8.882 LHC Physics

Experimental Methods and Measurements

Introductory Lecture

[Lecture 1, February 4, 2009]

Physics

Colloquium Series The Physics Colloquium Series

‘09

Spring

Thursday, February 5 at 4:15 pm in room 10-250

Paul Canfield Iowa State University

"Ending of the Tyranny of Copper:  Intermetallic Superconductivity in the Post Copper-oxide Age"

For a full listing of this semester’s colloquia, please visit our website at

web.mit.edu/physics

Lecture Outline Introduction of Course Personnel Objective of this Course Organization of the Lectures ● Prerequisites ● Schedule:

lectures and recitations ● Course grade

Course Content Overview Overview of LHC Project and Physics C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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The Lecturer T

Christoph Paus 

physics career

started PhD 1992 at L3 (e+e--, LEP, CERN)  in 1998 moved to CDF (pp, TeVatron, FNAL)  since 2006 mostly CMS (pp, LHC, CERN) 

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physics measurements

precision electroweak (Z boson mass & width, EWK parameters)  B physics directly related to CKM matrix (Standard Model)  Standard Model Higgs boson search  contact interactions, magnetic monopoles, pentaquarks, excited onia 

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Objective of this Course - 8.882 O

Course focus introduce experimental methods  perform typical measurements at the LHC and TeVatron 

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Not the purpose of this course 

provide fully fledge theoretical background

quantum field theory courses good for that  also nuclear and particle physics standard g raduate courses 

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provide in depth discussion of how detectors work

nuclear and particle physics standard graduate courses  maybe specialized course for detector design and construction 

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Goal in practical terms learn how to do research as an experimentalist at LHC  be prepared to go to CERN and start an analysis  .. or at least know how experimentalists try to do their job 

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Organization of the Course O

Prerequisites ● special

relativity, quantum physics ● good to have heard particle physics 1+2 but not needed g

Dates ● Monday,Wednesday ● it

1:00pm – 2:30pm (Kolker room)

seems Monday/Wednesday 2:00pm – 3:30pm fits better

● recitation

to be arranged with recitation instructor, TBA ● office hours to be arranged (appointment per e-mail) ● video office hours very useful and easy to setup v

Execution ● most

lectures will be taught over video

● third

time done at MIT, nevertheless nothing is set in stone ● open to changes of course setup according to your comments C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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Organization of the Course Execution continued ● participation

from outside MIT/CERN welcome (see FNAL) ● lecture slides will be available from the Web ● core of the course are four analyses, performed by you ●3

use real CDF data (Ebeam= 1 TeV) ● 1 uses Monte Carlo simulation of CMS detector (Ebeam= 5-7 TeV) ● recommended

to pair up and work together ● analyses have to be handed in as short notes ● conference at the end of the course, one topic per student

Course grade ● basis:

3 analyses notes and final project presentation

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Technicalities T

Access to computers get account at MIT Tier 2 center  request account: http://www.lns.mit.edu/compserv/cms-acctappl.html 

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Access to course documentation and “log book” we use a TWiki to run and document the course  try it as your personal “log book”  example: user = ChristophPaus (yours will be equivalent) 

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Video tools for remote participants: use EVO at evo.caltech.edu  register and follow instructions to start EVO tools 

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before we used VRVS, EVO is still new, but worked quite well

details explained on the course TWiki

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Course Content C

Five big blocks introduction and overview charged track multiplicity measurement upsilon cross section measurement B meson lifetime measurement Standard Model Higgs searches 

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Lecture plan not exactly cast in stone if you have special wishes let me know

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Course Content: First Block •

Introduction and overview introductory lecture accelerators particle detectors overview 

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Course Content: Second Block •

Charge track multiplicity measurement heavy ion physics overview charge multiplicity measurements data analysis strategies and essentials detectors: tracking track reconstruction and fitting analysis tips – charge multiplicity 

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Course Content: Third Block •

Upsilon cross section, production fractions onia as probes in heavy ion physics secondary particle production detectors: electrons, muons and particle Id analysis tips – bottomonia cross section resonances production, decay and reconstruction search strategies and observations efficiency and acceptance 

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Course Content: Fourth Block •

B meson lifetime measurement high energy physics overview b hadron lifetimes and other essentials B physics trigger studies proper time reconstruction sophisticated selections: likelihood/neural networks 

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Course Content: Fifth Block •

Standard Model Higgs searches Higgs search and other essentials detectors: calorimetry jets and missing energy B tagging review 

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Interesting Material I

Videos: academic lectures and presentations CERN: http://webcast.cern.ch/home/pages/archive_cds.php  SLAC: http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/ssi  FNAL: http://www-visualmedia.fnal.gov/ check the archives 

Wikipedia LHC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider  CMS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid  CDF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_Detector_at_Fermilab  also try google, YouTube etc.  fantastic documentation on the Web though, read with care 

r

References will be provided throughout the course C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) T

Most important features

proton-proton collider Ebeam= 7 TeV (TeV Vatron: 1 TeV)  heavy ion (Pb, Ca) collider E = 5.5 TeV beam  instantaneous luminosity: 1034 cm2s-1 (TeVatron: 1032cm2s-1)  bunch spacing: 25 ns (TeVatron: 396 ns) 

(

Main physics goals discover the Higgs or falsify the Standard Model  search for direct signals of New Physics 

LHC party line schedule (delays still quite possible)

Aug 2009: single beam run at Ebeam = 7 TeV  Sep 2009: first collisions at E = 7 TeV, low lumi 15x15 beam  last year: Sep 2008 all was ready but an incident stopped  running the machine 

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Overview: CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) Check out serious YouTube: CERN LHC 2007 http://youtube.com/watch?v=s9XotvwgnaY

France 6 mile s

Gene va ai rport

Switzerland

: Check out fun YouTube: Day to Day Communications (1974) http://youtube.com/watch?v=OymJC9KkWlg

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The LEP/LHC Tunnel Setup Tunnel is 27 km long 50-150m below ground

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The LEP/LHC Tunnel Setup Tunnel is 27 km long 50-150m below ground

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LEP Tunnel before LHC

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Empty Tunnel: LEP Disassembled

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The LHC Dipoles

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LHC Pictures: Simulation

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LHC Pictures: Real Dipoles

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LHC Pictures: Tunnel with Beamlines

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LHC Experiments L

Two omnipurpose* detectors Atlas  CMS 

C

One dedicated B physics experiment 

LHCb L

One dedicated heavy ion experiment 

Alice A

* omnipurpose = do heavy ion and B physics as well C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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The LHC Experiments

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Alice: The Mission Statement •

•

The ALICE Collaboration is building a dedicated heavy-ion detector to exploit the unique physics potential of nucleus-nucleus interactions at LHC energies. Our aim is to study the physics of strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities, where the formation of a new phase of matter, the quark-gluon plasma*, is expected.

* today we know the fireball (plasma) behaves more like a fluid than a gas C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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Alice: Detector Sketch old L3 magnet

particle physicists do recycle C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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Alice: December 2006

April, 2007

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Atlas/CMS Motivation A

LHC is a new energy regime: uncharted territory u

The guaranteed mission (seek and destroy) find the Standard Model Higgs: completes SM, for now  do not find the SM Higgs: falsify the model because machine fully covers available phase space 

m

The case for beyond the Standard Model new energy regime opens new doors  anything beyond the Standard Model is a sensation  be it SUSY, extra dimensions, leptoquarks, Z', .... or even better: the completely unexpected 

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Atlas: Detector Sketch

the biggest collider detector ever, by far eye catcher: central air core toroid magnet

7,000 ton weight, 25 m diameter, 45 m long

light weight construction: if wrapped in plastic it floats on water (22,000 m3) still, weights more than half the Eiffel tower C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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Atlas: Real Installation

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CMS – Compact Muon Solenoid 12,500 ton weight, 15 m diameter, 22 m long

compact does not mean small volume smaller than Atlas by ~5.6, but weights 30% more than the Eiffel tower eye catcher: brilliant design in separately removable slices C. Paus, Lecture 8.882 – LHC Physics: Introductory Lecture

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CMS: Installation

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LHCb: Mission and Sketch •

•

The Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment for precise measurements of CP violation and rare decays

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LHCb: At the Interaction Point

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CDF: Sketch

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CDF Detector Pictures D i12mx12mx16m m e n s i o n s

Dimension:

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CDF: Time Of Flight Detector scintillation bars holders photomultiplier

happy MIT folks cone

pre-amp

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CDF: Central Outer Tracker

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CDF: Central Outer Tracker

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CDF: Silicon Detector

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CDF: Silicon Vertex Detector

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Pointers to Interesting Video Material P

Overview of the engineering design of CMS   

http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/outreach/CMSmedia/CMSmovies.html >> http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/outreach/CMSmedia/Movies/CMSTheMovie.mpg >> http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/outreach/cmseye/yb0_lowering.htm

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Conclusions C

Instructions for course get registered for a user account on the computing center  try out your TWiki account  think about good time for Recitation Sessions  check out the Web site 

c

Course overview it is going to be an exciting course  please be interactive  the last two years the course was a full success  still, we need your help us make it best for this year 

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Plan for Next Lecture •

Accelerators basic physics of accelerators design parameters of accelerators hadron versus electron colliders examples of accelerators today what is the future of accelerators? 

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Last Year's Recitation Instructor L

Michael Miller 

physics career

started at MSU  next Yale (heavy ion: RHIC, STAR)  now MIT (heavy ion: STAR, neutrino: SNO) 

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physics measurements

jet quenching (STAR)  gluon helicity distribution in pp collisions  jet cross sections in pp collisions  total solar neutrino flux 

t

He is faculty in Seattle now.... 

if you can find him he is very knowledgeable

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