, Plate Analysis, Finite Element Method.