A Demonstration of Energy & Water Savings Potential from an Integrated Precision Irrigation System with Deficit Irrigation Chad Higgins, Charles Hillyer, Marshall English, Lori Rhodig, Geoff Wickes, Jac le Roux
World Population Challenge UN World Population Projection – Medium Varient UN World Population Projection - Medium Varient
10,000,000
9,000,000
Population (thousands)
8,000,000
Double 1963 Population
7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000
Double 1890 Population
4,000,000
2003
3,000,000 2,000,000
Double 1750 Population 1963 1890
1,000,000
140 years 0 1750
1775
1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
Year
73 years 1925
40 years 1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
Agricultural Water Usage FAO AquaStat - World-Wide Water Use
19 %
11 %
70 %
Agriculture
Municipal
Industrial
94 % of Agricultural Water Use is in Surface Irrigation Systems
Increased Demand - Global Water Resources Limit of renewable supply
Availability (m3/person)
Declining Water per capita - 1995 to 2025
Water Stress < 1,700 m3 / person / year
Water Scarcity < 1,000 m3 / person / year Water Poverty < 500 m3 / person / year
Consumption as % of Available Renewable Water
Table 26. Farms with Diminished Crop Yields Resulting from Irrigation Interruption
Shortage of ground water, 3479
Shortage of surface water, 17337
63% of farms had interrupted irrigation Farm And Ranch Irrigation Survey (2008)
Irrigation equipment failure, 7737 Other, 6767
Cost of purchased water, 2562
Energy Poor price water Loss of increases quality, water or energy 632 rights, 483 shortage, 3403
Agricultural Irrigation Energy Use (aMW) $335M, ≈5% 0%
Residential 7,424
0% 1%
Of the farms surveyed in the USDA 2008 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, more than 20% had electricity costs for pumping in excess of $10,000.
4%
Commercial 6,129 39%
Industrial 3,744 Other Ag 105
20%
Dairy Milk 55 Irrigation 848 Dir Serv Ind 764 32%
2007 usage data from NW Power Conservation Council’s Sixth Power Plan
Transportation 71
Combining Variable Rate and Deficit Irrigation Optimal on Irrigation: what we need to work • Irrigation depends all farm operations – Decision support must be capable of incorporating a variety of disparate models and data sources relevant to farm operations
• Optimization implies some level of deficit irrigation – Yield reductions must be simulated – Efficiency must be simulated explicitly – Relationship between Higher Precision & uncertainty
• Farm level optimization depends on all fields – Fields must be scheduled conjunctively – Optimization must be sensitive to water supply & delivery constraints
The Current Questions • How precise can we be in the water application?
• Can we use VRI to compliment deficit irrigation strategies so that the end result is water savings and a ‘clean field’ with predictable and reasonably uniform yields? • Does the VRI + deficit irrigation strategy save water and energy? How much? • Is it worth it? Will there be a reasonable positive benefit to the bottom line? What is the relative value of current irrigation technologies, both in terms of decision making power and dollars. • Can we do a better job with data management to make the set-up and execution faster?
Line Source Experiment: SJ2 Cotton SJ2 Cotton - UC West Side Field Station - 1976 2,000
Reduction in Yield Effects
1,800 Δ Y2
1,600
Yield (kg/ha)
1,400 1,200
Δ Y1
1,000 800 600 Δ AW1
400
Same Increment of Water
Δ AW2
200 0 300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Depth (mm) Total Applied Water
Poly. (Total Applied Water)
1,000
1,100
Deficit Irrigation Winter Wheat Production Function
1,200
12.0
from English and Raja (1996)
10.0
Maximum Yield @ 60.9 cm
800
8.0
Maximum Income @ 51.2 cm
600
6.0
400
4.0
200
2.0
0
0.0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Applied Water (cm) Production Costs ($/ha)
Gross Income @ 147 $/ton
Yield (kg/ha)
80
Yield (kg/ha)
Costs And Incomes ($/ha) (Thousands)
1,000
Yield Reduction: Not Linearly Proportional 98% Irrigation 100% Yield
71% Irrigation 95% Yield
Technologies Overview • • • • • • •
Variable Rate Irrigation Soil Mapping Flow Monitor Weather Monitoring Soil Moisture Monitoring Localized Yield Modeling Yield Mapping
• Decision Support System
An Integrated Approach • Lots of technology Lots of Copy/Paste • Facilitate technology by using the DSS as the integrator
• Precision Ag Irrigation Leadership (PAIL) – Data exchange standards for irrigation technology – PAIL development is ongoing – This demonstration provides test and development support to PAIL’s development
The Integrated System ON-FARM INFORMATION
Weather
Iterative Feedback Loop
OPTIMAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
Telemetry
Moisture sensors
STATIC DATA Soil maps Yield maps
DECISION SUPPORT
Uniform Prescription
Uniform Fields
VRI Fields ONLINE ADVISORY SYSTEM (ex. AgriMet) Crop type, ET, weather integration, irrigation scheduling, etc. RISK MANAGEMENT
VRI Prescription
FIXED DATA OUTPUT Reports, trends, analysis, etc.
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Pumping + distribution system
DYNAMIC
Technology Levels • On-Farm weather station w/ in-field correction • Soil Moisture Monitoring • Flow Monitoring • Energy Use Monitoring
• Variable Rate Irrigation
Level 3 Level 2
Level 1 Level 0 • Conventional practice • Remote weather station
• Soil mapping to calibrate deficit strategies • Yield mapping to verify crop response
Three SIS Equipped
Soil Moisture Monitoring
Two Mapped Fields
- In-Field Temp. & RH - Aquacheck EC Probe - Three Neutron Probe Tubes - Capacitance Probes
One VRI Equipped
Online Advisory System
On-Site ET Estimate
Wireless Comms
Pumping Plant + Smart Meter
Demo Sites 2013
Farms were selected on the following basis: 1. high pumping lift (significant energy costs) 2. farm/irrigation managers that were willing to experiment with new technologies 3. the manager must be willing to act on the irrigation recommendation provided by the integrated system 4. greater than 500 acres in production 5. One farm from OR, WA, ID
Demo Sites 2013 Integration Level
Crop (2013)
Size (Ac.)
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Canola Canola Canola Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn Field Corn
124 132 121 126 123 123 97 125 102 125 125 125
Pumping Lift (ft.)
Location
≈750
OR
≈750
OR
≈750
WA
≈125
ID
VRI Prescription Generation • Prescriptions are generated for each rotation • Depth calculated for each management zone • Applied depth is based on deficit irrigation strategy
• Irrigation Management Online generates prescription • Prescription is translated into producer specific format
• Prescription is uploaded remotely
Prescription 8/26
Prescription 8/27
Prescription 8/28
Prescription 8/29
Prescription 8/30
Prescription 8/31
Prescription 9/1
Prescription 9/2
Depletion 8/26
Depletion 8/27
Depletion 8/28
Depletion 8/29
Depletion 8/30
Depletion 8/31
Depletion 9/1
Depletion 9/2
Depletion - ℞ - 8/26
Depletion - ℞ - 8/27
Depletion - ℞ - 8/28
Depletion - ℞ - 8/29
Depletion - ℞ - 8/30
Depletion - ℞ - 8/31
Depletion - ℞ - 9/1
Depletion - ℞ - 9/2
2014 Plan • Continued application of Optimal Irrigation • Addition of Variable Speed Irrigation
• New cooperator(s)
Conclusion • Demonstrate Energy and Water savings from optimal irrigation management • Demonstrate value of various irrigation management technologies
46
Thank You
