26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

DESIGN CASE STUDY OF LARGE SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF PV SYSTEM IN SUSTAINABLE RES MICROGRID SYSTEM OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT IN HUNGARY IN THE PIME’S PROJECT Edvárd KUTHI, Zoltán BUDAVÁRI, Péter TÓTH, Károly MATOLCSY ÉMI Non-profit Limited Liability Company for Quality Control and Innovation in Building Diószegi út 37. H-1113 Budapest, Hungary, Phone: +3613726136, Fax: +3613726102, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: PIME’S is an EU FP7 project in the CONCERTO III Call, involving three cities in Europe: VitoriaGasteiz (Spain), DALE/Sandnes (Norway) and Szentendre (Hungary). Its main purpose is large scale demonstration of RES application and energy efficiency in community scale. This writing focuses on concept and design of the microgrids in the demonstration of Szentendre. Energy efficiency measurements (refurbishment of 17000m2 in different residential houses, offices and educational buildings and construction of 6000m2 new office building) focus on sustainability of using high share recycling material for thermal insulation and on site window upgrading together with PV integrated shading devices and BEMS application, incorporated in microgrid of RES production. One of PIME’S goals is to set up and demonstrate a repeatable energy management approach based on microgrids, to be designed, adapted, built and run according to the specific opportunities and requirements. A real-time system is under development for managing consumption at all heat and power demand points and assessing the costs of production and sale of the different types of power generated, and also the cost of purchasing power from the grid. Keywords: R&D and Demonstration Programmes, Grid Management, Grid-Connected

1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

and advanced energy distribution will be used to reach the goals of the Concerto III program. Norwegian partners are Dale Property (building developers and property owner), Sandnes Municipality, IRIS (R&D) and Rogaland County Council. Sandnes is the second largest town in Rogaland County, and Dale area will be developed as a modern residential area within the coming years. The PIME'S project consists of new family houses, houses of flats as well as rehabilitation of some of the old buildings in the area. It will be a sustainable environment with high-tech energy solution and building materials. Solites is the company in Germany for renewable energy research, in this project they deal especially with the solar thermal issue. The Hungarian partners are EMI (Non-profit company for Quality Control and Innovation in Building), Szentendre Municipality, VSZRT (the local energy company), Meteor (energy distribution advisor).

The EU FP7 CONCERTO program supports local communities, as clearly defined geographical areas or zones, in developing and demonstrating concrete strategies and actions that are both sustainable and highly energy efficient. Interactions and relevant energy flows between centralised and decentralised energy supplies and demands can be identified, measured and assessed. PIME’S is a project in the CONCERTO III Call “Complex reconstruction and local energy production”, entitled “CONCERTO communities towards optimal thermal and electrical efficiency of buildings and districts, based on microgrids”. The PIME'S project started up in December 2009. The partners in the project will take part in construction and renovation of existing buildings involving three cities in Europe: VitoriaGasteiz in Spain, DALE/Sandnes in Norway and Szentendre in Hungary. The consortium consists of 14 partners from Germany, Spain, Norway and Hungary. The project will focus on making good living areas for people, using sustainable energy in buildings of high energy standard. Its main purpose is large scale demonstration of RES application and energy efficiency in community scale. The project unites around some central principles, being the implementation of large scale solar thermal and associated heat storage, large scale integration of renewable energy sources, polygeneration, storage and supply assurance, the application of intelligent energy management through microgrids, the development of new ESCO models, and demonstrating the eco-building concept. The partners represent building companies, house and property owners, research organisations, energy producers and advanced technology companies. In Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital of the Basque Country in northern Spain, Visesa is going to build five houses of flats in a new living area, Salburua. The other Basque partners are Vitoria-Gasteiz Municipality, EVE (the basque energy company), Acciona (building technology company) and Tecnalia (research and development of energy technology). The main focus in the PIME'S project is avoiding the need of cooling at summer and reducing the need of energy for heating. Solar technology

2 DEMONSTRATION IN HUNGARY This writing focuses on concept and design of the EE and RES measurements in a living middle European small city, the Hungarian demonstration in Szentendre. The town is situated next to the river Danube, just 30km NW from Budapest. In this town, PIME'S project covers rehabilitation of houses of flats and kindergartens, as well as the construction of a new research centre for EMI (Figure 1). Energy efficiency measurements (refurbishment of 17000m2 in different residential houses, offices and educational buildings and construction of 6000m2 new office building) focus on sustainability of using high share recycling material for thermal insulation and on site window upgrading together with PV integrated shading devices and BEMS application. The passive features of the construction materials and methods provide the buildings with excellent energy characteristics. These comply with the objectives of an energy performance, which in case of refurbishment is at least equal to and in case of new buildings at least 30% better than the national legislation for new buildings.

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26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

The CHP and PV electricity production will be integrated in this microgrid. Several microgrid concepts can be found in [1], [2], [3] and [4]. The selection and management of all the energy resources will be organised in the most efficient way through microgrid. It will integrate and control all the thermal and electric resources properly optimised for the community’s unique features, in order to guarantee their optimal use, according to social and economic criteria. This way, the production costs for each of the power sources, the sales price to the grid and the price of purchasing from the grid is optimized, making it possible to decide which power to use or to sell at any time. Moreover, the integration of the microgrid as an energy management system ensures the optimal treatment of the thermal and electric flows, also taking into account to maximize the economic benefit for the users. As the community have been designed as a unit of consumption which seek to optimize energy demand according to the real needs, one of its concerns will be to keep up active Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes, the purpose of which is to level out the load curve, cutting down the peaks of demand and thus minimising purchase of electricity from outside. In this field it is planned that certain common and easilytransferable demand loads could be carried out at offpeak periods. The microgrid concept involves the aggregation of loads and small generators operating as a single system. It can generate electricity and sell it to the grid, be supplied from the grid or function as an isolated network. It can also procure the local needs for heating and cooling. This control flexibility allows the microgrid to present itself to the bulk power system as a single controlled unit for electricity and thermal energy. They are managed by a software system (the Energy Manager), where the thermal and electrical energy resources are accurately controlled according to the predefined and optimised criteria, in order to provide a maximum benefit for the users. The Energy Manager is the control capability implemented through a distributed network, with some kind of controllability over each particular energy device, with the intelligence for taking the appropriate on-line decisions. Before the complete decision and specification of every component and installation of the microgrid, a detailed hour-by-hour simulation of all the conditions and decisions for the functioning of every apparatus is accomplished. According to it, each apparatus is chosen and dimensioned, in order to get the maximum benefit. A real-time system is developed for managing consumption at all heat and power demand points and assessing the costs of production and sale of the different types of power generated, and the cost of purchasing power from the grid. This intelligent control system provides information on consumption, present and historical, to both the supplier and the consumer, and uses the power network itself to transmit the information. This will make it possible to define policies, campaigns, tariffs etc. geared towards adapting supply to demand. It also provides a comparison between the costs of the different kind of electricity produced (e.g. mini-hydro, photovoltaic, wind, CHP), their selling prices to the grid and the purchase price from the grid. This is also integrated with an intelligent management of the heat. Using this information, it is possible to decide at any time, what is the most profitable action to be taken.

Figure 1: Szentendre Concerto Area of PIME’S (marked areas A-E) For reducing the CO2 emission of energy sources different types of renewable based CHP (Solar mirror Stirling, woodchip gasification, woodchip based ORC system, a sewage based biogas engine) and BIPV systems are designed and organized in a neighbourhood level using physical and virtual microgrid of RES production. A good example for utilizing renewable energies and energy efficiency measures will be the new office building of EMI (Figure 2). The existing gas CHP (76.4 kWel) in the housing estate, the three new biomass/biogas CHP (535 kWel) and PV (35 kWp) will be integrated in a specially developed microgrid. An ESCO will be established for the community energy production with ÉMI, VSZRt and Szentendre, and the involvement of the citizens is also an important goal of the project. LCA monitoring of applied material (including BIPV) and BREEAM approach monitor the achievement of sustainability. Social survey of neighbourhood involvement and acceptance of the changes is also investigated, which has already shown that the CHP placed close to the residential buildings is less acceptable for the inhabitants compared to PV. Monitoring and online web base communication of RES energy generation and the decrease of energy consumption will create the base of trust and will attract people for improving their neighbourhood. A strategy of community scale and individual EE & RES activity is also surveyed and encouraged.

Figure 2: Design of the new research center of EMI with 10kWp BIPV 3 SPECIFICATION MICROGRID

AND

DESIGN

OF

THE

3.1 Microgrid concept of PIME’S project One of PIME’S goals is to set up and demonstrate a repeatable energy management approach based on microgrids, to be designed, adapted, built and run according to the specific opportunities and requirements.

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26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

3.2 Design of the microgrid in Szentendre The preparation of the design of the Hungarian microgrid was based on the local climatic data, the measurement of current and calculation of expected heat and electricity demands, and the present economic data. The simulation work requires data on an hourly basis. Therefore local climatic data of Meteonorm for Budapest, which is 15km away from Szentendre was chosen. The mean annual ambient air temperature (Tamb) is 10.9°C. The global horizontal solar irradiation (Eglob,h) amounts to 1186.6 kWh/m2 per year. For the simulation work it was decided to calculate the heating degree days with a reference temperature of 19/15°C for the three PIME’S communities, which amounts for Szentendre to 3110.6 Kday/yr. The monthly distribution of the values can be seen in Table I.

Figure 3: Calculated expected specific heat demand of the demonstration buildings in the residential part of Concerto area in Szentendre. Regarding the residential buildings the electricity demand was estimated based on statistics. The average electricity consumption of the households in Hungary was 2235 kWh/year in 2009. (Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office). The average area of the flats in Hungary is 71 m2, so the average of the specific yearly electricity consumption of the households is 31.5 kWh/m2flat. Using this average data and the measured data in case of the kindergartens, the expected specific electricity demand was calculated concerning the electrical energy performance goals of the project. The resulted monthly values can be seen in Figure 4.

Table I: Climatic data for Szentendre (HU) (source: Meteonorm)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual mean/sum

Tamb [°C]

Eglob,h [kWh/m2]

Heating degree days [Kday/yr]

-0.8 1.3 5.6 11.4 17.3 20.0 21.5 21.8 15.8 11.2 5.6 -0.2

29.7 29.7 87.3 127.5 163.8 173.8 183.0 154.3 109.3 71.1 34.4 22.9

613.6 496.6 414.4 216.4 54.3 9.6 0.0 0.0 81.9 226.6 402.1 595.1

10.9

1186.6

3110.6

Two main areas can be found in the Concerto area of Szentendre: a residential area (marked A in Figure 1) and a research and educational center (marked E in Figure 1), which have a large distance between them. Therefore it was decided to create two own microgrids for these areas. Regarding the residential part of the Concerto area, there are 28 substations connected to the district heating network. The number of flats heated is as much as 1492 (~207000 space m3), and approximately 32000 space m3 of other consumers are supplied by the central heat plant. The demonstration work of PIME’S project contains in this area 4 residential buildings or block of buildings, and 2 kindergartens. The current heat demand of these buildings was measured and normalised, and based on the energy performance goals of the project the expected heat demand was calculated from the measured data. The monthly calculated heat demand expected at the end of the project can be seen in Figure 3. This forms the base data for the thermal microgrid design, and also for the design of the new energy generation system based on renewable energy sources. However the monthly consumption data has to be refined to daily and hourly based heat demand data to achieve a properly designed real-time microgrid.

Figure 4: Calculated specific electricity demand of the demonstration buildings in the residential part of Concerto area in Szentendre. Building number 5 and 6 are the kindergartens. Since inside the residential area the PIME’S demonstration buildings are relatively far away from each other, the microgrid of this area will be designed as a virtual microgrid. Regarding the research and educational center, where the new office building will be constructed, the electrical microgrid will cover the electricity demand of all the six buildings of the center (laboratories and offices). The present electricity demand was measured, and the future demand was estimated together with the expected consumption of the new office building of EMI. The resulted monthly values can be seen in Figure 5. However the monthly consumption data of both area has to be refined to daily and hourly based heat demand data to achieve a properly designed real-time microgrid. Here a physical microgrid can be applied since the buildings have close position and similar legal properties (same land and/or property owner).

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26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

Energy Office in line with the statutory provisions and shall not exceed the pay-off period of the system. For example from 1st July 2011, payments entitled for newly connected systems can be seen in Table II (in HUF/kWh, without VAT). Currently the cogenerated electricity is not supported: it has no feed-in tariff, and all the other feed-in tariffs are freezed. Table II: Feed-in tariff in Hungary Feed-in tariff from 1st July 2011 [HUF/kWh] Category Peak Valley Deep valley

Figure 5: Calculated electricity demand of the demonstration buildings in the research and education center in Concerto area of Szentendre.

Solar power

The economical data is also important as an input for the design of the microgrid. Data concerning energy tariffs valid for the offices on the City Service Company’s Central Site are as follows: Natural gas:  Fix fee: 200441 HUF/Month  Fee for usage of the natural gas system: 193.44 HUF/GJgas  Energy fee (“molecule fee”): 274.238 EUR/1000 m3  Other energy fee: 60.5 HUF/GJ Electricity:  Energy fee: 22.77 HUF/kWh  Fee for usage of the electricity network: 13 HUF/GJ The fees mentioned above are without VAT. The interest of the value added tax for supplying gas and electricity is 25%. Energy tax is 75.6 HUF/GJ for natural gas and 0.295 HUF/kWh for the electricity. No energy tax has to be paid by the households.

29.84 29.84

29.84

Systems < 20 MW (excl. 33.35 29.84 solar)

12.18

Systems generating 20 to 50 MW (excl. wind and 26.67 23.88 solar)

9.74

Wind energy systems 33.35 29.84 generating 20 to 50 MW

12.18

Power systems with used 20.74 13.27 (not new) equipment

13.27

Systems > 50 MW and hydro-electric systems > 20.74 13.27 5 MW

13.27

Power generated energy from waste

11.25

by

31.28 21.55

Regarding the gas engine, it can produce and sell electricity at a very good price (subsidized by the electricity consumers, see Table III) until of 2014.

Regarding electricity, feed-in tariffs were introduced through the Electricity Act. According to Regulation Nr. 105/2003. (XII.29.) GKM, electricity suppliers are obliged to purchase electricity from producers using renewable energy sources. The tariff is paid by the main electricity producer (MVM) when a power plant is connected to the transmission network, or by the local service provider if the independent producer is connected to the distribution network. A licence from the Hungarian Energy Office (HEO) is required to receive the feed-in tariff. There is no link between the government budget and the feed-in tariff. Act LXXIX/2005 included certain amendments to the previous electricity act. Feed-in tariffs provided regardless of power capacity, and calculation of feed-in tariffs were to account for inflation. The Energy Office sets the period of payment and the maximum amount of eligible electricity in compliance with the statutory provisions (Act Nr. LXXXVI of 2007). The feed-in tariff is a guaranteed payment and varies according to the time of day. The amount of payment is based on the average pay-off period of individual technologies, the efficiency of the energy source used, the use of natural resources, the higher degree of efficiency brought about by technological developments and the effects of a technology on the electricity grid. It varies according to three periods (solar energy is subject to a single standard tariff). These periods depend on the area concerned and differ for weekdays and weekends/holidays. The period of payment is set by the

Table III: Gas engine electricity prices (source: METEOR) HUF/kWh Weekdays Public holidays Peak-load tariff "Valley" tariff "Night" tariff

35.98 22.98 3

16 h/day 4.5 h/day 3.5 h/day

0 h/day 19.5 h/day 4.5 h/day

The duration of peak load time on weekdays is 16 h/d, while on public holidays there is no peak load time. At “night” time (3.5 h/day on weekdays) gas engines should be stopped, because the price of 3 HUF/kWh is much lower than the specific cost of the fuel used. The tariffs (except of the “night” price) are changed by the Hungarian Energy Authority in every quarter, when the natural gas costs have changed (The natural gas-cost dependency of the tariffs is 60%). It has been mentioned, that the Hungarian government decided to reorganize the regulation of the district heating sector. As a part of the legislation the obligation of purchasing the cogenerated electricity by the system operator of the Hungarian grid was broken off on 1st of July. The details of the possible new system of the subsidies are not known yet.

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26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

4 CONCLUSION The Community of Concerto PIME’S area of Szentendre in Hungary (refurbishment of 17000m2 in different residential houses, offices and educational buildings and construction of 6000m2 new office building) is planned according to the rules of Ecobuildings Concept including BIPV and specially developed microgrids. The preparation of two special microgrid designs was introduced according to the characteristics of the community. Further works have to be done to fully demonstrate the sustainability of Concerto PIME’S Community in the future.

5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work receives funding in the frame of PIME’S project from the European Union 7th Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No 239288.

6 REFERENCES [1] M. Barnes, J. Kondoh, H. Asano, J. Oyarzabal, G. Ventakaramanan, R. Lasseter, N. Hatziargyriou, T. Green: Real-World MicroGrids – An Overview. IEEE Int. Conf. on System of Systems Engineering (2007) [2] E. Perea, J. M. Oyarzabal, R. Rodríguez, Elektrotechnik & Informationstechnik (2008) 125/12, pp. 432 [3] J. Anduaga, M. Boyra, I. Cobelo, E. García, A. G. De Muro, J. Jimeno, I. Laresgoiti, J. Oyarzabal, E. Perea, R. Rodríguez, E. Sánchez, E. Turienzo, E. Zabala: La Microrred, una alternativa de futuro para un suministro energético integral, ISBN 978-84-612-7972-2, 2008 [4] J. Anduaga, A. G. De Muro, J. Jimeno, J. Oyarzabal, European Transactions of Electrical Power (2011) vol. 21, pp. 1142

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