MALACCA, MALAYSIA
CULTURE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM: Models for Co-operation among Stakeholders
A Case Study on Malacca Malaysia
Submitted to UNESCO Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific By The Local Case Study Team
Bhaktapur April 2000
SECTION 1. 1.1
HERITAGE
I)
Malacca is the only town in Malaysia that has the longest continuous recorded history. This is reflected in its 600 years on eventful existence in various facades of its present life. Historical evidence in the form of monuments such as the traditional mosque and temples, traditional houses, shophouses and colonial building and monuments still exist to this day. Its was also in Malacca Town that the first Prime Minister of the country proclaimed the date of Independence for Malaya from the British rule on the 20th. February 1956.
II)
The architecture of the monuments show influence of all the various colonial powers that once conquered and ruled Malacca.
III)
The existeance of various races who have their origin from the beginning of the founding of Malacca. These races are the Malays, the Babas and Nyonyas ( the offsprings of intermarriage between the Chinese and the locals ), Chitty ( the offspring of the intermarriage betweeen the Indian and the locals ) and the Portuguese descendants who are now living in the Portuguese Settlement and the Chinese, Indians and Arabs to making Malacca a center of diverse cultural activities.
IV)
The century old festival like the San Pedro which wa s celebrated during the olden days are still being celebrated today by the local Portuguese beside other cultural and religious festivals of the Moslem Malays, Chinese and the Indians.
1.2
SERVICES
A.
ACCOMMODATION A1.1
NO.
HOTELS HOTEL
RATING
NO. OF ROOM
LOCATION
REMARK
1.
Hotel Equatorial
5 - Star
498
Study Area
Modern Tower
2.
Puri Hotel
3 - Star
50
Study Area
Heritage Building
3.
Century Mahkota
4 - Star
593
Buffer Zone
Modern Building
4.
Seri Costa
3 - Star
93
Buffer Zone
Modern Classical
5.
Belmount Hotel
2 - Star
78
Buffer Zone
Modern
6.
Majestic Hotel
Budget
20
Buffer Zone
Heritage Building
Table : Note :
There are a total of 68 hotels in Melaka Municipal Providing a 5500 rooms.
A. 1.2 Guest House NO.
GUEST HOUSE
RATING
NO. OF ROOM
LOCATION
REMARK
1.
Heeren House
Moderate
8
Study Area
Heritage Building
2.
Baba House
Moderate
50
Study Area
Heritage Building
3.
Kancil Guest House
Budget
15
Buffer Zone
Heritage Building
4.
Cathay Guest House
Budget
12
Buffer Zone
Heritage Building
5.
Robin’s Nest
Budget
11
Buffer Zone
Modern Shop Office
6.
Shirah’s Hotel
Budget
11
Buffer Zone
Moderate Shop Office
B.
FOOD RETAILERS
NO.
TYPE
QUANTITY
NO. OF SEATS
REMARK
Serving local Malay, Chinese, Indian cuisine and seafoods.
1.
Food Stalls and Budget Restaurant
80
2000
2.
Coffee Shop
3
90
Serving local and tea + cuisine
coffee
3.
‘ Theme Café ‘
8
475
Seving local western cuisine.
and
4.
Fine Restaurant
6
315
Specialise in Nyonya and Portugese cuisine.
5.
Dry and packet Foods (stalls and shops)
50
-
Local titbit e.g. banana, cookies.
tapioca,
Table : Note :
C.
1.
All cafes and fine dining are housed in Heritage Building
2.
Food retailers did not include restaurant and coffee house in Equatorial Hotel and area outside the Study Area.
SOUVENIRS AND CRAFTS RETAILERS
NO.
TYPE OF RETAILERS
QUATITY
REMARK
1.
Craft Stalls
85
Small crafts e.g. key chain, wooden clog, wearing items and painting.
2.
Craft Shop
12
Small crafts, wooden furniture, porcelain, brass, silver and gold wares.
3.
Antique Shop
8
All kind of antiques espicially furnitu re and home accessories.
4.
Art Gallery (commercial)
5 Contemporary paintings.
Table : Note : imported
Arts
and
Chinese
All craft stalls and craft shops offer local handicrafts and craft from mainly Indonesia.
D.
CAR AND BUS PARK
NO.
TYPE OF PARKINGS
NO. OF PARKINGS
1.
Bus
62
2.
Car
5918
3.
Motocycle
REMARK
Tour coaches Public
-
Ample parking spaces
Table : Note :
Not included car parking facilities in hotels, shopping complexes, government offices and schools.
E.
HOSPITALS.
NO.
1.
NAME OF HOSPITAL
NO. OF BED
LOCATION
REMARK
1.
Straits Hospital*
50
Study Area
•
Within St. Paul’s Hill precint
2.
Mahkota Medical Center*
141
Buffer Zone
•
500 meters from St. Paul’s Hill
• 3.
Southern Hospital*
116
City Center
10 minutes drive from St. Paul’s Hill
4.
General Hospital
350
City
•
15 minutes drive from St. Paul’s Hill
Table : Note :
*Private Hospital
F.
2.
NO.
CILINICS
TYPE OF CLINICS
QUANTITY
LOCATION
REMARK
1.
Out – Patient
2
Study Area
2.
Private Clinics
4
Study Area
General
3.
Dental
3
Buffer Zone
15 – minutes walk from St. Paul’s Hill
4.
Nose & Ear
1
Buffer Zone
20 – minute walk from St. Paul’s Hill
5.
Homeopathic & Chinese Traditional Treatment
4
Study Area
Table :
G.
BANKS AND POST OFFICES
NO.
TYPE
QUANTITY
LOCATION
1.
Banks
4
Study Area
2.
Post Office
1
Study Area
3.
Mini Post Office
1
Study Area
REMARK
All 'Headquaters'
Table : Note : Two (2) major banks located in St. Paul’s Hill have moved after the area was pedestrianised.
H.
PUBLIC TOILET NO. OF PUBLIC TOILET
LOCATION
4 Buildings
St. Paul’s Hill
NO. OF TOILETS
15 Males
WC
20 Females
WC
20 Urinals
Table
:
NOTE
:
Each museums provide public toilets.
I. NO.
HOUSE OF WORSHIP HOUSE OF WORSHIP
QUANTITY
REMARK
1.
Moslem Mosque
2
Heritage Buildings (gazetted)
2.
Chinese Temple
2
Heritage Buildings
3.
Hindu Temple
1
Heritage Buildings
4.
Church
5
Heritage Buildings 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Methodist Catholic Prothestant Catholic Convent in a primary school Catholic Church in a secondary school
SECTION II 11.1
STATISTICS. A.
Top Travelers To Malaysia , 1994 - 1998.
NATION
1994
Sh(%)
1995
Sh(%)
1996
Sh(%)
1997
Sh(%)
1998
Sh(%)
ASEAN
5,216,142
75.72
5,509,202
74.15
5,206,306
72.93
4,440,532
71.50
3,835,735
69.10
Japan
271,161
3.95
330,496
4.45
353,204
4.95
308,902
4.97
252,178
4.54
Taiwan
227,161
3.30
293,790
3.95
236,501
3.31
207,776
3.35
159,447
2.87
U.K.
138,161
2.01
161,967
2.18
166,588
2.33
162,079
2.61
160,678
2.89
Hong Kong
126,970
1.84
135,660
1.83
150,026
2.10
103,153
1.66
90,148
1.62
Australia
125,947
1.83
146,411
1.97
144,302
2.02
129,262
2.08
145,162
2.62
China
94,505
1.37
103,130
1.39
135,743
1.90
158,679
2.55
159,852
2.88
U.S.A
86,638
1.26
97,287
1.31
101,058
1.42
94,649
1.52
83,089
1.50
Germany
68,638
1.00
71,552
0.96
73,902
1.04
57,722
0.93
50,583
0.91
S.Korea
50,619
0.73
63,915
0.86
63,508
0.89
68,610
1.10
21,741
0.39
Others
481,729
6.99
516,043
6.95
507,274
7.11
479,557
7.72
592,135
10.68
Total
6,888,881
100.00
7,429,453
100.00
7,138,452
100.00
6,210,921
100.00
5,550,748
100.00
40 % of total tourist to Malaysia coming to Malacca. Source : Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB)
11.2
STATISTICS B
NUMBER OF TOURISTS AND VISITORS TO MALACCA 1998 -
1999.
TOURISTS & VISITORS
1999
SHARE
1998
SHARE
% +- 99 / 98
International
617,937
52.68
567,151
55.08
8.95
Domestic
555,028
47.32
462,454
44.92
2.0
TOTAL TOURISTS
1,172,695
34.22
1,029,605
30
13.9
TOTAL VISITORS
2,254,612
65.78
2,404,434
70
-6.2
Source
:
Malacca State Development Corporation
Table
:
NOTE
:
C MALACCA,
NUMBER OF VISITORS TO TOURIST DESTINATION IN
Number of tourists are based on the number of the hotel room guest.
1998-1999 DESTINATION
1999
SHARE
1998
SHARE
% +- 99 / 98
Ayer Keroh Recreation Area
1,207,346
53.55
1,214,312
50.5
-0.5
Historic City
491,412
21.79
816,294
34
-39.8
Old Town
555,854
24.66
373,828
15.5
48.7
TOTAL
2,254,612
Source Table Note
: : :
2,404,434
Malacca State Development Corporation
The major attractions in Ayer Keroh Recreation Area are Zoo (the largest government Zoo in Malaysia), crocodile farm (private), Mini Malaysia and Asia Cultural Village and Recreational Forest
-6.2
D
10 MAJOR MARKETS OF HOTEL GUEST IN MALACCA 1998-1999
TOTAL HOTEL GUEST
1999
SHARE
1998
SHARE
% +- 99 / 98
China
209901
17.89
138343
13.44
51.72
Singapore
237647
20.26
224765
21.83
5.73
Japan
47732
4.07
42738
4.15
11.68
Taiwan
15841
1.35
34306
3.33
-53.82
Hong Kong
15449
1.32
36286
3.52
-57.42
United Kingdom
13301
1.13
13217
1.28
0.63
USA
8569
0.73
7987
0.78
7.28
Australia
7662
0.65
7456
0.72
2.76
Germany
6137
0.52
6691
0.65
-8.27
France
4373
0.37
6844
0.66
-36.1
INTERNATIONAL MARKET
617,937
52.68
567151
55.08
8.95
DOMESTIC MARKET
555,028
47.32
462454
44.91
20
MARKET
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
Source TABLE
: :
Malacca Hotels Association (MAHA)
E
HOTEL OCCUPANCY RATE IN MALACCA (%) 1998 - 1999
HOTEL & RESORT BASED ON ROOM SIZE
1999 (%)
1998 (%)
% +- 99 / 98
Average Stay
37.54
33.77
11.0
More than 300 rooms
35.27
28.47
23.9
200 - 300 rooms
39.24
36.43
7.7
100 - 200 rooms
42.26
39.22
7.7
50 - 100 rooms
33.2
28.41
16.8
Less than 50 rooms
37.75
36.3
4
Source
:
Table
:
Malacca Hotels Association (MAHA)
F
MALACCA TOURISM INDICATION
TOURISM INDEX
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NO.OF HOTELS
53
52
56
54
57
56
NO. OF ROOMS
2,979
3,475
4,238
5,499
6,119
5,900
OCCUPANCY RATE ( % )
62.9*
65.5*
59.7*
49.8*
41.3*
37.5
NO. OF NIGHT STAY
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
NO. OF TOURISTS DESTINATIONS / ATTRACTIONS
16
16
18
17
17
18
NO. OF HOTEL GUEST
885,019*
755,414
930,428
1,037,931
1,029,605
1,172,965
NO. OF VISITORS / DAY TRIPPES
2,937,095
2,867,111
3,149,464
3,044,957
2,404,343
2,254,612
TOURIST ARRIVAL
1,289,214
1,329,334
1,369,454
1,409,573
1,449,696
1,529,934
Source
:
Table
:
MTPB ( Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board )* & MSDC ( Malacca State Development Corporation )
SECTION III 111. 1 ECONOMIC INDICATOR a. A.
Financial Fund For Management and Development INCOME
YEAR - 1999
YEAR - 2000
Source of Budget
% Share
% Share
Local Taxex
70 %
72 %
Non – Taxable
25 %
23 %
Contribution From Government
5%
5%
Total Income
RM 65.8 mil ( USD 17.3 mil )
RM 74 3 mil ( USD 19.6 )
Managemnet Cost
RM 46.7 mil ( USD 12.3 mil )
RM 50.0 mil ( USD 13.2 mil )
Source
B.
Income ( calculated On A Yearly Basis )
:
Malacca Municipal Council of Historic City
Expendinture
TOTAL MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURE
YEAR - 1999
YEAR - 2000
Management Cost
RM 46.7 mil ( USD 12.3 mil )
RM 50.0 mil ( USD 13.2 mil )
Development Cost
RM 21.3 mil ( USD 2.3 mil )
RM 24.0 mil ( U SD 6.2 mil )
Table
:
C.
Development Budget From Development Fund of the Municipal
NO.
PROJECT
1999 BUDGET
2000 BUDGET
1.
Project Preliminary Survey
RM200,000
RM200,000
2.
Petty Traders & Small Business
RM1.5 mil
RM1.5 mil
3.
Road Upgrading
RM0.5 mil
RM1.0 mil
4.
Land Acquisition
-
RM3.2 mil
5.
Comminity Project (bus stop etc.)
RM2.0 mil
RM2.5 mil
6.
Road side drain
RM3.0 mil
RM8.0 mil
7.
Public Toilet
RM60,000
RM260,000
8.
Children Playground
RM300,000
RM500,000
9.
Landscaping
RM1.5 mil
RM2.0 mil
10.
Malacca River enhancement
-
RM1.0 mil
11.
Sport & recreation
RM50,000
-
12.
Street lighting
RM400,000
RM200,000
13.
New roads
RM3.0 mil
RM2.5 mil
14.
Public Square (New project)
RM6.5 mil
RM0.4 mil
15.
Upgrading bridges
RM300,000
RM300,000
16.
Public Park (New Project)
RM2.0 mil
RM300,000
RM21.3 mil
RM23.9 mil
TOTAL
REMARK
Sewerage systerm survey
At Ayer Recreational area
Sport center
Table : D.
Extra budgetery Sources (over the last three years) i.
What is the total value of contributions to the municipality (in cash or in Rind) from private donors (i.e. foreign aid, private sector, Lions Club, Rotary Club, donations, etc.)? Not available. Private sectors such as Lions Club, Rotary Club and banking Companies did provide various donations and charity activities which they offer directly to the recipient especially the schools and elderly homes. No contributions (both in kind and in cash) has been offer for heritage conservation or cultural activities.
Keroh
J.
NUMBER OF SCHOOL, STUDENTS AND TEACHERS WITHIN STUDY AREA.
NO. OF STUDENTS NO.
NO. OF TEACHERS
SCHOOL
REMARK MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
1.
Malacca High School
1,800
200
70
45
Heritage Building
2.
St. Francis Institution
1,195
60
10
3
Heritage Building
3.
St. Francis Primary School
826
-
14
14
-
4.
Infant Jesus Convent ( Secondary School )
866
-
11
28
Heritage Building
5.
Banda Hilir Primary School
-
573
2
27
Heritage Building
6.
Sacred Heart Convent ( Primary School )
-
565
7
29
Heritage Building
7.
Infant Jesus Kindergarten
15
15
-
2
-
8.
Christ Church Kindergarten
25
20
-
3
-
4,727
1,433
114
151
All located in St. Paul’s Hill Precint
TOTAL
Table
:
NOTE Friday.
:
Schools operate from 7.45 am – 1.30 pm, Monday to
K.
NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT OFFICES / INSTITUTION WITHIN STUDY AREA. NO. OF PERSONNEL
NO.
AGENCY
REMARK MALE
FEMALE
1.
Malacca Police Contingent
37
73
Heritage Building
2.
Central Distric Malacca Police
25
10
Heritage Building
3.
Post Office
4
3
Heritage Building
4.
Malacca Corporation
64
18
Heritage Building
5.
Malacca Center
Tourist
Information
2
4
Heritage Building
6.
Antiquty Branch )
Officer
Malacca
3
1
7.
Custom & Excise
12
3
8.
Imigression ( Malacca River Port )
9
3
9.
Municipal Council ( Site Maintenance Office )
10
3
Heritage Building
10.
Out – Patient Clinic
10
5
Heritage Building
11.
National Branch )
12
2
Heritage Building
12.
Telekom Malaysia
75
50
263
175
Museum
Heritage Building (
Heritage Building Heritage Building
Archive
(
Malacca
TOTAL
TABLE
All locate d in St. Paul’s Hill Precint
:
NOTE : Many government departments located within the study area have moved out of the area after the area being gazzetted as a Conservation Zone.
SECTION IV. IV.1
MANAGEMENT OF HERITAGE A
RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES.
Currently there are three governmental agencies responsible for the safeguarding of cultural heritage and "carrying out " canservation and preservation work in the sate of Malacca. A.i
The Museum Department and its regional division (Federal Department) - Mainly concern in monuments conservation (National Heritages) and archaelogical sites. The Museum Department has its own committee system to oversee the carrying out of its function under the Antiquity Act, 1976. (Under the Local government Act 1976, some progressive local authorities like Malacca Municipal Council have their own committees for such purpose.)
A.ii
Local Authorities / Municipalities -
Development control within conservation zones designated in the Structural Plan.
A.iii -
Malacca Museums Corporation Conservation of Monuments (State Heritage and area conservation) Working hand in hand with the local authority and municipality.
The Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Enactment for the State of Malacca (1988) confers the power to administer and manage the cultural heritage in the designated area into the Malacca Museums Corporation. In discharging its responsibilities, the Council shall be acting on the direction of the State Authority and the advice of the Preservation and Conservation Committee. The Committee is established at the State level by the State Authority and is manned by persons having wide experience and expertise in the field of preservation and conservation. •
The Committee consist of :-
a Chairman, who shall be the person for the time being holding the office of the Chief Minister, Malacca;
-
a Deputy Chairman;
-
the State Secretary;
-
the State Legal Adviser;
-
the Financial Officer;
-
a representative of the Director-General of Museums, Malaysia;
-
a representative of the Director of State Public Works Department;
-
not more than five other persons who in the opinion of the State Authority have wide experience and expertise in the field of preservation and cultural heritage.
Under the Enactment, the State Authority (Malacca Museums Corporation) is conferred with the authority to declare a certain cultural heritage by notification in the gazette which by virtue of its appearance or significance is to be subjected to preservation and conservation. Once a cultural heritage is declared as such, it becomes a controlled heritage whereby the owner's freedom to deal with the property is somewhat restricted. A. iv
Heritage Tourism Working Committee
(Function : To co-ordinate programmes and promotion strategies on historical and cultural products.) Chairman
:
General Manager, Malacca Museums Corporation
Members
: 1.
Malacca State Planning Unit
Secretariat
:
2.
Malacca State Development Corporation
3.
Malacca State Council for Culture
4.
Department of Museums and Antiquities
5.
Malacca Public Libraries Corporation
6.
Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies
7.
Malaysia Historical Society Malacca Branch
8.
Islamic Religious Council
9.
Institute of Art and Technology Malaysia
10.
Malacca Arts Society
11.
Regador’s Panel Portuguese Settlement Malacca
12.
Hang Tuah Malay Village Project
13.
Villa Sentosa Malay Heritage Museum
14.
Aranda Marberz’s Eurasian Heritage Home
15.
Sinar Johan Travel & Tours Malacca Museums Corporation
B.
Malacca State Aministration Structure (refer to flow chart) MALACCA STATE ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURE State Legislative Assembly
State Executive Council
Chief Minister
Portfolio Committee
State Secretary
State Development Council
State Development Working Committee
Local Authority
District Development Committee
Village Development & Security Committee
State Essembly
Citizen
Table:
The major component of the organisation is an follow: i.
The State Executive Co uncil The State Executive Council is the highest authority in the state. It makes decision on the state policies, and on matters pertaining to the interest of the state. Headed by the Chief Minister.
ii.
Portfolio Committee Function : i.
To co-ordinate activities of government departments and agencies under the respective portfolios by the portfolio committee concerned.
ii.
To co-ordinate the implementation of programmes, projects and to identify problem arising.
iii.
To forward unresolved problems to the ‘taskforce committee’
iv.
Tp proposed suitable policies for implementation.
The Portporlio committees are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
iii.
Public Works and Public Facilities Rural Development and Agriculture Housing, Local Government and Environment Industrial, Science and Technology Human Resources, Health and Consumer Affair Tourism and Culture Education Family Development, Youth and Sport Islamic Religion, Land, Finance and Economic Planning (Chair by the Chief Minister)
Taskforce Committee Functions : i.
To identify and to co-ordinate implementation of decision made by the Executive Council relating to the respective sectors.
ii.
To plan and to co-ordinate the implementation of development projects according to needs and priorities.
iii.
To identify and solve problems.
The Taskforce Committees are : 1. 2.
Agricultural Taskforce Committee Tourism Taskforce Committee
3. 4. 5. iv.
Housing Taskforce Committee Industrial Taskforce Committee Local Government Co-ordination Taskforce Committee.
State Development Council Functions :
v.
i.
To ensure that strategies programme implementation and development projects meet the objectives of the National Development Policy and the Malaysian Plan
ii.
To identify and to evaluate implemention strategies of programmes and projects under the National Development Policy and Malaysia Plan.
iii.
To evaluate the performance of programmes and project implementation at state level and to submit quarterly reports to the National Development Council through the implementation cocordinating unit of the Prime Minister’s department.
Local Government State of Malacca consist of 3 local authorities: i. ii. iii.
Malacca Municipal Council of Historic City*. Alor Gajah District Council. Jasin District Council.
* The Municipality where the study area/site is located. Function: i. ii. iii.
To provide municipal services to the people To provide public and recreational facilities To plan and control business development sectors by way of providing supporting ficilities and the issuence of business licences.
SECTION V V.1
No.
COMPLETED HERITAGE PROJECTS 7th, MALAYSIA PLAN (1996 – 2000) Description of Completed Projects
Location
1.
Restoration of ‘Chetty House’ (A Strait-born Indian Home)
Study Area
2.
Restoration of Hulu Mosque
3.
Restoration Mosque
Total Budget
Funding Source/s
RM0.83 mil
Federal Government (FG)
Kampung
RM0.84 mil
FG
of
Tengkera
RM0.85 mil
FG
4.
Restoration of Kling Mosque
Kampung
RM0.88 mil
FG
5.
Conservation of old British Period Government Office (Bangunan MAIM)
RM1.3 mil
FG
6.
Restoration of old Dutch Residence Government (Bangunan LAM)
RM1.5 mil
FG
7.
Conservation of old British Period Cottage (for Literature Museum)
RM 1.0 mil
State Government (SG)
8.
Conservation of Stadthuys (Phase I) for History Museum)
RM1.5 mil
SG
9.
Conservation Malacca Club
RM0.9
FG
of
old
Implementation Period
SECTION V V.2
No.
HERITAGE PROJECTS IN THE PIPELINE (8th, MALAYSIA PLAN 2001 - 2005) Description of Completed Projects
Location
Implementation Period
Total Budget
Funding Source/s
1.
Conservation of St. Paul’s Hill (Monuments and Landscape)
Study Area
2001 – 2002
RM4.0 mil
Federal Government (FG)
2.
Conservation of old High Court Building
Study Area
RM0.7 mil
FG
3.
Fasade Conservation along Heeren Street and Jonker Street
Study Area
RM2.0 mil
FG & State Government (SG)
4.
Conservation of St. John Fort
Study Area
RM0.1 mil
FG
5.
Restoration of Dutch Fort at Kuala Linggi
30 km away
RM0.1 mil
FG
6.
Restoration of Portuguese Church Ruins at Tampoi
15 km away
RM0.05 mil
FG
7.
Restoration of Duyong Mosque
10 km away
RM0.16 mil
FG
8.
Conservation of old Dutch Bungalow (former State Museum)
Study Area
RM0.8 mil
FG
9.
Portuguese Enchancement
Kampung
Settlement
2 km away
RM 1.0 mil
SG
10.
Indian Chitty Enchancement
Village
2 km away
RM 1.0 mil
SG
11.
Kampung Village)
(Malay
2 km away
RM 1.0 mil
SG
12.
Malacca Enchancement
River
Study Area
RM 0.5 Mil
SG
Morten
SECTION VII :
PLANNING FOR TOURISM
VII.1
CARRYING CAPACITY AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
a.
What is the site's target of visitors per year? Malacca is expected to receive 3 million visitors in the year 2000 which is a 20% increase from the 1999. As the major attraction to Malacca is the history and the heritage which are concentrated at the old city (site / study are), we could possibly expected all the visitors will be coming to the site (stop-over or passing through).
b.
What kind of tourist is the municipality hoping to attract (budget, highincome earners, etc)? The state aims to attract all kind of ------ budget & high-income, students & professionals, back-packers & golfers, traditional & modern The State Government of Malacca has started an aggresive promotion and publicity to attract those tourist through 8 sectors or tourism products. Each sector has set up their own Working Committee comprised of related agencies and NGOS. The 8 sectors are as follow: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.
c.
Historical & Cultural Heritage Sector (Refer to section IV of this report) Recreation (Eco-Tourism) Sport (golf & water sports) Shopping Convention Education Health ('Resort Hospitals') Agriculture (Agro-Tourism)
What schemes are being planned to achieve these objectives? From the 8 sectors, history and cultural heritage are the main focus of the State as the name Malacca itself is saleable without much problem. Malacca is known to every Malaysian for her history and legends. People learn about Malacca through history subject in school since the primary level. Therefore a visit to Malacca is a must to all the Malaysian as this is the birth place of the nation. Due to this reason, all of the subjects mention in the school's history book (historical sites, monuments and artefacts) are the top priorities for the conservation programme. Most of these have been gazzetted as National Monuments and well maintained by the Department of Museums and Antiquities. These are to focus of the promotion made by the State. The main target group for the year 2000 is the school children in which a special package has been design for the schools tailors to their requirements. The package includes visiting the historical sites and the museums. To date Malacca has a number of 15 museums and 10 of them located at the site / study area.
For the Year 2000, the State has started organising tourism promotion on her own at every level beginning with a Tourism Malacca Festival in Kuala Lumpur City Center (The 'Twin Tower') on the 18 - 22 March 2000 officiated by the Prime Minister of Malaysia. The fest brought together all the 8 sectors including participation from the local communities. Among the programmes were exhibition, cultural shows and forum. The forum was divided according to the sectors inviting those related agencies, travel agents, tour guides, hoteliers, scholars and individual to obtain their views, comments and suggestion on the various aspects of the publics needs and tourist expectation coming to Malacca. The second round of the similar fest will be organised in Singapore Orchard Road on the 25 - 27 April and in Pekan Baru, Sumatra in June. Among the ready facilities to receive the visitors to Malacca this year are as follow : i. ii. iii.
iv. v.
8 golf courses of International Standard. 8 shopping complexes. One of those is one of the largest in Malaysia. 14 convention and resort hotels have upgraded their facilities for the MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention & Exhibition) programmes. The 14 hotels make-up 3,675 of rooms (62%) out of the total 5,900 rooms (56 hotels) in Malacca. 4 private specialised hospital 17 higher learning institutions most of all are the twinning colleges with the foreign universities mainly the US, UK and Australia and 3 public Universities.
VIII.1
Current schemes implemented by the municipality to capture the revenue of the tourism industry for heritage conservation
a.
Description of schemes i.
Parking fee The parking fee charged by the municipal is 0.60 cent per. Hour or 0.01 cent per. Minute which is one of the cheapest in Malaysia for the city parking charges. (Public parking operate by the private charge RM1.00 per. Hour or RM2.00 per. Entry per day. How much did the municipality raise through this scheme last year?
ii.
Entrance fee (to the site, to museums, etc.): No entrance fee to any of the heritage sites. The entrance fee and the total collection of the museums are as follow:
Museums' Ticket Collection For 1999 Cultural Museum History Museum Youth Museum People's Museum Maritime Museum Aborigines Museum Total
RM129,048.00 RM132,725.00 RM2,745.10 RM71,430.00 RM130,553.50 RM3,254.00 RM469,755.60
iii.
Hotel and restaurant tax : The government tax is 10% and service charge is 5%. The tax is collected by the federal government.
1.
Are there local tour guide services? There are a number of 80 local tour guides in Malacca under Malacca Tour Guides Association (MTGA). They mostly attached to Malacca Association of Travel & Tour Agent (MATTA) with only 5 of them are freelances. The municipal did not raise money from the association.
2.
Sales of books, brochures, maps, etc. : The municipal / government did not raised money through this scheme. All brochures, tourist maps and small booklets are given free to publics.
3.
Are public toilets available ? There are 4 toilets buildings in the site providing 15 wc & 10 urinals for male and 20 wc for female. The charge is 0.20 cent per. Entry.
4.
Does the municipality organise stage shows ? There are at least 3 mega stage shows organised by the municipal / state government every years. The shows are : i.
ii.
iii.
Festival of Malay Drums This festival on every April attracted participant from the Malay world mainly in Southeast Asia. The venue is at the study area. Independent Day Celebration Organised every year on the eve of 30 August until mid-night. The shows include cultural dances of the various ethnic groups and stage show by the popular Malaysian pop singers. The venue is at the study area. Stage shows during the Water Festival every June at Klebang Beach, 10 km from the city.
All the stage shows organised by the municipal are free for the publics. The municipal is spending RM0.5 mil. (USD130,00) every year.
iv.
How many hotels rooms are projected for the year 2001? Malacca has offering sufficient hotel rooms to all kind of visitors for the year 2000-2001. This is not included the rooms provided by the private time-sharing apartments, guest houses, home stayed facilities and the schools' hostels which offer their dormitory type of accomodation to schools children visiting Malacca during semester breaks.
However there will be 3 more international hotels due to complete by the year 2001 make up an additional of 500 rooms. Therefore the total number of hotel rooms expected for the year 2001 is 6,400. v.
How many restaurants / seats are projected for the year 2001? Malacca has sufficient eating outlets to cater for visitors during peak season in the months of November-December and January. Some of the restaurants suffer a slow business during off season. The package-tour tourist will definitely go to already assigned restaurants as the restaurants are set-up to cater for specifically package tours. However, the establishment of more 'theme café' in heritage buildings is very encouraging and to some extent scary as it might not be a good practices if it is too many and without control of their activities. There are at least 5 more such restaurants ready to be set-up by the middle of 2000.
vi.
How many parking spaces are projected for the year 2001? No more additional parking spaces to be provided for the year 2000 in the study area although the facilities are still not sufficient. However the municipal is planning to provide a communal parking area at a few entry point to the site as part of the site will be pedestrianised. The number however is not yet determined. By the year 2001, the site will have an underground parking area (under the field) which provided a total of 1,500 parking lots and 20 coaches.
b.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the above schemes. i.
What are the tourist's reaction to the above schemes ? Tourist are quite please with the facilities in Malacca, in fact the foreign tourist only pay what the local pay without any extra charges. However, for the local, there are expecting free entry for the museums as they believe this should be part of the goverment social obligation to the people for education.
ii.
Do the tourists complain ? The tourist complains: 1.
Not enough toilet facilities. They have to queue sometime if the tour coaches arrive on the same time or if the transit visitor from the cruise ship arrive.
2.
expensive taxi fare. Taxi fare are supposed to be cheap and the fares are stated in tourist brochures. If they taxi overcharged the tourist it is beyond the control of the municipal if they do not equip with proof.
3.
Traffic-jam A normal scenario during weekends and school holidays. The municipal at this moment is doing a few trial circulation to reduce traffic jam including introducing one-way street etc. but this received a lot of complaint from the local communities.
4.
Not many night activities. The site is almost dead at night but the emergence of few cafés housed in heritage building have give a new life to the city. Many local communities however prefer quiet life and the cafes are disturbing due to the noise either from the music or from the youngsters themselves. The celebration during the eve of Year 2000 saw a lot of unexpected events to the surprise of the locals especially the senior folks. The youngster/café guests overflow to the streets, dancing together with foreign tourists and disturbing the passing through traffics.
5.
Expensive food The foods and drinks are quite expensive in Malacca for the local visitors. The retailer quite often over charged the visitors in order to get good collection during the peak season.
iii.
Does the municipality have problems colleting taxes ? Not at all.
iv.
Do visitors use the available paying services ? Yes, which is common to else where in Malaysia.
VIII. 2 Use the money raised through the above schemes. (The detail is how available from the municipal) However there is no specific allocation from the municipal for heritage conservation. The municipal responsible to maintain the cleanlines of the area, landscaping, providing street furnitures, lighting and signages. The municipal has their own maintenance office in the site to oveseeing the site presentation for tourist. Most of the budget for specific conservation programmes is obtain from the Federal government through the ministry of Culture, Art and Tourism. A total of RM 20.0 million is allocated for Malacca for every Malaysia Plan (5 year period). Malacca Museum Corporation is also responsible to provide maintenance for heritage buildings especially State Monument and the museum building using the money raise from the entrance fee to museum.
SECTION IX IX.I
PROMOTION AND PRESENTATION OF HERITAGE
a.
What schemes are implemented to attract visitors at a local, national and international level ? (Refer to Section VII-Planning for Tourism)
b.
How is heritage explained to the visitors ? The municipal and Public Works Department providing road signages to all the major attractions including heritage sites and villages. The department of museums and antiqueties provides write-up panels for each monuments and sites in 2 languages--Malay and English. Step has been taken to include two more languages--Chinese and French. The brochures and maps distributed free by the Malacca State Development Corporation and some prepared by the owner (hotels) and host destination themselves (museums). There is also a special Malacca Tourist station full time on site.
c.
How is the living culture presented to the visitors ? There is no permanent cultural shown available except at the big hotels. However there are few heritage houses and villages highlighted in the brochures.
d.
How is aunthenticity in the following services/ products monitored and regulated ? i. ii. iii. iv.
Accomodation Cuisine Performing arts Craft
There is no monitoring or control on the above services except performing arts by the Malacca State Cultural Troop. e.
Is there a restriction of vehicles in the site ? No except at one part of the St. Paul's Hill which already being pedestrianised. Proposal has been made to pedestrianise one portion of the antique area as well but being objected by the local occupants and traders.
f.
Is there a restriction of visitors during certain hours/days ? No except at one part of the St. Paul's Hill which is close from 8.30 - 10.00pm every days for the Sound & Light Shows.
SECTION X X.1
VISITOR SURVEY A.
Local Tourists Response
B.
International Tourists Response Q.1
Purpose of visit to Malacca ?
39 % of the respondents specifically travel to Melaka for her heritage. Most local respondents when asked saying that they want to see old buildings and the school children come for the history, facts they learn from the history text books. The travel guide books stated that a visit to Melaka is a must. Almost all people who answered recreation are refering to playing golf. Half of them are Singaporean. The rest are Chinese, Japanese and Indonesian. All international respondents who anwered ‘visiting’ are Singaporean. Many Singaporean have relatives in Melaka. They are mostly the Strait-born Chinese who visited their anchestral home in Malacca. All educational visitors are students for their study trips. Q.2
How did you arrange this visit ? How are you paying for this trip?
All visitors following tour operator are the Chinese and Japanese. And those arrange by friends / relatives are the Singaporean and Indonesians. Q.4
How did you learnt about this site ?
No local respondents getting knowledge about Malacca thro’ guide book unlike almost half of the International respondents who obtain information from the guide books. The history of Malacca has been tought in the history books in the Malaysian school since the British period. Many schools including the Singapore has include Malacca as their study trip for the history and geography assignments in school. The tourist brochures supplied at the International Airport given enough information for a general travellers to Malacca. Q.5
How long do you plan to stay in Malacca ?
Most respondents are either the day tripper including many of the Singaporean or stay only for 1 night. Tose staying up for a week are mostly packpackers, educational and business travellers. Q.6
What is your daily budget for all your expenses ?
Most local visitors spending below USD 20 as they are either day tripper or staying with relatives in Malacca or stayed at the local schools hostel which offer accomodition during the school holiday.most international visitors spending more that USD 20 – 50. However the cost of bed and breakfast type of guest houses charge only USD 5 per person.
Q.7
How did you travel to Malacca ?
Most local visitors travel by bus ( tour buses and public buses ) or personal car ( not taxi ). The international visitors coming by car were all the Singaporean or travelling thro’ Singapore. C. C.1
Authenticity
Accomodition Most local visitors regard the antique decoras as traditional authentic but the international visitors expect a more basic kind of settimg which the Malacca hotels did not offer.
C.2
Food Most visitors, local and international did sample local cuisine. Those international visitors who did not given the ‘ no time ’ reason.
C.3
Craft & Souvenirs Almost 50 %of the international visitors did purchase the local craft although they regard some are less quality. 75 % of the local did not by the craft because it is similar to their home states.
C.4
Performing Arts Performing arts is not a regular event in Malacca except during some celebration such as the Independent Day Celebration in August.
D.
Services D.1
Transportation
D.2
Infrastructure
D.3
Hygiene
D.4
Pollution
Most visitors move around by foot as the attractions are inter-connected and within walking distance and the traffic situation now still at the acceptable level. Tose who said the traffic was excessive are those coming during school holidays. Those who answered that the pavements condition need to be approved are the local who move around by car as the concrete paver did not suitable for driving. E.
Presentation of Heritage E.1
Maintenance of Monuments
E.2
Signs
E.3
Maps
E.4
Guides
E.5
Fees
Almost all visitors agreed that the heritage monuments are quite in good condition. All monuments within the area is maintain regularly by the Museums and Antiquities Department Malacca Branch. However almost all would appreciate more signages and write-up of the each monuments and historic sites. 75 % of the visitors did not by map maybe because the tourist area is concentrated in one area ( almost all located in the study area ) and the map and brochures are easily available for free from the tourist office.
CONCLUSION The overall survey was done well and responeses from both the community and the visitors was also good. This however may not portray the true opinion of the majority. Thi is because the total number of respondents are far below the total number of the people. There are approximately 10,000 permenent residents in the study area plus another 10,000 coming to the area for during the day time for works or schooling ( 3 primary schools and 2 high schools located within the study area ) The arrival of the registered touristscoming to the area were exceeding 1 million for the year 1999. ( this is not yet official ) although 50 % of the international visitors were following package tour and half of the remaining international visitors were repeat travellers from Singapore. Singaporean has now chosen Malacca as the alternative destination for their weekly day-out as it offer much cheaper facilities compared to the much closer destination ( the boarder city of Johor Bahru and Batam Islan, Indonesia. Many Indonesian visitors were on transit as the Malacca ferry service offer a more regular services and closest travel distance. Those coming specifically to Malacca were mostly the ‘ health tourists ‘ as the Malacca medical specialist center offer a much more cheaper option than in Singapore due to the current financial situation. The survey done in Malacca has involved 500 respondents for each community and visitors survey for a period of October – November and December. However only 200 respondents each has installed inta the computer. Although the number of international visitors coming thro’ package tour but we decided to reduce their number as the respondents as the earlier survey shows that their answer is almost all positive. This is because travelling ria package tour is very convenient in Malacca and they only visited the well maintain area. Their answers might also being influenced by the tour guides ( who assist us to conduct the survey ). We also have a trial by placing the survey form in the hotel rooms attached with 2 complimentary post cards and tourist phamplet. However this turn out not succesfulas the room guest only collect the post cards without respond to the survey. However the guest house operators were very helpful to carry out the survey themselves. But we didi not know to what extend they have influenced the respondents opinion although we have requested them to remian neutral. We have also taking the oppurtunity by holding a talk and briefing at various villages to obtain more information on the tourism industry and the heritage preservation strategy. Our interviewers also most of the time end up spending to much time with each respondents or respondents’ family to listen their opinions, suggestion and some time requirements.
SECTION XI XI.1
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
a.
Services i.
How many of the tour guides are local ? All the tour guides are local. Malacca has a total of 54 registered tour guides under Malacca Tour Guides Association (MTGA). Most of them attach to local travel agencies (MATTA--Malacca Association of Travel and Tours Agencies.) Only a few are freelance.
ii.
How many of the restaurants/food outlets are owned and run by local? 95% of the food outlet are owned and run by local Malaccans. Only a few (5%) big restaurants and café owned b outsiders (Kuala Lumpur and Singapore) but run by the locals and served local (and western) cuisines.
iii.
How many of the accomodation facilities are owned and run by local ? All hotels and guest houses owned and run by local except the international class hotels. One heritage hotel (Puri Hotel) is operate by the Singaporean an the house belong to the Singaporean Millionaire who anchester were Malaccan Strait-born Chinese.
iv.
How many of the sourvenir/craft shops are owned and run by local ? All of the craft stalls operated by the members of Malacca Petty Trader Association and Malacca Art Society. All the souvenir/craft shops located in heritage house and owned by the house owners. This include art galleries and antique shops.
v.
How many locals are employed in traditional performing arts ? Malacca State Government has established a local cultural troop since 1989. The group comprises of 10 male and female dancer and singer and 10 musicians. The group performed traditional Malay, Chinese, and Indian dance and music at every state fuctions and dinners. There are also Indian Temple of Fine Arts perform during the temple activities, the Peranakan group of the Strait-born Chinese and the Portuguese Cultural group. These are all locals and mostly youth and students. The Portuguese group is the most active performing at many hotels. All of the cultural groups are oversee by Malacca Cultural Council established by the government and the coordinated by Department of Art and Culture.
b.
Conservation: i.
How many locals are involved in volunteer programmes of heritage conservation ? There is not yet any volunteer programmes for heritage conservation or heritage activities. A heritage NGO, Malacca heritage trust was only established in 1999 brought together all the related professional and local community from various ethnic groups. However the Trust has not yet put forward any activities related to conservation programmes. Since, any conservation projects have to go through Malacca Museums Corporation for approval, the museum's personnels provide supervision and consultation to every project schemes.
ii.
How many locals are employed in heritage conservation schemes ? Until to date, there is no local contractors registered for conservation project. However despite the works being offered and carry-out by outside contractors, 50% of the carpentars and labours are the local including sub-contractors.
c.
Education i.
Is heritage taught at school ? Yes, both in primary and secondary schools and teacher and training colleges as part of the history subject which is a core subject in Malaysian education syllabus. One of the assignment that the students have to do is to carry out a local survey on the history of the people, places and buildings. An elective subjects on drama, dance and music are also taught for cocurriculum activities.
ii.
Are there any schemes to involve students in heritage conservation ? Not yet, except activities carry-out by the museums for the school childrens such as a touch-on experience on the few restoration programmes. However the involvement the students in culture activities (traditional dance and music) is very serious as part of the co-curriculum activities. Even the Department of Art and Cullture also organising traditional dance and music workshops very regulary coordinate by professional choreographers and musicians.
iii.
Are there any community heritage education projects ? Not yet, however the museum and the municipal has organized several public forums and discussion on the subjects the get public views on government project and during the preparation of the municipal structural plan, local plans and action plans.
SECTION XII XII.1
NEW INNOVATIONS PROMOTED BY TOURISM
a.
New job opporturnities and the emergence of new industries. i. ii.
How many people are employed by the tourism industry ? What percentage of the total labour force does such figure constitute? Detail figure not available. It involved many related government deparment and agencies, private compaanies such as travel agents, guides and NGO. However the emergence of many new companies and businesses related to hospitality are very promising. Similarly to the increase number of café, arts and shops entertaiment outlets.
b.
Innovations in infrastructure inspired by tourism. i. ii.
How many parking lots have been built in response to the growth of the tourism industry ? Describe the improvements in lighting, pavements, sanitation, telecommunications facilties, etc. Public falities have improved tremendously in Malacca since the economics booming period in 1990. This not to cater for the tourist specifically but for the local citizen as the revenue gained from the industrial sectors are far more higher than tourism sectors.
c.
Revival of the traditioanal culture. i.
How has the flow of visitors led to a revival of the traditioanal culture ? There are 2 main reasons why the traditional culture survived and being revived. 1. For the tourism promotion. 2. For the love of the culture. It is a realization of certain group of people the importance of preserving the culture for our present and next generation. This is a more genuine approach avoked by the older generations.
SECTION XIII XIII.1
POLLUTION
a.
Spatial pollution: i.
Has the growth of the tourism indusrty led to a displacement of the local community ? No. But certainly house owners within the tourist area has converted their house into a cormmecial shop selling sourniers, craft or café but some opted to move from area and let the house to tenant for commercial use.
b.
Economic pollution: i.
Has the tourism industry replaced local industries (i.e. farming, fishing)? No. However some land rclamation project has affected the fishing industries badly especially the coastal fishermen.
c.
However, the introduction of agro-tourism for the past few years has led the to the success of agricultural sector. Spiritual pollution: i.
Has the large number of visitor s had a negative impact on the spiritual life of the community ? Difficult to determine. Large number of the visitors did not giving an impact to most of the religious activities but some activities were over done to obtain tourist attention.
d.
Material Culture: i.
Has the growth of the tourism industry led to a change in the material culture of the community (i.e. clothing, daily utensils, lighting fixtures)? No. The people are more influenced by the Malaysian, Hong Kong and Western artists and film stars through TV and magazines.
e.
Visual and noise pollution: i.
Has the presence of visitors led to high levels of visual (signs, boards, etc. ) and noise pollution ? Not serious and still at an acceptable level by the local publics and visitors.
f.
Garbage. The garbage collection system is very realiable in Malacca. However the garbage disposal is always a problem in tourist area especially at the study area during peak season. This is because of not enough garbage bins an the
attitute of the visitors. Providing more garbage bins means more visual pollution at the present number of garbage bins are actually too many.
SECTION XIV. COMMUNITY SURVEY Two teams conducted the survey carry out within the study area. Team 1 consist of 5 personnels from Malacca Museums Corporation conducting the survey in the civic precint ( St. Paul’s Hill area ) involving respondents from the governments offices, schools, shop-offices and petty-traders. Team 2 is 4 museum’s personnels and assisted by Ms. Josephine Chua of the Malacca Heritage Trust. They conducted the survey in the old residential area involving hotel and restaurant owners, antique dealers, housewives, religious groups, artist etc. The excersise involved interviewing all the people by visiting house to house or office to office. The interviewers were first has been given a briefing regarding the objective and the methodology of the survey. The interviewers were advise to remain neutral at all time to avoid any influences of though of the interviewees. Details distribution of the Community survey : 200 respondents local community resided within the study area ( day and night ) 70 % 15 % 10 % 5% 200 respondents
-
40 % 25 % 25 %
-
10 %
-
100 respondent 25 % 25 % 25 % 25 %
Chinese Indians Malays Eurasian Community who works within the study area. Government Servents Private Companies ( Banking etc. ) Businessman, Pretty-Traders, Trishaw men, schools etc.
-
Community from neighbouring area, traditional village
-
Portuguese Settlement Strait-born Indian Village Kampung Morten Malay Village NGO, Academicians, Press and Politicians.
Detail distribution of the visitors survey: 200 respondents
-
150 respondents 150 respondents
-
during the school semester leave, Chrismas and New Year holidays. weekend (Saturday and Sunday ) weekdays ( working days )
THE QUESTIONNAIRE Community Survey The male rspondents were more than female as all the schools within the study area are boys schools and the government offices ( Police, Marine, Imigration and the Museums Department ) are 85 % male staffs. A.
Tourism.
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6
Which one of these scenarios would you prefer ? What do you think about the way tourists dress ? What do you think about tourists taking photos ? What do you think about tourists entering temples ? What do you think about tourists entering houses ? Do you think that the growing numbers of visitors has had an impact on your daily life ? In general, how do you evaluate the growth of the tourism industry in your community ? What do you think of tourism in Malacca ? Do you think the number of tourists have increased, decreased or remained the same ?
Q.7 Q.8 Q.9
63 % of the community prefer the no. of visitors to rise but suprisingly 37 % did not. Some because of the traffic congestion they create and the rise of the cost of living. However only 1 % of them believe that the visitors will give negative impact on their personal life. Most people are either like or don’t mind about how the tourists dress, take photos, entering temples and entering houses. Tourists are well informed on the do’ and don’ts in Malacca especially on the local customs. B.
Heritage.
Q.10
Do you think that the people come to Malacca for its heritage ? Is Malacca heritage worth seeing ? How have you learnt about the significance of the heritage of Malacca ? Do you live in a heritage home ? Do you think that the government should spend more on heritage conservation ?
Q.11 Q.12 Q.13 Q.14
Most people believe that the people coming to Malacca because of her heritage and half of them ( 49 % ) leraned about Malacca heritage from schools and 25 % from the family. Unfortunately only 17 % of the respondents live in heritage house. This did not portray the reality of the study area which is a conservation area. But the total number of the heritage residents are only 25 % of the total ‘ stackholders ‘ of the study area. However 84 % of the respondents believed that the government should spend more on heritage conservation whilst only 30 % did not agree.
