a micro-level approach to development FRANCOIS THERON (Editor)
B 372210
Van Schaik PUBLISHERS
Table of coeteets
list of tables and List of contributors List of abbreviations and acronyms Introduction
figures
xi xii xiii xv
Chapter 1 The development change agent - a micro-level approach to development Francois Theron 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Introduction The development context- the evolution of micro-level development... Understanding the role of change agents - outside intervention vs. participatory facilitation Change agents and participatory approaches to development Training change agents - an alternative model Conclusion
1 3 9 14 17 20
Chapter 2 The global context of development and its effect on South Africa - a macro approach Ismail Davids 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Introduction Global holism , Global poverty and globalisation HIV and Aids - a global perspective War on terror and development aid Environmental degradation Global holism - implications for South Africa and its people Conclusion
23 24 24 28 30 31 32 38
Chapter 3 The change agent-project beneficiary partnership in development planning - theoretical perspectives Francois Theron 3.1 3.2 3.3
.
y
Introduction The meaning of development planning The concept of development planning 3.3.1 Linking the concepts of development and planning 3.3.2 The purpose of planning
41 42 43 43 47
3.4 3.5
3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
3.10
3.11 3.12
3.3.3 The necessity of planning 48 Development planning in developing countries 49 The context, theory and types of planning - tensions in the field 51 3.5.1 Planning goals 54 3.5.2 Planning activities 54 3.5.3 Operational levels of planning activities 54 Planning models 55 Role formulation for the project change agent - a "Jack of all trades"? .. 57 The social dynamics of development project participation 61 The process of planning 63 3.9.1 Rationality in planning 63 3.9.2 Planning uncertainty 64 3.9.3 Efficient and effective planning and implementation 65 The stages of planning 65 3.10.1 The decision to adopt planning 68 3.10.2 Planning goals, objectives and targets 68 3.10.3 Collecting and analysing data 69 3.10.4 Appraising alternative courses of action 69 3.10.5 Planning and project appraisal 70 3.10.6 Implementation 70 3.10.7 Monitoring and evaluation 71 The role of planning in developing countries 71 Conclusion 73
Chapter 4 Understanding communities and enabling people - a holistic approach Dirk Kotze and Pietro Kotze 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
Introduction The change agent's fragmented reality The holistic view of reality The meaning-giving context Context in practice The enabling environment Development facilitation Conclusion
•
76 78 81 86 89 91 92 97
Chapter 5 Participation - a grassroots strategy for development management Francois Theron and Nicky Ceasar 5.1 5.2 vi 5.3
Introduction Putting people-centred development into context - the argument for participation Planning and implementing participation - selecting the most appropriate strategies
100 103 Ill
5.4 5.5
5.6
Locating the participation debate in IDP Testing IAP2 principles against the IDP 5.5.1 IAP2 core values and IDP 5.5.2 IAP2 Spectrum for Participation and IDP Conclusion
114 117 117 119 121
Chapter 6 Community development and community organisation - the role Tsitso Monaheng 6.1
Introduction
6.2
What community development is about 6.2.1 Related strategies of development 6.2.2 Community development and participation 6.2.3 Participation and community organisations The role of the change agent in community development 6.3.1 Learning to stimulate beneficiary participation 6.3.2 Institutional support for change agents International perspectives on community development 6.4.1 Action through the United Nations 6.4.2 Action through the African Union 6.4.3 Other initiatives Community development in South Africa 6.5.1 Community development in the new dispensation Community development worker programme (CDWP) 6.6.1 Community development workers as change agents 6.6.2 Types of projects 6.6.3 Support for community development workers Conclusion
Chapter 7 Community health - the community health worker as change agent Nicky Ceasar and Francois Theron 7.1 7.2
7.3
Introduction The community health worker as a health change agent — a new point of departure or an obvious statement of fact? 7.2.1 Contextualising the concepts of community health worker and/or health change agent 7.2.2 Community participation in primary health care (PHC) 7.2.3 The value of GfHWs in a transformed health system - the South African case 7.2.4 Challenges facing CHWs in the context of community capacity building The district health system in South Africa - a framework for community health interaction and participation
147 149 149 151 153 154 155
vii
7.4 7.5
7.6
7.7
7.3.1 From a fragmented health system to a district health system (DHS) 7.3.2 Defining a district health system (DHS) 7.3.3 Establishing a district health system 7.3.4 Community participation in the DHS Health transformation and its impact on health change agents Establishing a health care change agent and community partnership the case of HIV/Aids 7.5.1 Understanding the threat of the HIV/Aids epidemic 7.5.2 The partnership in planning challenge — NGOs partnering with government in fighting the scourge of HIV/Aids 7.5.3 Forging a partnership among the local authority, the community and CHWs Capacity building for health care change agents 7.6.1 Training of CHWs 7.6.2 Voluntarism versus remuneration of CHWs Conclusion
Chapter 8 The forester as a change agent - from trees between the people to people between the trees Cori Ham, Paxi Chirwa and Francois Theron 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
8.5 8.6
8.7
Introduction Community forestry defined The traditional approach towards community forestry People-centred approaches towards community forestry 8.4.1 The participation of community stakeholders 8.4.2 The legal and institutional framework for community forestry . . . . 8.4.3 Local indigenous knowledge and social learning through forestry approaches 8.4.4 Collaborative management Participatory research methodology in forestry projects The changing landscape of forestry 8.6.1 Timber outgrower schemes 8.6.2 Forestry certification 8.6.3 Participatory forest management Conclusion
Chapter 9 Action research methodology - alternative options for grassroots research and community participation Francois Theron and Stephen Wetmore viii
9.1 9.2
Introduction Action research, development and participation - linking theory to practice
202 204
9.3 9.4
9.5
Action research methodology - the context for alternative methodologies Participatory learning and action - an exploration 9.4.1 Activist participatory research (APR) 9.4.2 Agro ecosystems approaches 9.4.3 Applied anthropology (AA) 9.4.4 Field research on farming systems 9.4.5 Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) Conclusion ,
205 208 209 209 209 210 210 217
Chapter 10 Key themes, reflection and action for development change agents - a call for a change agent-beneficiary partnership Francois Theron 10.1 10.2
10.3
10.4
Introduction Linking development issues to practical realities - nine recurring development themes 10.2.1 The conceptual confusion in the development debate and the power of "development language" and "development speak" . . . . 10.2.2 The centrality of people and their local meaning-giving context in development 10.2.3 A holistic approach to development 10.2.4 The building blocks model of development 10.2.5 The predicament of the position and uneven relationship between the change agent and his or her institution/agency/ government 10.2.6 The either/or reality and mentality - top-down vs. bottom-up planning; us and them; the interveners (change agents) and the beneficiaries (the community); the developers and the developees 10.2.7 The centrality of participation and participatory planning in development - beyond the "tyranny" debate 10.2.8 The beneficiaries of development can and should be the masters of their own development - the value of social capital and indigenous knowledge 10.2.9 The call for alternative action research methodologies Testing the field - the change agent and his or her internal and external environments 10.3.1 The-seniorjocal government officials focus group feedback 10.3.2 The community development worker programme (CDWP) and community development workers (CDW) focus group feedback . . Whose reality counts? Is the idea of development a fundamental lifeenhancing idea? 10.4.1 The transfer of whose reality to whom?
220 222 222 224 226 229
229
232 233
235 238 238 239 243 jx 247 247
10.5
10.4.2 Uppers/developees/change agent impediments and the power of deception 10.4.3 Whose reality counts? 10.4.4 Reversals in learning, thinking and orientation Conclusion
Annexure 1 Questions for the focus group discussion with senior officials Annexure 2 Questions for the focus group discussion with CDWs
250 254 255 256 260 261
Chapter 11 The change agent as author-and ^researcher - an introduction to professional writing skills and social research skills Francois Theron and Jennifer Saunders 11.1 11.2 11.3
Introduction The point of departure in professional writing and the research process . The literature review 11.3.1 Strategies for a literature search process 11.4 General requirements for writing professional documents - the first level of effective communication 11.4.1 Presentation of a scientific document 11.4.2 Comprehensiveness 11.4.3 Objectivity 11.4.4 Logic 11.4.5 Writing skills 11.4.6 Proper systematisation 11.5 Suggested structure for a professional document 11.5.1 Evaluation of a professional document 11.6 Appropriate research methodology 11.6.1 The interview method 11.6.2 The questionnaire method 11.6.3 The participatory method 11.7 Text references and bibliographies 11.7.1 Referencing 11.7.2 Bibliography 11.8 Plagiarism 11.8.1 Plagiarism and the Internet 11.9 Technical and linguistic completion of a professional document 11.10 Preparing a professional document and the research process 11.11 Conclusion
Annexure 1 List of sources on social research methodology and the writing of professional documents Annexure 2 Further reading- selected examples of Internet sites
