ISBN 0 86396 565 2

NO. 97/9 CHINA’S FISHERY INDUSTRY: PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND TRADE Lan Yisheng & Peng Zhaoyang August 1997

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The Working Paper series provides a means for circulating preliminary research results by members of, or visitors associated with, the Chinese Economies Research Centre. To facilitate prompt distribution, papers are screened but not formally refereed.

About the authors Lan Yisheng is at the Department of International Business The Business School Shantou University SHANTOU Guandong 515063 P R of China and Peng Zhaoyang is at the Chinese Economies Research Centre School of Economics The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia

Copies of Working Papers are available from: The University of Adelaide Chinese Economies Research Centre School of Economics ADELAIDE SA 5005 Australia phone fax email www

61 8 8303 4460 61 8 8303 4394 [email protected] http://www.adelaide.edu.au/CERU/

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CHINA’S FISHERY INDUSTRY: PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND TRADE Lan Yisheng Peng Zhaoyang Chinese Economies Research Centre The University of Adelaide

1. Introduction When the People’s Republic of China was established in 1949 the fishery industry of China was quite backward. The annual aquatic production was only 0.45 million tonnes.

Since then China has been making progress in fishery production and

consumption, especially since the economic reform and open-door policy which began in 1979. From 1979 to 1996 the yearly fishery production of China increased from 4.3 million tonnes to 28 million tonnes, an increase by a factor of 5.5 times.1 Output of fishery products per capita increased from 4.4 kilograms in 1979 to 22.5 kilograms in 1996, which is a little above the world average. China’s Ministry of Agriculture has set a goal of 24 kilograms per capita production by the year 2000 and now China leads the world in both fishery production and fishery products consumption.

Before 1980 the value of fishery products in China’s yearly China’s yearly foreign trade was below US$ 400 million but by 1995 the trade value for that year was US$ 4.25 billion. Of that, the export value was US$ 3.29 billion. China is therefore both a significant exporter and importer of fishery products.

2. China’s Fishery Production 3

2.1. China’s fishery production and its share of world production

Since 1990 China has become the biggest producer of fishery products in the world. In 1990 China’s total production was 12,095,363 tonnes which was 12.4 percent of the world production (12,095,363 tonnes compared with 97,245,700 tonnes). Its ocean production was 8.2 percent of the world’s (6,857,742 tonnes out of 82,801,300 tonnes) and its inland water production was 36.3 percent of the world’s (5,237,621 tonnes out of 14,444,400 tonnes). By the year 1995 China’s yearly fishery production reached 25.17 million tonnes, about one quarter of the world production (Zhuo 1996). In 1996, China produced 28 million tonnes of fishery products, an 11 percent increase over the production of 1995.

China’s fishery products processing is backward compared with its production capability. In 1993, only 30.7 percent of its fishery products were processed before marketing, which was much lower than the average processing ratio of 70 percent in developed countries.

Within this, the processing ratio of freshwater fish was

extremely low, only 2 percent in 1993 (0.15 million out of 7.5 million tonnes). China aims to raise its processing ratio of all fishery products to 40 percent by the year 2000 (Yu 1995).

2.2. China’s fishery production and its share in agriculture products

China’s fishery production has continued to increase since 1978 and the gross fishery output value has shown a rising trend, especially since 1990 (see Figure 1). In 1978, the gross output value was RMB 2.2 billion yuan (A$1=6.5 yuan), which was 1.57% of the total gross output value of agriculture, (RMB 139.7 billion yuan). In 1980, fishery output was RMB 3.285 billion yuan, 1.7 percent of the agriculture output, (RMB 192.26 billion yuan). In 1985, the share was 3.48 percent, RMB 12.61 billion yuan of RMB 361.95 billion yuan. In 1990, the share was 5.36 percent, RMB 41.06 billion yuan out of RMB 766.2 billion yuan. In 1995, the gross fishery output value was 8.4% (see Figure 2) of the total output of agricultural products (RMB 170.13

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billion yuan out of RMB 2034.09 billion yuan), and was 2.92 percent of its GDP (RMB 5826.1 billion yuan).

RMB Billion

Figure 1. China's Fishery Gross Output, 1978-95 ( In 1977 Price) 25 20 15 10 5 0 1978

2 years

1980

5 years

1985

5 years

1990

Year 1995

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1993-1996

Figure 2. Share of Fishery in Agriculture Output, 1980-1995 100% 80% 60%

Other Fishery

40% 20% 0% 1980

1985

1990

1995

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1993-1996

2.3. Aquaculture vs catch production

Since 1979 China’s aquaculture production increased much faster than its catch production. In that year the aquaculture production was 1,229,000 tonnes, which was 28.5 percent of total fishery production. In the year 1995 the aquaculture production reached 13,530,000 tonnes (10 times more than in 1979), 53.8 percent of the total fishery production. Meanwhile, catch production increased at a relatively slower rate, from 3,071,000 tonnes in 1979 to 11,640,000 tonnes in 1995 (an increase by 2.8 times). Therefore its share of total fishery products lowered from 71.5 percent in 1979 to 46.2 percent in 1995(see Figure 3).2 China is the only major fishery country whose aquaculture output surpasses its catch output. Furthermore, it has set the goal to raise

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the share of aquaculture output in the total fishery output to 60 percent by the year 2000.

Figure 3. Structural Change of China’s Fishery Production, 1979-1995 1995 29%

46% 54%

Aquaculture 71% Catch

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1996

2.4. Seawater aquatic products and freshwater aquatic products In 1978, China’s total aquatic production was 4.66 million tonnes. Of this, seawater aquatic production was 3.6 million tonnes (77.25 percent); freshwater aquatic production was 1.06 million tonnes (22.75 percent). By 1995, China’s total aquatic production was 25.17 million tonnes of which seawater production was 14.39 million tonnes (57.2 percent); and freshwater production was 10.78 million tonnes and took 42.8 percent3 (see Figure 4). mt

Figure 4. China's Seawater and Freshwater Fishery Production, 1978-95

30 25 Freshwater Products 20

Seawater Products

15 10 5 0 1978

1980

1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995 Year

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1993-1996

In 1995, of the seawater aquatic production of 14.39 million tonnes, 10.27 million tonnes, or 71.4 percent, was naturally grown, and 4.12 million tonnes, or 28.6 percent,

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were from artificially cultured products. As to the specie categories, of the 14.39 million tonnes, 7.58 million tonnes was fish (52.7 percent); 1.85 million tonnes was shrimp, prawn and crab (12.9 percent); 3.93 million tonnes was shell-fish (27.3 percent); 0.75 million tonnes was algae (5.2 percent); and 0.29 million tonnes was other species (2 percent)4 (See Figure 5).

Figure 5. Categories of Seawater Products in 1995 Algae 5%

Other 2%

Shell-fish 27% Fish 53% Shrimp, Prawn, Crab 13%

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1996

In 1995, out of 10.78 million tonnes of freshwater aquatic products, 1.37 million tonnes or 12.7 percent were naturally grown; 9.41 million tonnes or 87.3 percent were artificially cultured products. As to the categories, fish was 10.21 million tonnes, (94.7 percent); shrimp, prawn and crab were 0.27 million tonnes (2.5 percent); shellfish was 0.21 million tonnes (1.9 percent); and other products 0.09 million tonnes, which took 0.8 percent5

(see Figure 6).

Figure 6. Categories of Freshwater Products in 1995 Shrimp, Prawn, Crab 3%

Shell-fish 2%

Other 1%

Fish 94%

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1996

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2.5. Major Fishery Producers

In 1995, the top five provinces of fishery production were: 1st, Shandong, 3.8 million tonnes, 15.1 percent of the national production; 2nd, Guangdong, 3.54 million tonnes, 14.1 percent; 3rd, Zhejiang, 3.18 million tonnes, 12.6 percent; 4th, Fujian, 2.57 million tonnes, 10.2 percent; 5th, Jiangsu, 2.19 million tonnes, 8.7 percent (see Figure 7).

Figure 7. Five Major Fishery Production Provinces in China, 1995 Shandong 15%

Other 39% Guangdong 14%

Zhejiang 13% Jiangsu 9%

Fujian 10%

Source: China Agriculture Yearbook, 1996

The top five producers of seawater aquatic products in 1995 were: Shandong, 3.27 million tonnes; Zhejiang, 2.79 million tonnes; Fujian, 2.24 million tonnes; Guangdong, 1.97 million tonnes; Liaoning, 1.78 million tonnes. For freshwater aquatic products, the top five producers in 1995 were: Guangdong, 1.57 million tonnes; Jiangsu, 1.54 million tonnes; Hubei, 1.51 million tonnes; Jiangxi, 840,000 tonnes; Anhui, 752,000 tonnes.

2.6. Fishery production regulations

The rapid growth of fishery production sped up the shrinking of fishery resources, particularly in the traditional major fishing areas of the Eastern Sea, Yellow Sea and Bo-hai Sea. The Chinese government realised the risk that without some kind of

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control the near offshore fishery resources would soon be exhausted. In 1992, with the aim of sustainable development of the fishery industries in long-run, the State Council of China approved the “Regulations on Fishery Production in the Major Fishing Areas of Eastern Sea, Yellow Sea, Bo-hai Sea” drafted by the Ministry of Agriculture, which specified the prohibited fishing periods and areas as follows: (1)From August 1st to October 31st every year, no dragging net ships are allowed into the area between 27 and 35 degrees north latitude; (2) July 1--August 31, no dragging net ships into the area from 35 degrees to the north; (3) Stop fishing operations of the ships below 250 horsepower in the area between 24.5 and 27 degrees north latitude for two months annually, the specific time is determined by the Fujian provincial government. Besides these, there are concrete fishing control arrangements for conservation of yellow croaker, hairtail, shrimp resources.6

2.7. China’s distant fishery

China set about developing distant fisheries in 1985.

Some 60 enterprises and

production projects of joint venture, co-operation or sole Chinese proprietorship are now operating in more than 30 countries and regions along the coast of three oceans, the Pacific, the Indian and the Atlantic. China’s marine fishing has extended to the waters of western Africa, north Pacific, south-west Pacific and south Asia. Over the 10-year period China has despatched more than 10,000 fishing vessels to operate abroad, and this has involved 13,000 crew members and onshore and offshore managerial personnel. In 1995 China’s distant fishery products output was 856,800 tonnes, which was a 24.5 percent increase or 168,500 tonnes more than in 1994, and accounted for 5.95 percent of its seawater aquatic production. Of this 282,600 tonnes or one-third was produced by China Aquatic Corporation (Bao Sheng-qing 1996). In 1995, China’s distant fishery abroad had an annual turnover of US$ 504 million and a profit of US$ 46.31 million.

2.8. Foreign investment and co-operative production

To modernise its aquaculture technology and fishery products processing technique and attract more investment into the construction of fishery production and processing

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facilities, China encourages foreign investment in its fishery industry, especially in the aquaculture and products processing areas. By the end of 1994, more than 2000 foreign-funded aquatic production enterprises were operating in China and involved US$ 660 million in foreign capital. Most of them are located in Guangdong, Shandong, Fujian, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

2.9. Employment and income

In 1995, China’s fishery industry had a labour force of 11.43 million people, 0.58 million more than in 1994. The annual income per capita of people in the industry was RMB 3352 yuan in 1995, 416 yuan more than in 1994 (Zhuo 1996). The productivity of China’s fishery is still at a low level. The yearly per worker aquatic production is only around 2 tonnes, much lower in comparison with that of Japan and Korea, which have a rate of over 10 tonnes.

3. Fishery Products Consumption

3.1. Fishery products and food supply security

Since China is the most populous country in the world with 1.23 billion people (22% of the world population) and comparatively less farming land (7% of the world’s farming land), the food supply is a great concern of the Chinese government. Until the late 1970’s, it tried to secure the food supply mainly by increasing the grain production. Sometimes to reach this goal aquaculture lands and fruit gardens were converted into farm lands for grain production. Since then China has accepted the concept of

‘greater agriculture’, which means a comprehensive and balanced

development of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery to meet the consumption demand for agricultural products. China has made an effort to increase its fishery production to contribute to the goal of a more secure food supply for the people, especially when there is bad weather for farming, eg. drought, flood, etc. The aquatic products output per capita increased from 4.4 kilogram in 1979 to 22.5 kilogram in 1996 ( 17.9 kg in 1994 and 20.5 kg in 1995), which has not only relaxed

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the pressure on food supply, but also utilises human resources in coastal and inlandwater areas more efficiently and has increased the income of the industry workers considerably (Zhuo 1996).

3.2. Consumer behaviour on fishery products

Along with the economic reform and economic development, the ordinary Chinese people’s income has increased quite quickly. As a result of income increase, people’s demand for food has shifted toward high nutrition, low fat categories, especially in urban areas. Fishery products which used to be recognised as ‘luxury’ food with a higher price than pork meat or chicken, have become common food these days, especially in Southern China. Seafood, for its low fat, high nutrition, is also recognised as ‘healthy food’ and has become more and more popular. In Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Shantou the consumption of aquatic products per capita has surpassed meat consumption for a couple of years.

Along with ordinary people’s income growth, the consumption share of live aquatic products has become bigger and bigger, while the consumption share of frozen products has been smaller and smaller. The Chinese favourite “sheng-meng-hai-xian” (live seafood) has become available not only in port cities, but also in most inland cities these days. Live fish, prawn and shrimp are quite popular on the market. They are selling both in seafood stores and on mobile seafood carts. Meanwhile, the well processed, high value seafood products like dry molluscs, roast eel, cuttlefish ball, fish steak, fish fingers are sold quickly in supermarkets and food stores. For example, the Aquatic Product Corporation of Shanghai had put 3096 tonnes of its sorted, smallpacked seafood into the market from January to May, 1996, which was a 53.7 percent rise over the same period of 1995.

3.3. Sales of fishery products

In the first half of 1996, the total transaction volume of fishery products was 5.58 million tonnes, which was a 37.1 percent increase over the same period of 1995, and valued at RMB 54.75 billion yuan, a 32.8 percent increase over the first half of 1995.

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From January to June, 1996, the transaction volume of the 268 wholesale markets was 1.59 million tonnes, an increase by 71.4 percent over the same period of the previous year, and valued at RMB 10.26 billion yuan, 2.17 times more than the same period of 1995. Of this, the 28 wholesale markets of Guangdong province had transactions of 268,000 tonnes, valued at RMB 2.55 billion yuan, which increased respectively 3.8 times and 4.2 times over the first half of 1995.7

3.4. Urban and rural consumption

In 1995, the urban household’s annual per capita purchase of aquatic products was 9.2 kilograms, which was a 20% increase over the purchase of 7.69 kilograms in 1990. In 1995, the average urban household consumption expenditure on aquatic products per capita was RMB 120.64 yuan (compared with RMB 416.27 yuan for meat and poultry, RMB 31.43 yuan for milk and dairy products), which took 3.4 percent of the average total living expenditures per capita (RMB 3537.15 yuan) and 2.81 percent of the annual income per capita (4288.09 yuan). The lowest income urban household per capita consumption expenditure on aquatic products was only RMB 76.66 yuan (compared with RMB 286.72 yuan for meat, and RMB 16.38 yuan for milk), which took 3.7 percent of the total living expenditure per capita, RMB 2060.96 yuan (see Figure 8).

RMB Yuan 3000

Figure 8. China Urban Household Per Capita Living Expenditure in 1995

2500 Seafood Meat and Poultry

2000

Milk and Dairy Products Other Living Expenditure 1500

1000

500

0 Average Household

Lowest Income Household

12

Source: China State Statistical Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook 1996.

The rural household per capita consumption of aquatic products was much lower than urban household consumption. In 1995, the national average consumption per capita was 3.36 kilograms. But the per capita seafood consumption in rural areas increased at a faster pace than other food consumption. From 1980 to 1995, the consumption of seafood per capita had increased by 1.8 times while the consumption of meat and chicken increased 94.6 percent and the consumption of eggs increased 1.7 times. The top five per capita rural consumption provincial units were: 1st, Guangdong, 12.04 kg; 2nd, Zhejiang, 11.43 kg; 3rd, Shanghai, 9.91 kg; 4th, Fujian, 9.36 kg; 5th, Tianjin, 6.07 kg (See Figure 9).

Figure 9. Top Five regions for Rural Household Per Capita Seafood Consumption in 1995 12 12

11.4 9.9

Kilogram

10

9.4

8

6.1

6 4 2 0 Guangdong

Zhejiang

Shanghai

Fujian

Tianjing

Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 1996

3.5. Price of fishery products

Food prices in China have experienced a marked increase since 1979, while traditional planned prices gradually gave way to market prices. For example, in 1995, the retail price index of fishery products increased by 14.2 percent while the retail price index for all food rose by 24.7 percent (the index of grain prices rose by 34.4 percent and the index of fresh vegetable rose by 29.3 percent).8 From January to June, 1996, the consumption price of fishery products rose by 8.6 percent over the same period of 1995, while the consumption price of all food rose by 9.2 percent for the same period (fresh vegetable 30.1 percent, egg 21.9 percent, grain 6.3 percent, and meat 4.2 percent).9

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From 1978 to 1995, fishery products prices paid to producers rose each year except in 1989 and 1990, according to the purchasing price index. The highest rise was the 51% increase in 1985; the 2nd was the 34.3% in 1988. The other years above 20 percent were 1987, 1993, and 1994. The real price change trend can be seen in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Real Purchasing Price Change of Fishery Products, 19781995 (1977=100) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 1996

4. China’Foreign Trade in Fishery Products

China’s foreign trade volume of fishery products in 1995 was 2,080,000 tonnes, valued at US$ 4.25 billion. Out of it, exports were 740,000 tonnes and were valued at US$ 3.29 billion; imports were 1,340,000 tonnes and valued at US$ 0.96 billion.

4.1. Exports

In 1992, China exported 486,474 tonnes of aquatic products, valued at US$ 1.48 billion. In 1993, China exported 528,916 tonnes, valued at US$ 1.53 billion. In 1994, China exported 570,000 tonnes aquatic products, which was 2.7 percent of its production, valued at US$ 1.815 billion. In 1995, China exported 740,000 tonnes

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aquatic products, 2.94 percent of its production, valued at US$ 3.29 billion. From 1992 to 1995, the export quantity increased by 52.1 percent and the export value increased by 122 percent10(see Figure 11). Figure 11. China's Export of Fishery Products, 1992-1995 (Volume in Million tonnes; Value in US$ Billion) 3.5 3 Volume 2.5

Value

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1992

1993

1994

1995

Source: China Foreign Economic and Trade Yearbook, 1994-1996

Within the exported aquatic products, the major categories were frozen prawn, frozen fish, and live shellfish. In 1993, the export quantity of frozen prawn was 47,269 tonnes, which took 8.9 percent of the total aquatic export quantity, valued at US$ 308.57 million, or 20.2 percent of the total value; the export of frozen fish was 46,545 tonnes, which took 8.8 percent , and was valued at US$ 141 million, or 9.2 percent; the export of live shellfish was 66,819 tonnes, which was 12.6 percent of total volume, and was valued at US$ 105.35 million, or 6.9 percent of total value. 4.2. Imports

China’s import of aquatic products has been much less than its export. In 1995, the import was less than 30 percent of the export (US$ 0.96 billion compared with 4.25 billion). But the growth of China’s aquatic products imports has been rapid from this relatively small base. For example, the value of China’s fishery imports from Australia increased by ninefold from US$ 0.69 million in 1990 to US$ 6.31 million in 1995. The average annual growth rate over the five years was over 55 percent. The share of Australian aquatic products in China’s total imports from Australia increased from a tiny 0.05 percent to 0.25 percent from 1990 to 1995 (China’s Customs Statistics, 1991 to 1995).

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4.3. Trade potential for Australia

East Asia is the main market for Australian fishery products. In 1995, Japan took 39 percent of Australian exports of seafood (by value). Japan, Hongkong and Taiwan totally took three quarters of Australian seafood exports in 1995 (Battaglene 1996). China so far has a small share in Australian seafood exports, but would be a market with great potential in the near future. The food customs and eating habits of Chinese people in mainland China, particularly in southern China, basically are the same as those of the Chinese in Hongkong and Taiwan, but the income per capita is much lower, which is the major reason for the people in mainland China consuming less seafood per capita than in Hongkong and Taiwan. Given the fact that China has had the most rapid economic growth in the world for nearly two decades, China’s consumption of seafood, especially high value species (lobster, abalone, prawn, etc.), will increase in the future. This is likely to mean more imports of seafood, even if its production of fishery products per capita has reached the planned 24 kilograms or more by the year 2000. The fishery production of Taiwan per capita is over 70 kilograms in 1995, but it still imported A$200 million of seafood from Australia that year.

Australia has a productive advantage on the high value species of seafood, which are the favourites of Chinese people. Lobster, abalone and prawn are among the most popular dishes for Chinese entertaining guests or having a family holiday dinner in a restaurant or at home. But these species have a very limited share in China’s fishery production. The price for these products has already risen a lot in past years along with economic growth and income increase. It may go up further in the future. This will give Australia a good opportunity to expand its share in China’s seafood market.

5. Conclusion China’s fishery industry has developed at a relatively fast pace since 1978. The yearly production increased from 4.66 million tonnes in 1978 to 25.17 million tonnes in 1995. The aquatic products per capita increased from 4.4 kilograms in 1978 to the world average level, 22.5 kilograms in 1996. China has set a goal to increase its total 16

production by 1.5 million tonnes every year until 2000, then the aquatic products per capita will reach 24 kilograms along with the yearly 15 million population rise. Even if the goal of productive ability is reached, the aquatic products output per capita would still be much lower than in Hongkong or Taiwan. If the recent trends in consumption preferences towards seafood keeps going on along with the income rise, it would mean that demand for seafood would increase faster than the 1 kilo per capita yearly increase of supply. Although the different provinces may have their own stories, China as a whole could turn from being a net exporter into a net importer of fishery products in the near future.

References:

Bao, Sheng-qing, ‘Developing

Distant Fishery to Secure Food Supply’, Paper

presented to the International Conference on China’s Foodstuff and Agriculture: Prospects and Policies, Beijing, October, 1996.

Battaglene, Tony, R. Standen and P. Smith 1996, ‘Outlook for the Australian fishing industry’, In Proceedings of ABARE’s National Agricultural and Resources Outlook Conference, Canberra, 6-8 February, Outlook 96, Natural Resources, pp. 207-215.

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No. 1, Commodity Markets and

China Agriculture Press, Zhongguo Nongye Nianjian, 1993-1995 ( China Agriculture Yearbook, 1993-1995).

China State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian

( China Statistical

Yearbook) 1995, pp332-333, 356-357.

China State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian

( China Statistical

Yearbook) 1996, pp22, 256-258, 302-307, 352-357, 380-389.

China’s Customs Statistics, various issues, Economic Information and Agency, Hong Kong.

General Administration of Customs of People’s Republic of China, China’s Customs Statistics, 1991 to 1995.

State Statistical Bureau of China, “Guanyu 1996 Nian Guomin Jingji he Shehui Fazhan de Tongji Gongbao”( The Statistical Bulletin on National Economy and Social Development in 1996), People’s Daily, 4 April 1997.

Yu, Jiagong, “The development goals and main tasks of China’s fishery processing industry”, China Fisheries, January 1995, pp. 4-5.

Zhuo, You-zhan, “Making effort in developing fishery industry to secure food supply”, Paper presented to the International Conference on China’s Foodstuff and Agriculture: Prospects and Policies, Beijing, October 1996.

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Wu Guobao, Sue Richardson, Peter Travers

96/2

Rural Poverty and Its Causes in China

Wu Guobao, Sue Richardson, Peter Travers

96/3

Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment in China

96/4

Research on Rural-to-Urban Labour Migration in the Post-Reform China: A Survey Harry X Wu and Li Zhou

96/5

Economic growth and trade dependency in China

96/6

China’s steel imports: an outline of recent trade barriers

96/7

Changing Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in Rural China: Implications for the grain sector

Chen Chunlai

Christopher Findlay and Andrew Watson Ian Dickson

Yanrui Wu

96/8

Challenges to China’s Energy Security

96/9

Sources of Productivity Disparities in Regional Grain Production in China

Yang Hong

96/10

Trends in China’s Regional Grain Product and their Implications

Yang Hong

96/11

China’s Maize Production and Supply from a Provincial Perspective

Yang Hong

96/12

China’s Rural and Agricultural Reforms: Successes and Failures

96/13

The Sino-Japan Steel Trade Negotiations Framework

97/1

Grain Sector Reform in China

97/2

Internal Reform, Budget Issues and the Internationalisation Enjiang Cheng, of the Grain Market in China Christopher Findlay and Andrew Watson

97/3

Risks and documentary credits in China’s international metals trade

97/4

Chao Yang Peng

D Gale Johnson Ian Dickson Christopher Findlay

Ian Dickson

China’s Grain Demand and Supply: Trade Implications Harry X Wu and Christopher Findlay

97/5

The Internationalisation of China and its Implications for Australia

97/6

Productivity of China’s Rural Industry in the 1980s

97/7

The Stock Market in China: Problems and Prospects for Domestic and Foreign Investment

22

Bijit Bora and Chen Chunlai Jin Hehui and Du Zhixiong

Lan Yisheng

97/8

97/9

Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development in Guangdong: Problems and Prospects

Lan Yisheng

China’s Fishery Industry: Production, Consumption and Trade Lan Yisheng & Peng Zhaoyang

1

1)China Agriculture Press, Zhongguo Nongye Nianjian, 1993-1996 ( China Agriculture Yearbook, 1993-1996); 2)State Statistical Bureau of China, “Guanyu 1996 Nian Guomin Jingji he Shehui Fazhan de Tongji Gongbao”( The Statistical Bulletin on National Economy and Social Development in 1996), People’s Daily, 4 April 1997. 2 1)Planning and Statistical Division, Fishery Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture of China, “The yearly statistics of national fishery economy in 1995”, China Fisheries, June 1996, pp.6-7; 2) China Agriculture Yearbook, 1996. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 China Agriculture Press, Zhongguo Nongye Nianjian, 1993 ( China Agriculture Yearbook, 1993). 7 Market Information Division, Fishery Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture of China, “The aquatic products market analysis for the first half of 1996 and forecast for the second half”, China Fisheries, September 1996, pp8-9. 8 China State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian ( China Statistical Yearbook) 1996. 9 See footnote 7. 10 China Social Press, Zhongguo Duiwai Jingji Maoyi Nianjian 1994-1996 (China Foreign Economic and Trade Yearbook 1994-1996).

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