A Framework for Design Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative,, and Mixed Method Approaches by J. W. Creswell
Ch t Outline Chapter O tli z z
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Why do we need a framework? Three central questions to the design of research h Alternative knowledge claims Strategies of inquiry Research methods Three approaches to research Criteria for selecting an approach
Why Do We Need a F Framework? k? z
It can be adopted to provide guidance about all facets of the study z
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Assessing the general philosophical ideas behind the inquiry Detailed data collection and analysis procedures Situate plans in ideas that are well-grounded in the literature
G Groundwork d k z
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What is epistemology? A theory of knowledge embedded in the theoretical perspective What is a theoretical perspective? What lies behind the methodology in question Wh t is What i methodology? th d l ? The strategy or plan of action that links methods to outcomes What are methods? The techniques q and p procedures we p propose p to use
Three Central Questions of R Research h Design D i z
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What knowledge claims are being made by the researcher (including the researcher’s theoretical perspective)? What strategies of inquiry will inform the procedures? What methods of data collection and analysis will be used?
Knowledge g claims
Strategies g of inquiry
M th d Methods
Approaches to research
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed
Design process of research Questions - Theoretical lens - Data collection Data analysis - Write up - Validation
Alt Alternative ti K Knowledge l d Cl Claims i z z z z
Postpositive Socially constructed Advocacy/Participatory Pragmatic
Postpositive Knowledge Cl i Claims z
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Determination – causes probably determine effects or outcomes R d ti i Reductionism – reduce d th id the idea to t a smallll set of elements to test E i i l observation Empirical b ti and d measurementt Theory verification – verify and test the l laws and d th theories i th thatt govern th the world ld
Postpositive Knowledge Cl i Claims z
Knowledge is conjectural, conjectural antifoundational. antifoundational z
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We cannot ascertain absolute truth.
Research is a process of making and refining claims, or abandoning some for others. Data evidence, Data, evidence and rational considerations shape knowledge. Research seeks to develop relevant true statements. Being objective is essential to competent inquiry. inquiry
Socially-constructed K Knowledge l d Claims Cl i z
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Emphasize understanding the world in which we live and work M lti l participant Multiple ti i t meanings i l d th lead the researcher to look for a multiplicity of views. S i l and Social d historical hi t i l construction t ti i li implies that meaning is formed through interaction with sensitivity to historical and cultural norms. Theory generation makes sense of the meanings others have about the world.
Socially-constructed K Knowledge l d Claims Cl i z
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Meanings are constructed by individuals as they engage with the world they are interpreting. interpreting Humans engage with their world and make sense of it based on their historical and social perspective. The basic generation of meaning is always social, arising from interaction with a human community. community
Ad Advocacy/Participatory /P ti i t Claims Cl i z z
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Concern sociopolitical issues They are oriented toward issues of empowerment. t They are collaborative, so as not to further marginalize i li the th participants, ti i t and d Change-oriented, voicing opinions, raising consciousness, i and d advancing d i an agenda d for f change to improve lives.
Ad Advocacy/Participatory /P ti i t Claims Cl i z
Theoretical perspectives may be integrated with philosophical assumptions. z z z z z
Feminist perspectives Radicalized discourses C iti l theory Critical th Queer theory Disability inquiry
Ad Advocacy/Participatory /P ti i t Claims Cl i z z
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Are dialectical Focus on bringing about change and helping i di id l free individuals f themselves th l f from constraints t i t Create political discussion so that change will occur Are practical and collaborative, because i inquiry i iis completed l t d with ith others th rather th than th “on” or “to” others
P Pragmatic ti Knowledge K l d Claims Cl i z z
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Consider the consequences of actions Problem-centered – researchers use all approaches h to t understand d t d th the problem. bl Pluralistic Oriented toward real-world practice
P Pragmatic ti Knowledge K l d Claims Cl i z
Not committed to any one philosophy z
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There is no asking about reality and the laws of nature.
This allows the freedom to choose among many possible approaches. Pragmatic knowledge claims are especially conducive to mixed-methods research. z
Investigators use both quantitative and qualitative methods once they establish a purpose for using mixed methods.
Quantitative Approach St t i Strategies z
Experimental designs z
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True experiments with random group assignment Quasi-experiments that use nonrandomized designs
Non-experimental designs - surveys z
Longitudinal and cross cross-sectional sectional studies using questionnaires or structured interviews
Qualitative Approach St t i Strategies z
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Ethnography – to study a cultural group in a natural setting over time by collecting observations Grounded theory – to derive a general theory of process or interaction grounded in participant views Case studies – to explore in depth an event, activity, or process concerning an individual Phenomenological research – to identify participant ti i t experiences i concerning i a phenomenon h Narrative research – To study the lives of individuals through their life stories
Mixed Method Approach St t i Strategies z
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Sequential procedures – to elaborate the findings of one method with another method C Concurrent t procedures d – to t converge quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive analysis Transformative procedures – to use a theoretical lens as an overarching perspective within a design that contains both quantitative and qualitative data
R Research h Methods M th d Quantitative Predetermined methods Instrument-based questions q Performance, attitude, observational, b ti l and d census data Statistical analysis
Qualitative Emerging methods Open-ended questions q Interview, observational, d document, t and d audiovisual data Text and image analysis
Mixed Both Both Multiple forms of data drawing on allll possibilities ibiliti Statistical and text analysis
Q Quantitative tit ti Approach A h z
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Uses postpositivist claims for developing knowledge E l Employs strategies t t i off inquiry i i such h as experiments and surveys C ll t data Collects d t on predetermined d t i d iinstruments t t that yield statistical data
Q lit ti Approach Qualitative A h z
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Makes knowledge claims based on constructivist perspectives E l Employs strategies t t i off inquiry i i such h as ethnography, narratives, case studies C ll t open-ended, Collects d d emerging i data d t with ith the th intent of developing themes from the data
Mi d Mixed-methods th d Approach A h z
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Bases knowledge claims on pragmatic grounds E l Employs strategies t t i off inquiry i i iinvolving l i either ith the simultaneous or sequential collection of data Collects both numeric information and text information
How do we select an approach? h? Use a quantitative approach if the problem is z to identify factors that influence or best predict di t an outcome t or z to determine the utility of an intervention
How do we select an approach? h? Use a qualitative approach if the problem is to understand z a conceptt or a phenomenon h z a new topic, or z a topic that has never been addressed with a certain group of people.
How do we select an approach? h? Use a mixed approach if the problem is z to generalize the findings and develop the meaning of a phenomenon or concept for individuals. In all cases, consider the audience: journal editors and readers, g graduate committees, conference attendees, and colleagues in the field.
