Plea2004 - The 21th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 19 - 22 September 2004 Page 1 of 6

A Comparative Analysis of the Built and Project Demet Irkli Eryildiz1 and Semih Eryildiz2 1

Gazi University, Fac. of Engineering and Architecture, Ankara, Turkey. 2

University of Bahçeşehir, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey.

ABSTRACT: In this study, our recent buildings and projects, which are the products of natural thought and sustainability are analyzed and discussed. Planning and architecture, which are aware of environmental requirements, develop and implement energy-saving technologies and use renewable energy wherever possible. Conference Topic: 5 Materials, building techniques and sustainability Keywords: Sustainable Planning, Ecological Design, Green Architecture, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Renovation

INTRODUCTION In the framework of ecological architecture principles, use of renewable energy, harvesting rainwater and its reuse, purification of gray water and compost toilets for natural cycles, natural building materials and edible landscape are subjects of our design studies. Green roofs, sky gardens, edible landscape, waste cycles, biologic diversity etc. are also discussed besides passive heating and natural ventilation on the sample projects. Sample buildings are; • Adobe house in Hasandede (passive solar energy, thermal storage wall), • Durudeniz dwellings in Mugla (natural acclimatization, earth insulation), • Bodrum Ikizada Turkcell base Station: Natural material, renewable energy; (PV panels, wind turbines), • Super insulation material: Straw-bale house in Hasandede. • “Econovation”: ecological renovation of a social housing unit in Batikent. The project; chosen as samples in this study are; • Metropolitan Istanbul Municipality; Headquarter.

smaller blocks than conventional houses and still have sufficient space for outdoor living. This makes earth sheltered housing particularly useful for low or medium-density housing developments, an area of construction that will no doubt increase in the future as the world population grows and cities become larger and larger. The main ecological criteria considered in the Settlement are: Green roofs, Sky gardens, Edible landscape, Waste cycles, Passive heating and Natural ventilation, Biologic diversity etc. A comparative study has been conducted for the earth-sheltered building and four sides on the land cases for same building conditions. (Eryildiz, 2002) Heat losses and auxiliary energy loads are calculated as: Annual heat Auxiliary heat losses load (annual) 3 Earth 5.050 kWh (Q1) 43.24 kWh/m sheltered 3 On the land 9.210 kWh (Q2 78.85 kWh/m

2.1 Durudeniz Dwellings in Fethiye - Mugla

Q1 annual / Q2 annual = 5050 kWh / 9210 kWh = 0 .5483 The ratio shows the big difference on the heat gains and the importance of the energy efficient design.

The contractor has 21-acre site area decided to build 14 earth-sheltered dwellings. By this decision, it has been shown importance of the earth sheltered building energy gains: Energy Consumption, Noise Reduction, Aesthetics and Land use. One of the more common motivations for building an earth sheltered structure, like Durudeniz is to blend the building in with its natural surroundings. This is often the case on rural sites where the owner wishes to build a dwelling but also retain the 'untouched' beauty of the natural landscape. Double use of the land, house underneath, garden on top, means earth sheltered houses can be built on

Only one design criterion taken into consideration changes the results in very large scale

2.2 Bodrum Ikizada Turkcell Base Station Wide spread usage of GSM and On the coast of Aegean Sea Unfair foreign interferences forced Turkish firms to create innovative solutions. A no mans’ island was chosen to build a reflector unit. Design is based on a stone cube building shaded by a big panel consisted of 12 PV units to natural cooling.

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On summers PV’s in winters wind turbine supplied required energy by the GSM Reflector unit. This combination and harmony of the building to nature consisted a beautiful combination. The importance of renewable energies is considered by using solar and wind power. The social cost concept is also important in this building, which is usually ignored in energy investments. The special position of renewable energy sources for Turkey is focused on. 2.3 Straw - Bale House - Hasandede The first straw-bale building in Turkey was begun in mid summer 2000 when Harald Wedig led a Workshop in Hasandede 90 km southeast of Ankara. Nine architectural students from Gazi University, two architects and three volunteers participated. Demet Irkli Eryildiz designed the project. The Hasandede Municipality supplied the land at the prominent site, and the Research Fund of Gazi University and Kirikkale branch of Chamber of Architects provided most of the building materials while the State Farm in Bala provided the straw-bales. The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) – Europe paid for Harald Wedig’s training and travel costs. The workshop aimed at building an earthquakeresistant and ecologically sound rural dwelling. As it well known, straw-bales have very high insulation value for winter and summer conditions. The wooden post - and - beam structure was chosen for earthquake considerations. The concrete slab, which is 10cm thick, was poured on top of the masonry foundation. Diagonal crossties of heavy wire were attached from the foundation to the upper frame of the roof structure. A wooden trussed - roof system and light metal coverings were chosen for their earthquake resistance, durability and ability to harvest clean rainwater. Both foundation and roof were properly insulated against cold, humidity and vapor. Inner and outer surfaces of the straw-bale walls were plastered with local earth. The window and door openings were designed mostly on the southern side to achieve more solar gain and wooden frames were chosen as natural building elements. The building will be offered to Hasandede Municipality as an ecological training center. 3.1 “Econovation”: Ecological Renovation of a Social Housing Unit Ecological renovation of the building stock is one of the important problems together with construction of ecological new sites. In this part of the world, which has stabilized population, it should even be more emphasized than the new constructions. It is impossible to separate energy related elements from architectural elements. Spatial organization and architectural form are firmly interconnected with such factors as solar control, ventilation, insulation, location of (thermal) walls, surface properties and color. For ecological renovation these considerations are reference points; I- The aim of the study is to show exemplary renovation of a social housing unit to be an ecological house in Batikent-Turkey. A financial

model will support implication and comparative analysis on energy, water, and urban agriculture. II- Batikent’ site is the biggest (third in the world) housing project implied in Turkey. Between 19811990, 50.000 houses were built in Batikent. Aspects of ecological design principles are applied in some district implications. But holistic approaches were not managed. After 18 years of living in the area, buildings needed renovation. “Ozgur Cooperative” is one of the most interesting district settlement projects in the area. It consists of 306 triplex units. Highlights of passive solar energy design and vernacular architecture approaches used in design. III- Architect of the project in Batikent, with an expert team, plans to revise his own house as an experimental transformation to Eco-house. Objectives of the study are; The Eco renovated house is an ecologically renovated dwelling that is 150 m2 and has two stories and a basement. Cubic dimensions of the building optimize heat load. Entrance, living, dining, kitchen and 2 bedrooms are located to access of Southeast wind. With addition of 2 greenhouses a tampon area in summer conditions created, to collect heat when needed. Greenhouse is at the centre of building. Its design eases to conduct desired air to other spaces via direct opening plus special details for conduction. That is living and bedrooms adjacent to greenhouse heat is collected and stored adjacently to the thermally linked spaces. Day to night closing and opening of shutters for windows, greenhouse is used to provide appropriate thermal comfort conditions. Technical Aspects: ▪ To revise water system to separate grey water from sewage and collect rainwater. ▪ On balconies and the garden there has been edible landscape and it will be revised. ▪ Greenhouse will be constructed to connect inner spaces as a heat transferor. ▪ Convert materials, finishing and appliances to be healthy, safe and economical ones. ▪ Re examines insulation of walls, windows. Shutters will also be insulated. ▪ Install heat collectors for heating, cooling and domestic heat water systems. ▪ Earth pipes will be installed to supplement this above-mentioned system. ▪ PV’s will be installed to supply electricity for domestic consumption. Wind speed and the direction are appropriate to overcome the overheating problems during hot seasons while the solar energy is more than enough to supply the very small amount of space heating requirement during winter using direct gain windows. Ordinary flat plate photo thermal converter needs can easily supply domestic hot water. The system sizing for the stand-alone PV installation is done by the procedure outlined in the book written by Green. The load is as follows: Solar radiation value for Ankara is 4 MJ/m2 -day; Total daily requirement of electricity is obtained to be around 2175 Wh/day.

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The number of modules is calculated as 24. The inclination angle of modules is calculated to be min 15 Degrees. (Latitude 15 Degrees). The reserve capacity of the batteries is assumed to be 10 days, which is quite reasonable for sunny and arid regions. This calculation gives 18 batteries. Efficiency of lead-acid batteries is 80% nickel-cadmium batteries 70%. The cost for the solar panels; The modules $ 7200+Bateries $ 4000+Maintenance $ 2000=Total $ 13200. South and/or east facing direct gain windows can easily supply heating requirements during winter months. Greenhouses attached to both south and north facades. Heating by thermal mass and cooling, edible landscape, creation of additional space and recreation are the aims of additional structures. Greenhouse shutters will be added for both summerwinter; day-night insulation. Green house will completely moved and become a garden in summer. Insulation: Existing 2 cm insulation material is adjusted to be 5cm and sandwich brick wall. Roof insulated with 8cm Styrofoam. Existing single glazing is improved to be double, using the old wooden frame. Shutters repaired and inner faces are insulated by film. Existing thermal mass for some of the rooms might be effective in solving insignificant requirements of cool nights and hot afternoons. Main structure was made out of concrete, the materials for renovation have been selected with aspect to renewable resources and re-used materials are mainly brick, wood and natural insulation materials such as prelate. Structures and attachments will be made with screws or studs, not nails, so that may be easily demented and parts used elsewhere. Lime mortar has been used to make it easy to take down the wall and to clean the bricks. First floor, windows and roof are made out of wood. All parts of the external walls and the roof are accessible for replacement of materials has aged. Toilet solid wastes, kitchen and garden organic wastes, leaves roots are collected, stored and composed to be fertilizer in the edible landscape in and outside house. Grey water was connected to city sewers, after ecorenovation Bath and WC grey waters are collected in basement to be naturally purified and used in garden. Garden and greenhouse vegetation and trees are planted for household requirements: Edible landscape design according to their light, water irrigation requirements plus aesthetic and creative demands of the people living in the house. Evergreen trees obstruct prevailing wind direction. On south fruit trees planted. 3.2 Office Building for Istanbul Municipality The aim of this part is to discuss advantages of energy efficient building design in high-rise buildings by a project designed for Istanbul Municipality Headquarters. The building has 42 storeys and oriented to south. The proposed project is ecologically, economically and aesthetically considered. It is based on natural energy use for heating and cooling systems as a main part of ecological architecture approach. In a high-rise office building one of the biggest energy consumption is cooling

load. Energy cost can be reduced by intelligent design: e.g. correct orientation and location, use of solar energy collected in attached greenhouses, intelligent facades etc. In this study, orientation difference for main surface and greenhouse effect for heat gain are analyzed by SUNCODE program, which is personal computer version of SERI/RES thermal analysis program. The analysis is realized for four different cases, which are, attached greenhouse, without greenhouse, oriented to south and west. For these cases solar gains and heat losses are analyzed and the results are discussed. The program calculates heat losses and solar gains from building and different building elements for each indoor space for different periods (hourly, daily, monthly, seasonal, yearly etc.) according to user preference. In addition, heating and ventilating equipments loads and heat losses and solar gains from windows are calculated by mathematical simulation techniques. The program needs building data like materials and dimensions, orientation, area, shading and climatic data for estimating heat loss to outdoor and earth, total thermal capacity, solar radiation (direct, normal, total horizontal, direct horizontal, diffuse horizontal), outdoor temperature (average, minimum and maximum), wind speed (average, minimum and maximum), average indoor temperature, humidity, earth temperature, heating and cooling degree days. Annual heating need of the building is 2207.999 GJ for south oriented building while it is 2336.397 GJ for west oriented building. It means 6% gains from total heat load of the building. Three parts for attached greenhouse analysis divide the building. Zone 2 and zone 3 are estimated as attached greenhouse and without greenhouse. The annual heating need of the building is 5818.370 GJ for the tower without greenhouse while it is 5407.940 GJ for the towers are estimated with attached greenhouses. It means 7% gains from total heat load of the building. Toilet solid wastes, kitchen and garden organic wastes, leaves roots are collected, stored and composed to be fertilizer in the edible landscape in and outside house. A specially designed toilet leads urine separately collecting pipe system to be stored in the basement and sold in the market. Pipe equipment set leads gray waters to basement and ponds in the garden to be clarified, re-used and at the end for watering. Detergents waters are used in the same washing cycle. Separated detergent sold to be refabricated and re-used. Rainwater collecting from roof, surface waters and well supplies go directly to pond. For gray water treatment and mix, it is recycled in basement, emerges in cascades into one of the two 2 ponds. Total 400m area of garden and greenhouse is supported by homebred fertilizer and water supports %80 of annual consumption of the vegetable, fruit and white meat of the family. Edible landscape is designed according to their light, water irrigation requirements, aesthetic and creative demands of the people living in the house.

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Biogas collection produced by composting process and house unit wind energy is researched for gas production for kitchen and alternative electricity supplement. Wind speed of 5-7 m/s can be used to supply up to 1 kW of energy with a wind turbine

having a diameter of 1.5-2.5 m (Randell, Ed., 1988). A rotor type windmill can be installed in the vicinity of the building, which may be attracting due to its easy construction and noise-free operation.

CONCLUSION Table 1: Ecological evaluation of the buildings and projects BUILDINGS & PROJECTS EVALUATION 1 2 3 4 5 6

ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA

DESIGN

MATERIAL

LAND USE

SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS

Energy efficiency Renewable energy use Flexibility and sustainability in design Optimization in material use Renovation of existing buildings Structural resistance

*** *** *** **** ***

*** *** *** **** ****

**** **** **** **** ****

**** *** **** **** ****

**** **** *** *** ****

*** *** *** *** **** ***

Low embodied energy use Durable materials Maintenance facility To avoid from harmful gas emission materials Use and preference of regional materials Preference of recycled materials To utilize waste materials

**** *** *** **** **** *** ***

*** *** *** **** *** *** **

**** **** *** **** **** *** **

**** *** *** **** **** **** ****

** *** *** *** ** ** **

*** *** *** *** *** ** **

Minimum automobile use Development of mix-use functions To utilize the resources in site To settle the buildings in minimum impact to the environment To utilize the existing landscape

*** *** *** *** ****

*** *** *** **** ****

**** *** **** *** ****

*** *** *** *** ***

** *** *** *** **

** ** *** *** ***

Energy efficient heating and ventilating system High efficiency in lighting system High efficiency in water cycling system To provide mechanical ventilation system

*** ** ** -

*** ** ** -

**** ** ** **

**** ** ** -

*** *** *** ***

*** ** ** -

BUILDINGS: 1. Adobe house in Hasandede 2. Durudeniz dwellings in Muğla 3. Bodrum İkizada Turkcell base Station 4. Straw-bale house in Hasandede. EVALUATION GRADES:

* ** *** ****

PROJECTS: 5. Metropolitan Istanbul Municipality; Headquarter. 6. Ecorenovation in Batõkent

: Poor : Average : Good : Excellent

REFERENCES [1] Eryõldõz, S., “Durudeniz: Gömülü Yapõda Isõl Kazanç”. IV. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, 16-18 October 2002, İstanbul, Proceedings, Volume1, pp. 331-338. [2] Irklõ, D., Eryõldõz, S., “Ecological Architecture and Use of Natural Sources in Eco-Village Model -

Hocamköy Project ”, XX. UIA Congress, 23-26 June 1999, Beijing, s. 50-54. [3] Irklõ, D., Eryõldõz, S., “ An Example House for Zero Energy Use and Ecological Conscious Design at Temperate Climate” World Renewable Energy Congress, Ed. By A. A. M. Sayigh - Denver, Colorado, USA, 15-21 Haziran, 1996, s. 1417-1420.

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[4] Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., Eryõldõz, S.,” İşlevsel, Ekolojik, Estetik”, domus m, Nisan-Mayõs 2001, sayõ 10, s.128-129. [5] Eryõldõz, S., “Kentsel Ekoloji”, Mimarlõk, Mayõs 1996, Sayõ 269, s. 25-30. [6] Irklõ, D., “Sürdürülebilir bir Geleceğe Mimarõn Katkõsõ”, Mimarlõk, Mayõs 1996, Sayõ 269, s. 33-35. Eryõldõz, H.S. “Ekokent”, 1994, Gece Yayõnlarõ, Ankara p.84 [7] Semih Eryõldõz, Demet Irklõ Eryõldõz, “Econovation in Existing Urban Tissue Ecological Renovation of Social Housing Unit in Ankara” World Renewable Energy Congress, -IV, Renewables. The Energy for the 21Century. Ed. A.A.M. Sayigh – Brington, UK, 1-7 July 2000. v.1, pp. 553-556. [8] Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., Eryõldõz, S., “Energy Considered High -Rise Building: An Example Office Building For Istanbul Municipality” World Renewable Energy Congress- VII, Renewables World’s Best Energy Option Ed. A.A.M. Sayigh – Cologne-Germany, 29 June-5 July, 2002. [9] Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., Eryõldõz, S., “Enerji Etkin Yapõ Tasarõmõ: Örnek Yapõ ve Projeler”, Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarõ ve Çevre Korunumu-4. Türk Alman Enerji Sempozyumu, 21-24 Haziran 2001, İzmir, s.357-374. MUNICIPALITY; HEADQUARTER

Figure 1: Ecological project

[10] Eryõldõz, S., Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., “Mekan ve Biçim Yaratõsõnda Ekoloji Yüzey İlişkisi”, Kuram ve UygulamaMimari Biçimlendirmede Yüzey Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabõ, 7-9 Ekim, 1999, Ankara, s. 250-265. [11] Irklõ Eryõldõz, D. Demirbilek, F. N., “Anadolu Güneş Mimarlõğõ”, III. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, 15-17 Kasõm 2000, İstanbul, Bildiri Kitabõ, Cilt I, s. 245-254. [12] Eryõldõz, S., Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., “Enerji ve Yapõ Yüzeyi İlişkisi”, III. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, 15-17 Kasõm 2000, İstanbul, Bildiri Kitabõ, Cilt I, s. 271-280. [13] Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., “Straw-bale for Seismic Conditions”, The International Journal of Straw Bale and Natural Building, Issue no:32, Winter 2000 s.32 [14] Irklõ Eryõldõz, D., “Straw-bale Building in Turkey”, Ecovillage Living, Spring 2001 s.48 [15] Eryõldõz, H.S. “Batõkent”, 2003, İş Bankasõ Kültür Yayõnlarõ, Istanbul. Note: Suncode Version 5.71, Building Energy Analysis Program, Copyright 1981,1985 Terry Wheeling And Larry Palmiter. Ecotope, Inc. 2812 East Madison, Seattle, Wa 98112

1

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DURUDENİZ

TURKCELL

STRAWBALE HOUSE

ECO-RENOVATION

Figure 2: Ecolagically considered buildings