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2 The Kennel Club and the Early History of Dog Shows and Breed Clubs J. Sampson The Kennel Club, London W1J 8AB, United Kingdom

M.M. Binns The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom

A

RECENT BOOK ABOUT DIFFERENT pedigree dog breeds (Morris 2001) described some 1000 breeds around the world. This chapter aims in part to explain how this wealth of variety has come about as a result of the enthusiasm of dog breeders for the organization of showing, trialing, and classifying the species they are so fascinated with.

CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS

Animal breeds have been defined as “a group of animals that has been selected by man to possess a uniform appearance that is inheritable and distinguishes it from other groups of animals within the same species.” The accurate classification of dog breeds based on their interrelationship presents particular difficulties. It is clear that certain features, such as size, are unhelpful, since breeds such as the mastiff and the pug are anatomically similar, though of vastly different size. Indeed, for each of the toy breeds there exists a full-size equivalent. The division into function is also not likely to group the most closely related breeds, as a wide variety of different types have historically been used for similar purposes. The first list of recognized breeds printed in English is that published in 1486 of Dame Juliana Berners, a treatise on hunting in the Boke of 19

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St Albans. “Thyse ben the names of houndes, fyrste there is the Grehoun, a Bastard, a Mengrell, a Mastiff, a Lemor, a Spanyel, Raches, Kennettys, Teroures, Butchers’ Houndes, Myddyng dogges, Tryndel-taylles, and Prikherid currys, and small ladyes’poppees.” Although the list only describes a small number of varieties, several names are recognizable today, and, even at that time, some importance was attached to the different breeds. A formal classification of dogs, De Canibus Britancicus, was published in 1570 by Dr. Caius (the second founder of Gonville and Caius College Cambridge), with an English translation following in 1576. All known breeds of dog were divided into sections, and the origins of their names (etymology) were detailed. An indication of the functional nature of breeds at this time is apparent from the initial classification of his first group into “Venatici,” used for hunting beasts, and “Acupatorii,” used for hunting fowl. The Venatici included Harriers, Terrars, Bloodhounds, Gazehounds, Grehounds, Lyemmer, Tumblers, and Stealers, whereas the Acupatorii only comprised Setters and Spaniells. The next significant grouping of dog breeds was undertaken by the father of modern classification schemes, Carl von Linne, better known as Linnaeus (1707–1778). The list assembled by Linnaeus comprised 35 breeds, nearly doubling the earlier efforts of Dr. Caius. The Latin names assigned by Linnaeus to the different breeds have disappeared, and current breeds are all categorized as Canis familiaris, with no attempt to include scientific names for the vastly increased numbers of modern breeds. A contemporary of Linnaeus, Buffon (1707–1788), produced a genealogical tree of all the known races of dogs (Fig. 1), and he believed that the basic breeds derived from climatic influences, whereas the varieties that followed were generated by interbreeding these initial breeds. Buffon believed that all dog breeds derived from the shepherd dog, which he regarded as the most sensible of all breeds. The Encyclopaedia Britannica (Dublin Edition) of 1791 described five main classes of dogs, Sheepdogs, Hounds, Spaniels, Greyhounds, and Bulldogs, based on the work of Buffon. The next major breakthrough was made by Baron Cuvier (1769–1832), who divided dogs into three classes, Matins, Spaniels, and Dogues, each of which was divided into further sections. His classification was based on the head and jaw shape, together with other morphological features, rather than being based on the dog’s behavior. As such, his classification had a strong influence on future schemes.

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14 Figure 1. Buffon’s (1707–1788) genealogical table of the different races of dogs. (1) Bulldog, (2) Iceland hound, (3) wolf dog, (4) terrier, (5) large spaniel, (6) small spaniel, (7) Lapland dog, (8) shepherd dog, (9) hound, (10) small water dog, (11) Siberian hound, (12) harrier, (13) water dog, (14) mastiff, (15) large Danish dog, (16) Irish greyhound, (17) English greyhound, (18) large greyhound, and (19) great hound mongrel.

THE FIRST DOG SHOWS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KENNEL CLUB

The first dog show held in Britain is thought to have been an exhibition of spaniels held at the Zoological Gardens, London, in 1843. Victorian society was fascinated by exhibitions of all kinds, a thirst that was fueled by the Great Exhibition of 1851. It is therefore no surprise that during this period there was an increase in enthusiasm for competition between dogs, either in the show ring or in the field. The first dog show ever held, organized by a local sportsman and a local gunsmith, took place in the Town Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne, on June 28 and 29, 1859, where exhibits were confined to pointers and setters. There were 60 dogs entered, about 15,000 supporters attended, and three judges were appointed for each

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breed. Messrs. J. Jobling, T. Robson, and J. H. Walsh judged the pointer classes and found an overall winner in Mr. R. Brailsford’s liver and white dog by Lord Derby’s Bang out of his Dora. Setters were judged by Messrs. F. Foulger, R. Brailsford, and J. H. Walsh, who found a winner in Mr. Jobling’s Gordon setter, Dandy. The winner of the pointer classes was owned by one of the setter judges, and the winner of the setter classes was owned by one of the pointer judges! The second dog show quickly followed in November of the same year and was organized in Birmingham. The Newcastle show was not repeated, but the Birmingham Dog Show became an annual event. Manchester Dog Show was first held at Belle Vue in 1861 and, like Birmingham, became an annual event. Both are still major championship dog shows in the present U.K. calendar. In the period between 1859 and 1873, when the Kennel Club was established, 50 different dog shows were held. Dog shows preceded field trials by six years. The first trial of dogs in the field took place on Tuesday, the 18th of April, 1865, at Southill in Bedfordshire, over the estate of Mr. Samuel Whitbread, M.P. Sixteen pointers and setters entered the trial. According to a report in The Field, “hares and partridge were very plentiful, the fields being large, and a great portion of the ground under wheat. The day was not a good scenting one, being hot and close, with scarcely a breath of air.” The trial was pronounced by The Field’s leading article to have been a success, although it “occasioned a good deal of correspondence.” Interestingly, with one or two exceptions, the dogs that ran in this first field trial were also exhibited at the Islington Dog Show held in June of the same year. Today we see a far greater separation between show dogs and field trial dogs, with few individual dogs taking part in both activities. Although a little slower to take off, when compared to dog shows, field trials increased in popularity, and in total, 19 trials were held between 1865 and 1873. These early sporting activities for the dog were not without their problems. To quote from The Kennel Club: A History and Record of Its Work, by E. W. Jaquet (1905), “In the interval of fourteen years between the date of the first dog show and the foundation of the Kennel Club, many irregularities—not to say scandals—had arisen, and the need for legislation and guidance became an absolute necessity. This necessity arises in all forms of sport as soon as they become popular, and as in most respects the aims and objectives of the dog owner are similar to those which prevail among owners and breeders of bloodstock it was felt that a body with power to enforce their decisions should be brought into

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existence to do for dogs what the Jockey Club had done in connection with equine affairs.” So it was that Mr. S. E. Shirley, of Ettington, decided to establish the Kennel Club in April, 1873. Again to quote Jaquet, “It is solely owing to the influence of the Club that today dog breeding and dog showing are pursuits which can be indulged by gentlewomen, and dog shows held under Kennel Club Rules are patronised by every class of the community, including their Majesties the King and Queen—a wonderful testimony to the acumen and foresight of Mr. Shirley.” S. E. Shirley was chairman of the Kennel Club from 1873 to 1899, and then its president from 1899 until his death in 1904. Shirley was an aristocrat and extremely wealthy, and his family was of Saxon descent. He was born in 1844 and educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Interested in all country pursuits, he had a pack of beagles at Eton, he rode to hounds and was an excellent shot, and he had a serious interest in breeding dogs and working his gun dogs. Shirley was not only a man involved in all aspects of dogs, he was an M.P., in government from 1868 to 1880, a Justice of the Peace, and also High Sherriff and Deputy Lieutenant for County Monaghan. It was Shirley who, on April 4, 1873, met with 12 colleagues at 4 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, to establish the Kennel Club. One of the earliest undertakings of the newly formed Kennel Club was the compilation of a studbook. In preparing the studbook, Mr. Shirley consulted the then-editor of The Field, who recommended one Mr. Frank C. S. Pearce as the book’s editor. Duly appointed, Mr. Pearce began producing the very first Kennel Club Stud Book for distribution at the Birmingham Dog Show held on December 1–4, 1874. This first studbook covered the years from the first dog show in 1859 to 1874 and was designed to cover a blank in the history of the canine world. Its production was no mean feat; the final book contains the pedigrees of 4,027 dogs, and Pearce claims to have applied for pedigrees to at least 3,500 people during its production. These 4,027 dogs represented 40 different breeds divided into two groups: Sporting Dogs and Non-Sporting Dogs. In addition, this first studbook contained the rules of the newly formed Kennel Club, a list of club members (numbering 51), a code of rules for the guidance of dog shows, a code of rules for the guidance of field trials for sporting dogs, together with a suggested scale of points for the judging of such trials, and, finally, a list of winners at all of the dog shows and field trials held between 1859 and 1874. The Kennel Club Stud Book has been published annually since. 1880 was one of the most eventful years in the annals of the Kennel Club because it was in this year that new rules came into place that con-

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tained the important enactments regarding registrations. That new rules governing registration were required is clearly demonstrated in Shirley’s own words: “Does it tend to improvement or give much reliable information to breeders or purchasers to find a pointer called Wag, another Roy; mastiffs under the name of Turk and Nero; fox terrier Pincher; two Bedlingtons, side by side in the show, both ‘Highly commended’ and both being called Piper, one being a well-known dog, the other not; quantities of Shots, Bobs, Bangs, Jets, Nettles, Vics etc. most of them insufficiently described and none of them the well-known dogs of the same name.” The new registration rules brought much-needed method to registration and ensured that each registered dog’s name was unique. This same year also saw considerable debate over the precise definition of breeder and a discussion of a system of prefixes that could be used to identify dogs bred by the same breeder. By 1905 the number of breeds had risen to 76. Dog breeds continued to be classified into two groups up until 1920, when 84 different breeds were recognized by the Kennel Club. In 1921 the Sporting breeds was subdivided into Sporting and Terriers, and in 1922 the Gundog group was added to the Sporting breeds; in the same year the Non-Sporting breeds were divided into Non-Sporting and Toy groups. This system of classifying breeds remained in place until 1962 when the Hound group was added to the Sporting breeds, the Non-Sporting breeds remaining as either the Non-Sporting group or the Toy group. 1968 saw the next major change to the breed classification scheme with the Sporting breeds being classified into one of three groups (Hound, Gundog, and Terrier) and the Non-Sporting breeds being classified into three groups (Utility, Working, and Toy). The final change to the breed classification system came in 2000, when the Working group was split to give a Working group and a Pastoral group. Thus, today the Sporting breeds are classified into Hound, Gundog, and Terrier groups and the Non-Sporting breeds into Utility, Working, Pastoral, and Toy groups. In 1875, the Kennel Club recognized 40 different breeds and registered some 719 new dogs; in 2003 it recognized 201 different breeds and registered 245,894 new dogs. On September 17, 1884, 18 months after the establishment of the Kennel Club in London, twelve representatives gathered in the offices of the Philadelphia Kennel Club, in response to a meeting call issued by J.M. Taylor and E. Smith. The outcome of this meeting was the establishment of what we now know as the American Kennel Club (AKC). The next meeting of the group was held on October 22, 1884, when a constitution and by-laws were adopted and Major James M. Taylor became the AKC’s first president. One of the first tasks of this newly formed club was to

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produce a reliable studbook, which of course was the main priority at the formation of the Kennel Club in the U.K. Since 1878 Dr. N. Rowe had been compiling three volumes of The National American Kennel Club Stud Book, which he donated to the American Kennel Club, a gift that was acknowledged in the publication of the fourth volume of The American Kennel Club Stud Book in 1887. From these very early beginnings, the AKC has grown into an organization controlling a vast “canine empire.” For example, in 1998 almost 2 million dogs competed in 15,000 member, licensed, and sanctioned events. In the same year, the AKC registered more than 1.2 million dogs, representing 555,000 litters. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) is an umbrella organization for many of the other National Kennel Clubs that have been founded since the formation of the Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club, and it was created on May 22, 1911, with the aim to promote and protect cynology and purebred dogs by any means it considers necessary. The founding nations of the FCI were as follows:

• Germany • • • •

(Kartell für das Deutsche Hundewesen und Die Delegierten Kommission) Austria (Osterreichischer Kynologenverband) Belgium (Société Royale Saint-Hubert) France (Société Centrale Canine de France) Netherlands (Raad van Beheer op Kynologisch Gebied in Nederland)

The Fédération disappeared due to the first World War, and in 1921, the Société Centrale Canine de France and the Société Royale Saint-Hubert recreated it. New articles of association were adopted on April 10, 1921, and on March 5, 1968, the FCI got the legal personality by decree. The FCI is the World Canine Organisation. It includes 80 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own pedigrees and train their own judges. CONTEXTUAL HISTORY

The formation of the Kennel Club and the establishment and interest in dog breed clubs should be set in context of what was happening in relation to other domestic species in Great Britain at the time. It is clear from a study of Charles Darwin’s The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, originally published in 1868, that a wide variety of breeds were recognized and valued at the time he was writing. There was intense debate at this time as to whether the huge phenotypic diversity

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seen in domestic dog breeds could have arisen by the selection of individuals with a common origin in the gray wolf, or whether other canidae had also contributed extensively to the gene pool in different domestic dog breeds. He concludes that “it is highly probable that the domestic dogs of the world are descended from two well-defined species of wolf (viz. C. lupus and C. latrans) and from two or three other doubtful species (namely, the European, Indian, and North African wolves); from at least one or two South American canine species; from several races or species of jackal; and perhaps from one or more extinct species.” Darwin based his conclusions, which turned out to be erroneous, on detailed studies on the wide range of dog breeds with which he was familiar, including greyhounds, mastiffs, Scottish deerhounds, Irish wolf dogs, bloodhounds, bulldogs, pointers, shepherds, setters (Irish and English), King Charles spaniels, Eskimo dogs, foxhounds, retrievers, pugs, Newfoundlands, and English otterhounds. In many cases, the development of breeds grew out of attempts to improve the quality of animals through selective breeding. Robert Bakewell (1725–1795) is regarded as the first person to have made strenuous efforts at animal improvement in the U.K. through the use of selective breeding. Bakewell was the first person to begin breeding specific individuals together. Previously, livestock of both sexes were kept together in the fields, breeding at random, resulting in progeny with random characteristics. Bakewell separated the male from female, and allowed only specific matings to take place. Furthermore, by inbreeding his livestock, he fixed and exaggerated those traits he felt to be desirable. He was also well aware of the value of progeny testing and leased out his young bulls and rams to test their value as breeding animals. Some of the impact of assessing breeding value has subsequently been diluted by the influence that shows have had in identifying show champions as individuals, rather than in stressing the way in which it breeds and produces top quality offspring. Toward the end of Bakewell’s life, the first studbook for Thoroughbred horses was published. The Thoroughbred horse breed was generated in the U.K. in the early 1700s, from a mixture of “Arabian” horses and local breeds. In 1791, the first volume of the studbook was published, in which the early history of the breed was recapitulated. There was great interest in pedigrees from an early stage, with selective breeding for athletic ability advanced through the popularity of champion horses at stud. Although other horse breeds, including the Suffolk Punch and the Clydesdale, were well recognized by the 1750s, it wasn’t until the 1880s,

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more than a hundred years after Bakewell’s initial breeding work, that studbooks were established for these breeds. In England at this period there was also a rapid expansion in the number of cattle, pig, and sheep breed clubs, i.e., at exactly the same time that there was a burgeoning interest in dog breed clubs and studbooks. The Victorians were clearly fascinated by the ideas of breed purity and genetic improvement. Indeed, there was widespread concern about the concept of degeneration, the progressive ill health in succeeding generations of a family, and the need to actively reverse this trend. This in turn probably lay behind early ideas of eugenics and interests in physiognomy that also advanced in parallel with the ideas of breed purity in dogs and other species. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOLDEN RETRIEVER BREED

One of the best-documented histories of the development of a new breed of dogs from this period of intense activity is that of the golden retriever. Retrievers were not seen as specific breeds until the latter part of the 19th century, and their development owes much to concurrent improvements in guns. Prior to this date, retrievers were in a state of flux and were mated for their ability to work, rather than their overall appearance. Thus, breeds like the golden retriever are relatively recent arrivals on the dog scene, certainly when compared to setters and pointers; the English setter’s work has been described in historical references since the 14th century. In the days of muzzle-loading guns, not many birds would have been shot in a day, probably no more than 10 per day, and thus landowners could easily retrieve the shot birds using their pointers and setters. By the 1880s the steel-barreled breech-loading gun, with its single trigger, had arrived on the scene, which meant that birds could now be shot in flight, and led to the introduction of the French partridge into Britain. French partridge were particularly good for the driven shoot where birds were driven over standing guns. Further gun improvements, like the introduction of the break-and-load shotgun, led to the replacement of partridge by pheasants, because their higher and faster flight provided better sport for the guns. All this meant that many more birds were shot in a day and, because they were shot in flight, they came down over very large areas; there was now a requirement for dogs to retrieve the birds, hence the development of the retriever breeds. The development of the golden retriever breed owes everything to a gentleman called Sir Dudley Coutts Majoribanks, who later became the

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first Lord Tweedmouth. He and his family lived in London, but like many of his compatriots of the time who moved in the highest echelons of Victorian society, he devoted most of his life and energy to sporting pursuits in the Highlands of Scotland. In 1854 he purchased the Guisachan Estate, 20,000 acres of prime Scottish land near Loch Ness, and set about creating a new sporting estate par excellence. At the time, the most common retriever was something called a wavy-coated retriever, probably the forerunner of today’s flat-coated retriever. Like Labrador retrievers, these wavy coats came in black, yellow, and chocolate varieties, but the black color was greatly favored. Marjoribanks decided that he would prefer to develop a new strain of yellow retriever, which was later to become the golden retriever. The key dog in the heritage of the golden retriever is a dog purchased by Majoribanks called Nous, which is Gaelic for wisdom. There is some debate as to how this dog came into his ownership, but the vast proportion of evidence suggests that Nous was a yellow wavy-coated retriever that Majoribanks purchased in Brighton in the 1860s, and was part of a litter bred by Lord Chichester on his Stanmer Estate, just outside Brighton. What happened then is documented in detail in the studbook that was maintained by Majoribanks. This original studbook is now kept in the Kennel Club library in the U.K. for all to examine. Its contents show the meticulous planning that went into Majoribank’s breeding program from 1868 to his last litter in 1889–1890, before his death in 1894. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed water spaniel called Belle, giving rise to four yellow puppies called Ada, Cowslip, Crocus, and Primrose (see Fig. 2). Tweed water spaniels are now extinct as a breed, but they were quite common in that late 19th century, particularly in the Borders between Scotland and England. They were described at the time as being similar to a small retriever, liver-colored and curly-coated. Cowslip was eventually mated to a second Tweed water spaniel to produce a litter containing a yellow bitch puppy called Topsy. In a second mating, Cowslip was mated to a red setter (Sampson) to produce a male puppy called Jack. Topsy was then mated to a black wavy-coated retriever (Sambo). Zoe, a bitch from this litter, was then mated to Jack, and the subsequent litter contained a yellow bitch called Gill and a yellow male called Nous II. Gill was then mated to a black Labrador called Tracer, and a puppy from this litter, called Queenie, was mated to Nous II, her uncle. A sandy-colored bloodhound was also used in the crosses. This represents the foundation of Majoribank’s golden retriever line; furthermore, he gave progeny from earlier matings, like Ada,

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Nous

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Belle

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Cowslip

Sambo

Topsy

Jack

Zoe

Tracer

Gill

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Figure 2. The crosses involved in the foundation of the golden retriever breed.

Crocus, and Primrose, to fellow breeders who used them to further develop the breed. The origins of this popular breed therefore lie in Scotland and the Border country, with all golden retrievers tracing back to Nous II and Lord Tweedmouth’s methodical line-breeding between 1868 and 1890. SUMMARY

The holding of dog shows and the subsequent establishment of the kennel club in Britain in 1873, the American Kennel Club in 1884, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1911 have had an enormous influence on the development of pedigree dog breeding and showing worldwide. The different kennel clubs around the world continue to have an important role in leading initiatives to ensure the health and welfare of man’s best friends and the continued enjoyment they bring to dog owners and breeders.

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REFERENCES Darwin C. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication: Volume 1. Johns Hopkins Press Ltd., London, 1998. Jaquet E. 1905. The Kennel Club: A history and record of its work. The Kennel Gazette, London.

SUGGESTED READINGS Foss V. 2005. The Golden Retriever fifth book of champions, show champions, field trial champions and obedience champions 1999–2004. NB Colour Print Ltd., Lancashire, United Kingdom. Hubbard C.L.B. 1948. Dogs in Britain: A description of all native breeds and most foreign breeds in Britain. Macmillan and Company, London. Leighton R. 1916. The new book of the dog. Vols. I, II. Cassell and Company, London. Morris D. 2001. Dogs: The ultimate dictionary of over 1000 dog breeds. Ebury Press, London. Pawson R. 1957. Robert Bakewell pioneer livestock breeder. Crosby Lockwood and Son, London. Vesey-Fitzgerald B. 1948. The book of the dog. Nicholson and Watson, London and Brussels. ———.1957. The domestic dog. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

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