22nd International
HIV Dynamics & Evolution Promoting discussion between HIV specialists
May 13-16, 2015 Hungarian Academy of Sciences • Budapest, Hungary
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PROGRAM Wednesday, May 13, 2015 Location: Art’otel 5:00 pm Registration 7:00 pm Welcome Reception/Dinner Thursday, May 14, 2015 Location: Hungarian Academy of Sciences ORIGIN AND GLOBAL EVOLUTION OF THE EPIDEMICS Session Chair: Michael Worobey and Ahidjo Ayouba 9:00 am Welcome and Introductions 9:15 am ADAPTATIONS FACILITATING CROSS‐SPECIES TRANSMISSION AND EMERGENCE OF SIVSM IN RHESUS MACAQUES, *Alison Hill 9:35 am CORRELATION BETWEEN HISTORICAL LACK OF MALE CIRCUMCISION AND THE EPIDEMIC EMERGENCE OF HIV‐2, *Joao Sousa 9:55 am PHYLOGENETICS AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF HIV‐1 SUBTYPE G ENV REVEAL COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS AROUND THE EPICENTRE OF THE HIV‐1 EPIDEMIC, *Jeffrey R. Dorfman 10:15 am ORIGIN OF HIV‐1 GROUP O AND P IN WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS *Mirela D'arc 10:30 am Break WITHIN‐HOST DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION #1 Session Chairs: Ron Swanstrom and Richard Neher 11:00 am USING DEEP SEQUENCING TO REVEAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF HIV‐1 POPULATIONS WITHIN THE BODY, *Ronald Swanstrom 11:20 am SEQUENCE SPACE EXPLORATION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF HIV‐1 QUASISPECIES *Richard Neher 11:40 am PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF HIV‐1 IN A LONG TERM EXPERIMENT, *Frederic Bertels 12:00 pm PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION OF VIRAL QUASISPECIES DYNAMICS *Veronika Boskova 12:15 pm RECOMBINATION FACILITATES SURVIVAL OF LATENT HIV‐1 LINEAGES IN PRODUCTIVELY INFECTED CELLS, *Taina Immonen 12:30 pm Lunch
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PROGRAM WITHIN‐HOST DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION #2 Page Session Chairs: Jan Albert and Grace McCormack 2:00 pm WHOLE‐GENOME DEEP SEQUENCING OF LONGITUDINAL SAMPLES FROM HIV‐1 PATIENTS FOLLOWED FROM EARLY INTO CHRONIC INFECTION, *Jan Albert 10 2:20 pm TOWARDS EMPIRICALLY‐DERIVED SEQUENCE SPACE AND FITNESS LANDSCAPES OCCUPIED BY RNA VIRUSES, *Marco Vignuzzi 11 2:40 pm EXTREME HETEROGENEITY IN GENETIC DIVERSITY AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION FOUND IN CHRONIC HCV INFECTION, *Jayna Raghwani 12 3:00 pm PACBIO SINGLE MOLECULE REAL TIME SEQUENCING OF THE HCV ENVELOPE DIVERSITY FROM EARLY ACUTE INFECTION TO CHRONICITY, *Cynthia Ho 13 3:15 pm DYNAMICS OF CTL ESCAPE DURING EARLY ACUTE HIV‐1 INFECTION REVEALED BY DENSE TEMPORAL SAMPLING AND TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING, *Sivan Leviyang 14 3:30 pm Break IMMUNE ESCAPE AND VACCINE RESEARCH Session Chairs: James Mullins and Morgane Rolland 3:50 pm NO EVIDENCE OF STRONGER NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN RV144 BREAKTHROUGH VACCINE RECIPIENTS TWO TO THREE YEARS AFTER HIV INFECTION *Morgane Rolland 15 4:10 pm ASSESSING THE PROPENSITY OF HIV‐1 TO EVOLVE ANTIBODY ESCAPE VARIANTS DURING FREE VIRUS AND CELL‐CELL TRANSMISSION, *Carsten Magnus 16 4:25 pm THE ROLE OF TRANSMITTED AND DE NOVO CELLULAR IMMUNE ESCAPE IN HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION, *Jonathan Carlson 17 4:45 pm INFLUENCE OF RECOMBINATION ON ACQUISITION AND REVERSION OF IMMUNE ESCAPE AND COMPENSATORY MUTATIONS IN HIV‐1, *Helen Alexander 18 5:00 pm THE CONSERVED ELEMENTS (CE) APPROACH TO HIV VACCINE DESIGN, *James Mullins 19 5:20 pm Posters 7:00 pm Dinner at Hungarian Academy of Sciences
PROGRAM Friday, May 15, 2015 Page Location: Hungarian Academy of Sciences LATENCY, RESERVOIRS AND CURE Session Chairs: Alan Perelson and Mary Kearney 9:00 am CARD‐SGS REVEALS PERSISTENT EXPRESSION OF HIV‐1 RNA IN CLONALLY EXPANDED HIV‐INFECTED CELLS DURING ART, *Mary Kearney 20 9:20 am PERSISTENT AND PROLIFERATING HIV‐INFECTED CELLS: TISSUE‐DISTRIBUTION AND EXPRESSION OF VIRAL RNA AND PROTEIN, *James Mullins 21 9:40 am MODELING THE EFFECTS OF VORINOSTAT IN VIVO REVEALS BOTH TRANSIENT AND DELAYED ACTIVATION OF HIV TRANSCRIPTION IN LATENTLY INFECTED CELLS *Alan Perelson 22 10:00 am TARGETING CCR5 RECEPTOR USING GENE THERAPY WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENT TO CURE HIV, *Aridaman Pandit 23 10:15 am EFFECT OF THE LATENT RESERVOIR ON THE EVOLUTION OF HIV AT THE WITHIN‐AND BETWEEN‐HOST LEVELS, *Hilje Doekes 24 10:30 am Break WITHIN‐HOST DYNAMICS Session Chairs: Rob De Boer and Sebastian Bonhoeffer 11:00 am HOW RAPIDLY ARE HIV‐1 INFECTED CELLS KILLED?, *Rob De Boer 25 11:20 am HIV CONTROL AFTER TREATMENT CESSATION: MATHEMATICAL MODEL PREDICTIONS, *Jessica Conway 26 11:40 am MODELLING ONGOING REPLICATION OF HIV IN DRUG SANCTUARIES, *Helen Fryer 27 12:00 pm A ROBUST SCALING LAW ESTIMATES THE REQUIRED DURATION OF TREATMENT WITH HIV‐1 MUTAGENS, *Vipul Gupta 28 12:15 pm TARGETING HIV LATENCY, *Feng Fu 29 12:30 pm Lunch PHYLOGENETIC INSIGHTS INTO EPIDEMIC DYNAMICS Chairs: Tanja Stadler and Tulio Oliveira 2:00 pm DETECTION OF TRANSMISSION CLUSTERS IN HIV PHYLOGENIES, *Tanja Stadler 30 2:20 pm PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC METHODS GIVE INSIGHT INTO THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS BETWEEN HIV‐1 RISK GROUPS, *Denise Kühnert 31
PROGRAM 2:35 pm
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BAYESIAN INFERENCE OF TRANSMISSION PATTERNS FROM TIMED PHYLOGENIES *Caroline Colijn NEAR FULL LENGTH HIV‐1 SEQUENCING TO UNDERSTAND HIV PHYLODYNAMICS IN AFRICA IN REAL TIME, *Tulio de Oliveira
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3:10 pm USING PHYLOGENETIC TOOLS TO ESTIMATE ASPECTS OF HIV TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN GENERALIZED HIV EPIDEMICS: FINDINGS FROM THE PANGEA_HIV METHODS COMPARISON EXERCISE, *Oliver Ratmann 34 3:30 pm Break THERAPY, PREVENTION, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Session Chairs: Annemie Vandamme and Oliver Laeyendecker 4:00 pm HIV‐1 TRANSMITTED DRUG RESISTANCE: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE TRANSMISSIBILITY OF SDRMS, *Ana Abecasis 35 4:15 pm THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN STABILITY FOR THE EVOLUTION OF HIV DRUG RESISTANCE, *Abayomi Olabode 36 4:30 pm DIRECT COMPARISON OF SEROLOGIC ASSAYS AND VIRAL DIVERSITY MEASURES FOR IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS WITH RECENT HIV INFECTION, *Oliver Laeyendecker 37 4:50 pm NGS COMBINED WITH PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS TO DETECT SUPER‐INFECTION IN HIV‐ 1 INFECTED INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS, *Simona Paraschiv 38 5:10 pm RECONCILING NAMED PARTNER AND GENETIC PARTNER HIV‐1 TRANSMISSION NETWORKS IN NEW YORK CITY, *Joel Wertheim 39 5:30 pm Posters 7:00 pm Dinner Cruise (Sign‐ups required) 10:00 pm Saturday, May 16, 2015 Location: Hungarian Academy of Sciences HIV VIRULENCE AND CONTROL Session Chairs: Andrew Leigh Brown and Jonathan Carlson 9:00 am ESTIMATING THE RESPECTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN AND VIRAL GENETIC VARIATION TO HIV CONTROL, *István Bartha 40 9:20 am ESTIMATING THE BETWEEN‐HOST HERITABILITY OF VIRAL TRAITS: OLD‐SCHOOL PARENT‐OFFSPRING VERSUS MODERN PHYLOGENETICS, *Gabriel Leventhal 41 9:40 am DETERMINING THE VIRAL GENETIC BASIS OF HIV VIRULENCE USING WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING, *Chris Wymant 42
PROGRAM 10:00 am IMPORTANCE OF TRAIT SELECTION IN ESTIMATING VIRAL CONTRIBUTION TO VIRULENCE IN HIV INFECTION, *Venelin Mitov 10:15 am MODELING HIV VIRULENCE EVOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMMUNE ESCAPE *C. H. van Dorp 10:30 am Break BIOINFORMATICS SOFTWARE AND ALGORITHMS FOR HIV/VIRAL RESEARCH Session Chairs: Sergei Kosakovsky Pond and Erik Volz 11:00 am FULL‐LENGTH ENVELOPE ANALYSIS (FLEA): A PIPELINE AND WEB SERVICE FOR FULL‐ LENGTH ENV SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT, ANALYSIS, AND VISUALIZATION, *Kemal Eren 11:15 am SELECTION OF ANTIGEN SWARMS FROM NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY DEVELOPMENT AGAINST HIV‐1, *Peter Hraber 11:30 am CLUSTER RECONSTRUCTION IN SIMULATED TRANSMISSION CHAINS *Manon Ragonnet‐Cronin 11:45 am PHYLODYNAMIC INFERENCE OF CONTACT NETWORK STRUCTURE, *David Rasmussen 12:00 pm QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR THE DELINEATION OF HIV‐1 SPECIFIC ANTIBODY EPITOPE REACTIVITY IN POLYCLONAL PATIENT SERA, *Nathanael Hoze 12:15 pm Final Adjournment
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POSTER ABSTRACTS
1 STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONS REVEAL SLOW HIV‐1 CTL ESCAPE, *H. Roberts
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2 NINE YEARS EXPERIENCE OF HIV‐ DRUG RESISTANCE MONITORING IN SOUTH AFRICA, 2006–2014 *G. Jacobs 54 3 THE RETROVIRUS INTEGRATION DATABASE (RID), *W. Shao
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4 A SEQUENTIAL MONTE CARLO APPROACH FOR JOINT ESTIMATION OF VIRAL PHYLOGENY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS, *A. Smith
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5 THERAPY STRATEGIES IN HIV INFECTION USING MATHEMATICAL MODELLING,*A. Boianelli
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6 PREDICTED BINDING AFFINITIES OF HIV‐1C VIF, VPR AND VPU EPITOPES DURING PRIMARY INFECTION 58 AGAINST HOST MHC CLASS I HLA‐A AND HLA‐B MOLECULES, *R. Rossenkhan 7 SUBTYPE‐SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS OF GLYCOSYLATED HIV‐1 GP120 PROTEINS, *N. Wood 59 8 HIV‐1 GROUP M DIVERSITY: NEW INSIGHTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE VIRUS, *M. Tongo
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9 EVOLUTIONARY RATES OF HIV‐1 ACCESSORY GENES FROM FULL‐LENGTH DATASETS ACROSS SUBTYPES, *G. Yebra
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10 THE CONTRIBUTION OF ANGOLA FOR THE EARLY SPREAD OF THE HIV‐1 EPIDEMIC, *A. Pineda‐Peña
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11 COMPOSITE SEQUENCE‐STRUCTURE STABILITY MODELS AS SCREENING TOOLS FOR IDENTIFYING MUTATIONAL TARGETS FOR HIV DRUG AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT, *S. Manocheewa
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12 LONG‐RANGE HIV GENOTYPING USING PROVIRAL DNA FOR ANALYSIS OF HIV DRUG RESISTANCE AND HIV TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS, *V. Novitsky 64 13 MODEST IMPROVEMENTS TO HIV TREATMENT AND CARE COULD PREVENT HALF OF ALL NEW HIV INFECTIONS AMONG MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN: A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY, *O. Ratmann
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15 ACCURATE DETECTION OF MINOR MUTATIONS WITH DEFINED SAMPLING DEPTH AND ERROR CUTOFF USING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING, *S.Zhou
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16 LINKAGE OF FEMALE FOUNDER HIV‐1 POPULATIONS TO TRANSMITTING MALE’S BLOOD AND SEMINAL VIRUSES, *C. Williams
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17 COMPARISON OF MAJOR AND MINOR VIRAL SNPS IDENTIFIED BY SINGLE TEMPLATE SANGER AND PYROSEQUENCING IN EARLY HIV‐1 INFECTION, *J. Mullins
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18 FITNESS‐BALANCED ESCAPE DETERMINES RESOLUTION OF DYNAMIC FOUNDER VIRUS ESCAPE PROCESSESS IN HIV‐1 INFECTION, *J. Mullins
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19 DEEP SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF HIV‐1 TRANSMISSION AND SUBSEQUENT EVOLUTION IN SIX TRANSMISSION PAIRS, *J. Mullins
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20 FINE STRUCTURE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INTRA‐PATIENT HIV POPULATIONS PRIOR TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY USING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING, *J. Hattori
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14 WILL HIV VANISH OR EVOLVE RESISTANCE FACING MASS ANTI‐RETROVIRAL TREATMENT? *S. Alizon
POSTER ABSTRACTS 21 WEBMUTCOR: A TOOL TO DISCOVER INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DRUG RESISTANCE MUTATIONS AND CYTOTOXIC‐T‐LYMPHOCYTE ESCAPE MUTATIONS IN THE HIV‐1 POL REGION, *W. Smidt
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22 COMPARING ESTIMATED TIME OF HIV‐1 INFECTION OBTAINED BY BAYESIAN ANALYSIS AND THE BED ASSAY, *M. M. Lunar
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23 EXPLORING TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF HIV IN RURAL KWAZULU‐NATAL, USING PHYLOGENETICS *T. de Oliveira 75 24 INTERTYPE AND INTER SPECIES GENOMIC DIVERSITY OF HIV‐1 TAT, *I. Khandaker
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25 SPATIO‐TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF HIV‐1 TAT IN SUBTYPES B AND C, *C. Roy
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26 DENTIFYING WITHIN‐HOST HIV‐1 SUBPOPULATIONS BY COSEGREGATION OF PROFILE HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL UPDATE VECTORS, *P. Edlefsen
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27 POPULATION‐LEVEL EVOLUTION OF HIV‐1 ENV STRUCTURE OVER THREE DECADES; A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE DYNAMICS OF COMPLEX PHENOTYPES, *H. Haim
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28 REASSESMENT OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF CRIMEAN–CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS BASED ON COMPLETE S AND M SEGMENT SEQUENCES, *M. Stanojevic
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29 THE CHANGING FACE OF THE HIV‐1 SUBTYPE C EPIDEMIC IN SOUTH AFRICA – DETECTION OF UNIQUE SUBTYPES AND RECOMBINANT FORMS, *S. Engelbrecht 81
ADAPTATIONS FACILITATING CROSS‐SPECIES TRANSMISSION AND EMERGENCE OF SIVSM IN RHESUS MACAQUES *A. Hill (1), S. Ita (2), M. Mangano (3), V. Hirsch (4), R. Desrosiers (5), D. Evans (6), R. Newman (7) 1. Harvard University/Boston College 2. Harvard University/Boston College 3. Boston College 4. NIAID 5. University of Miami 6. University of Wisconsin 7. Broad Institute The distribution of lentiviruses among primates reflects a history of interspecies transmission and emergence of new virus‐host relationships. An understudied element of emergence is the degree to which viruses must adapt to the genetic environment of new host species, and how adaptations to the new host initially affect viral fitness. SIVmac emerged as the result of a cross‐species transmission of SIVsm into rhesus macaques, and comparing cohorts of SIVmac‐ and SIVsm‐infected macaques provides an opportunity to examine a lentivirus evolving during the early stages of emergence. Using archived samples from four cohorts of macaques, we compared evolution of macaque‐adapted viruses (SIVmac239, SIVmac251) to incompletely‐adapted, “emerging” viruses (SIVsmE543‐3, SIVsmE660). Longitudinal samples included the inoculum for each cohort, as well as acute and chronic time‐points for each animal. Samples were processed for deep sequencing, and consensus sequences of complete viral coding regions were assembled de novo. Based on comparison of viral populations in all four cohorts, we identified nine candidate species‐specific changes in six viral genes, reflecting adaptation of SIVsm to the rhesus macaque host; these included known adaptations to overcome restriction by macaque TRIM5α. Each of the candidate adaptations was introduced singly or in combinations into SIVsmE543‐3 (forward mutations, reflecting adaptation to the macaque host) and SIVmac239 (reversions to the ancestral residue). These were then tested in a multiplex, deep‐sequencing based fitness assay, in which changes in the frequencies of mutant and parental sequences (among sequencing reads) were used to calculate differences in relative fitness. The assay was validated using a known escape mutation to rhesus TRIM5α, which demonstrated a clear fitness advantage over the wild‐type SIVsmE543‐3 in a rhesus T cell line expressing restrictive TRIM5 alleles. Together, these studies represent a novel approach to the identification and characterization of viral determinants of cross‐species transmission.
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CORRELATION BETWEEN HISTORICAL LACK OF MALE CIRCUMCISION AND THE EPIDEMIC EMERGENCE OF HIV‐2 *J. Sousa (1), M. Temudo (2), V. Müller (3), A. Vandamme (4) 1. KU Leuven ‐ University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais and Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Email:
[email protected]. Tel: +3216332160. Fax: +3216332131. Miderbroedersstraat 10, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium. 2. Department of Agriculture, Environment and Development, Tropical Research Institute (IICT), Lisboa, Portugal 3. Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Parmenides Center for the Conceptual Foundations of Science, Pullach/Munich, Germany 4. KU Leuven ‐ University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais and Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Background: Epidemic HIV‐2 emerged in humans twice (groups A and B), both circa 1930. Its closest ancestors are SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys from southwest Ivory Coast. The earliest serological surveys of HIV‐2 in West Africa (1987–91) show a patchy spread with only Ivory Coast and Guinea‐Bissau having mature epidemics by then. Methods: We estimated past male circumcision rates of 209 West African ethnic groups, based on an ethnographic literature review. Uncertainty was incorporated by defining plausible ranges of parameters (e.g. timing of introduction, proportion circumcised). We generated 1000 sets of past circumcision rates per city using Latin Hypercube Sampling with different parameter combinations. We explored the correlation between early HIV‐2 prevalence and estimated circumcision rate (both logit‐transformed). A credible confidence interval for the correlation was constructed using 500 bootstrap replicates. Results: Demographic and Health Surveys show that male circumcision is nowadays almost universal throughout the region. However, our ethnographic review reveals that, in early 20th century,many ethnic groups did not practice it, or did it late in life. Our estimates for circumcision rates in1950 are, for Bissau: 80– 85%; Abidjan: 50–57%; Bouaké: 56–63%; Monrovia: 79–84%; the major cities of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone had >90%. HIV‐2 prevalence in 1987–91 and circumcision rate in 1950 were correlated (r=‐0.463; 95% CI: ‐0.726–‐0.213; p=0.017). In addition, southwestern Ivory Coast and neighboring Liberian areas were inhabited by non‐circumcising ethnic groups (in 1930) heavily exposed to SIVsmm through bushmeat. Conclusions: The differential HIV‐2 spread between West African countries correlates with different historical circumcision rates in their main cities. We suggest HIV‐2 only formed early substantial foci in low circumcision rate cities. Lack of male circumcision in rural areas exposed to bushmeat may have had a role in boosting the chances of successful SIV zoonosis.
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PHYLOGENETICS AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF HIV‐1 SUBTYPE G ENV REVEAL COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS AROUND THE EPICENTRE OF THE HIV‐1 EPIDEMIC M. Tongo (1), R. Essomba (2), F. Nindo (3), F. Abrahams (4), A. Nanfack (5), J. Fokam (6), D. Takou (7), J. Torimiro (8), E. Mpoudi‐Ngole (9), W. Burgers (10), D. Martin (11), *J. Dorfman (12) 1. ICGEB and Univ of Cape Town Div of Immunology 2. ICGEB and Univ of Cape Town Div of Immunology 3. Univ of Cape Town Computational Biology Group 4. ICGEB 5. CIRCB, Yaoundé, Cameroon 6. CIRCB, Yaoundé, Cameroon 7. CIRCB, Yaoundé, Cameroon 8. CIRCB, Yaoundé, Cameroon 9. Institute of Medical Research and Study of Medicinal plants, Yaoundé, Cameroon 10. Univ of Cape Town, Div of Medical Virology 11. Univ of Cape Town, Computational Biology Group 12. ICGEB and Univ of Cape Town Div of Immunology The HIV‐1 subtype G lineage has played a central role in the evolutionary complexity of the HIV‐1M epidemic in central/west Africa. Although originally considered non‐recombinant, it has been proposed that the ancestral subtype G progenitor was the recombinant progeny of a virus related to circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG and an uncharacterised HIV‐1M lineage, with most of its envelope gene (env) derived from the uncharacterised parental lineage. Using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods, we analysed new subtype G env sequences sampled from 8 individuals in Yaoundé, Cameroon during 2007‐2010, together with all publically available full‐length env sequences that had known sampling dates and locations, and were identified as subtype G. We inferred from our analysis that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the analysed subtype G env sequences most likely occurred in Nigeria in ~1962 (HPD interval 1954.6‐1970.4), nominally older than previous estimates. Furthermore, the analysis showed that subtype G env phylogeny has a complex structure including seven distinct lineages, each likely dating back to the 1970s. We detected multiple introductions of subtype G env into Spain/Portugal, but only a single introduction into Cuba. CRF06_cpx env sequences clustered only within the subtype G clade, while CRF25_cpx env sequences were found at the root outside the subtype G clade. This suggests that the CRF06_cpx env could plausibly have been derived through recombination from a subtype G parent, while the CRF25_cpx env was likely derived from an unsampled and possibly extinct HIV‐1M lineage related to the subtype G MRCA. Overall, our analysis involves the most diverse assemblage of HIV‐1M subtype G env sequences yet studied and sheds substantial light on the evolutionary and spatio‐temporal origins of subtype G env sequences that evolved at the epicentre of the HIV‐1 epidemic, and are currently circulating in many different parts of the world.
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ORIGIN OF HIV‐1 GROUP O AND P IN WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS *D. Mirela (1), A. Ayouba (2), A. Esteban (3), G. Learn (4), V. Boué (5), F. Liegeois (6), L. Etienne (7), N. Tagg (8), F. Leendertz (9), C. Boesch (10), N. Madinda (11), M. Robbins (12), M. Gray (13), A. Cournil (14), M. Ooms (15), M. Letko (16), V. Simon (17), P. Sharp (18), B. Hahn (19), E. Delaporte (20), E. Mpoudi Ngole (21), M. Peeters (22) 1. UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, 34394 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Human Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949‐570 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil HIV‐1 groups M, N, O and P, each resulted from an independent cross‐species transmission event of SIVs infecting African apes. While groups M and N have been traced to distinct chimpanzee communities in south‐central and south‐eastern Cameroon, the ape reservoirs of groups O and P remained unknown.Fecal samples from western lowland gorillas (n=2,611) in southern Cameroon and northern Gabon, eastern lowland gorillas (n=103) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and mountain gorillas (n=218) from Uganda and DRC were screened for SIVgor specific antibodies and nucleic acids. SIVgor was only identified at four sites in southern Cameroon with prevalence rates ranging from 0.8% to 22%. Partial and full‐length SIVgor sequences revealed extensive genetic diversity and indicated that a single chimpanzee‐to‐gorilla transmission is at the origin of the SIVgor lineage. Full‐length genome sequences identified two new SIVgor strains from south‐west Cameroon closely related to HIV‐1 P across the entire genome and one SIVgor strain from central Cameroon was very closely related to HIV‐1 group O across most of its genome. Functional analyses identified APOBEC3G as a likely barrier for chimpanzee‐to‐gorilla, but not gorilla‐to‐human, virus transmission. SIVgor is thus at the origin of HIV‐1 groups O and P in humans. Group P has only been detected in two individuals, but group O has spread extensively throughout west central Africa and is estimated to have infected around 100,000 people. Thus, both chimpanzees and gorillas harbor viruses that are capable of crossing the species barrier to humans and causing major disease outbreaks.
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USING DEEP SEQUENCING TO REVEAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF HIV‐1 POPULATIONS WITHIN THE BODY S. Joseph (1), S. Zhou (2), *R. Swanstrom (3) UNC Chapel Hill Deep sequencing has the potential to identify minor variants within a population. However, it can also be used to identify minor variants between populations. We have developed an amplicon spanning the V1 to V3 region of the HIV‐1 env gene and used it for paired‐end sequencing with the MiSeq platform. Paired‐end reads allow reading of V1 and V2 and the linked C2 and V3 region, although the reads do not overlap within C2 leaving a small gap. We have also used the Primer ID template tag to enumerate the exact number of viral genomes sampled, and by accounting for PCR resampling we are able to build template consensus sequences that reduce the overall error rate to 1 in 10,000 nucleotides (essentially the error of RT in the first cDNA synthesis step). We have used this approach to compare viral populations in the blood and CSF from subjects across a wide range of disease states. Because of its enhanced sampling the deep sequencing approach has greater sensitivity of detecting minor variants compared to single genome amplification (SGA) in head‐to‐head comparisons. Compartmentalized variants are readily detected in a significant number of subjects across disease states. Thus deep sequencing provides a new look at the compartmentalization of viral populations, identifying independently replicating pools of virus, with a dramatically increased level of sensitivity.
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SEQUENCE SPACE EXPLORATION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF HIV‐1 QUASISPECIES F. Zanini (1), J. Albert (2), *R. Neher (3) 1. MPI for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany 2. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 3. MPI for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany During an untreated chronic infection, HIV‐1 accumulates many mutations and expands into a genetically diverse population. Using longitudinal deep sequencing data on 11 untreated patients, we characterized the genome wide dynamics and composition of HIV‐1 quasispecies. We show that HIV‐1 populations explore sequence space in a stereotypic and predictable manner. By analyzing the accumulation of minor variants, we link conservation in cross‐sectional sequence alignments to fitness costs of mutations within patients. Through extrapolation of mutation accumulation from conserved to neutral sites, we estimate the in vivo mutation rate matrix of HIV‐1 and find close agreement with previous in vitro measurements (Abram et al. 2010). While low frequency variation is similar among patients, substitutions and adaptation are mostly patient specific. We further show that the dynamics of single nucleotide variants is dominated by hitch‐hiking and linked selection. Variants closer than 300 bp are not efficiently shuffled by recombination and influence each other. Standard neutral coalescent models are inconsistent with the observed diversity and dynamics. Alternative null models builton the premise of abundant fitness variation, however, describe the data well.
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PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF HIV‐1 IN A LONG TERM EXPERIMENT *F. Bertels (1), C. Leemann (2), K. Metzner (3), R. Regoes (4) 1. Department for Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 2. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and Insitute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich 3. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and Insitute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich 4. Department for Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich Observing the evolution of organisms in a constant environment over long periods of time has been a successful strategy to investigate fundamental evolutionary questions. A particularly interesting question is to which extent evolution is predictable or repeatable. This has been studied for various bacteria and viruses. For HIV‐1 parallel evolution has been observed under drug treatment in multiple studies, but the repeatability of HIV‐1 evolution in the absence of drugs has not been studied systematically yet. To investigate HIV‐1 parallel evolution in a tightly controlled experiment, we passaged HIV‐1 NL4‐3 for almost one year in two different human T‐cell lines (MT2 and MT4) in two replicates each. For each of the four replicate lines, we sequenced the entire HIV‐1 genome at five longitudinal time points by next‐generation sequencing to track the evolution of HIV‐1. Over the course of our experiment we observed an astonishing amount of parallel evolution: about 50% of the identified mutations emerged in more than one population. Additionally when we attempted to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree from the consensus sequences, the genealogy could not be recovered. Instead the sequences clustered by the environment they evolved in. This pronounced parallelism confounds any inference drawn from viral sequences that is based on the assumption of neutral evolution. This has far reaching consequences especially for the application of phylogenetic methods. In particular this makes it very challenging to correctly identify transmission pairs from HIV‐1 phylogenies for the extent of parallel evolution we observe in our experiment.
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PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION OF VIRAL QUASISPECIES DYNAMICS *V. Boskova (1), T. Stadler (2) Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland Especially in fast evolving and reproducing populations such as RNA viruses, the population of sequences present in one host at a time is often very rich but also very repetitive. Deep‐sequencing approaches allow for quantification of sequences and their diversity. The amount of sequences from such sequencing efforts represents a computational overload for current phylodynamic and phylogenetic model implementations in full Bayesian framework. Heuristic approaches aimed at reducing the computational burden apply the inference models only to the unique sequences, i.e. ignoring frequencies of the different sequences and instead assuming each one occurs only once, or to only a random subsample of the full dataset. We set out to investigate these heuristics in terms of how much loss of information on dynamic properties of the process occurs. Based on the identified drawbacks of the heuristics, we propose a new tool for efficient reconstruction of viral epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics from full quasispecies datasets. The framework involves first reconstructing the haplotypes and their frequencies within the quasispecies from the raw reads. Phylogenetic analyses are then performed on the haplotype alignment and the frequency information. Use of such complete datasets should lead to a more complete picture of pathogen dynamics, insight into transmission bottlenecks, and in more reliable parameter estimation.
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RECOMBINATION FACILITATES SURVIVAL OF LATENT HIV‐1 LINEAGES IN PRODUCTIVELY INFECTED CELLS *T. Immonen (1), J. Conway (2), E. Romero‐Severson (3), A. Perelson (4), T. Leitner (5) 1. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America 2. Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America 3. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America 4. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America 5. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America HIV‐1 is subject to immune pressure exerted by the host, giving variants that escape the immune response an advantage. Virus released from activated latent cells compete against variants that have continually evolved and adapted to host immune pressure. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that latent virus lineages survive in patient plasma despite their reduced fitness due to long‐term immune memory. We investigated the survival of latent lineages by simulating within‐host HIV‐1 sequence evolution and the cycling of viral lineages in and out of the latent reservoir. Our model incorporates a detailed mutation process including nucleotide substitutions, recombination, latent reservoir dynamics, diversifying selection pressure driven by the immune response, and purifying selection pressure due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations. We evaluated the ability of our model to capture sequence evolution in vivo by comparing our simulated sequences to HIV‐1 sequence data from 16 HIV‐infected untreated patients. Empirical sequence divergence and diversity measures were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those of our simulated HIV‐1 populations, suggesting that our model invokes realistic trends of HIV‐1 genetic evolution. Moreover, reconstructed phylogenies of simulated and patient HIV‐1 populations showed similar topological structures. We found that the key mechanism allowing latent lineages to survive in the productively infected cell population was recombination with already successfully replicating virus. Recombination increased the survival probability of latent lineages approximately 20‐fold. Prevalence of latent lineages in the productively infected cells was observed in only 2% of simulations when we ignored recombination, while the proportion increased to 38% of simulations when we allowed recombination. Comparing simulations with low and high prevalence of latent forms in productively infected cells further showed that latency reduced sequence divergence and increased diversity. * Tel: 505‐606‐0074; Fax: 505‐665‐3493; E‐mail:
[email protected]
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WHOLE‐GENOME DEEP SEQUENCING OF LONGITUDINAL SAMPLES FROM HIV‐1 PATIENTS FOLLOWED FROM EARLY INTO CHRONIC INFECTION F. Zanini (1), J. Brodin (2), L. Thebo (3), C. Lanz (4), R. Neher (5),*J. Albert (6) 1. Max Plank Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany 2. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 3. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 4. Max Plank Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany 5. Max Plank Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany 6. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden We extracted viral RNA from frozen serum samples from 11 untreated HIV patients, with approximately 8 time points per patient, spanning at least five years from an established time of infection. We developed a protocol for whole‐genome sequencing using six overlapping primer sets. Primers were designed to ensure unbiased and sensitive amplification of unknown HIV templates representing all major subtypes. We optimized the library preparation protocol to obtain long inserts starting from less than 1 ng of DNA and sequenced all samples on the Illumina MiSeq platform, obtaining around 10,000x coverage. We are able to call minor alleles as rare as 0.2% in the viral population and preserve linkage information over 500 bp. This deep whole genome data set covering many years in 11 patients provides a comprehensive portrait of HIV‐1 intra‐patient evolution that should be suitable for many different types of analyses. We are planning to release the dataset soon and will in addition to raw reads provide pre‐analyzed data such as consensus sequences, minor single nucleotide variant frequencies and tools to extract haplotypes up to 500 bp in length in most regions of the HIV‐1 genome.
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TOWARDS EMPIRICALLY‐DERIVED SEQUENCE SPACE AND FITNESS LANDSCAPES OCCUPIED BY RNA VIRUSES G. Moratorio (1), A. Bordería (2), R. Henningsson (3), H. Blanc (4), M. Fontes (5), *M. Vignuzzi (6) 1. Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France 2. Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France 3. Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France 4. Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France 5. Department of Mathematical Science, Lund University, Sweden and Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France 6. Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France The very high dimensionality of the sequence space explored by even simple organisms makes it challenging to study and understand, and further complicates generating empirical fitness landscapes occupied by them. Due to their high mutation rates, RNA viruses rapidly generate swarms of closely related genotypes as they attempt to explore sequence space, and constitute excellent models to study populations evolve in fitness landscapes. We are attempting to generate empirically‐derived fitness landscapes by altering the sequence space of a model RNA virus, Coxsackie virus B3, and examining its position and evolution on fitness peaks. Based on the potential effect of point mutations, the six synonymous codons for Leucine and for Serine were classified into three groups (‘1 to Stop’, only one point mutation required to introduce a stop codon; ‘More‐V’, more volatile, one mutation changes the amino‐acid to one with different properties, and ‘Less‐V’, less volatile, higher likelihood to be a silent mutation or to maintain close physico‐chemical properties). By reverse genetics, we replaced all 100 Leu/Ser codons within the P1 region (structural protein) by one of these three groups to generate Synthetic Synonymous (SynSyn) viruses ‐ to present the same amino acid sequence but different nucleotide sequences. The evolvability of the SynSyn viruses were evaluated by deep sequencing tissue culture samples passaged under normal and mutagenic conditions, as well as in a mouse model. Highly quantitative fitness values were also obtained for each sample. We show how a combination of biological knowledge and mathematical tools (PCA, Isomap, etc.) can unveil structure in sequence space and provide a lower‐dimensional representation preserving structure while removing noise. This low‐dimensional representation is useful for visualization, but also as a basis for further analysis. Incorporating fitness values attained from competition assays, we reconstruct empirical fitness landscapes by means of interpolation. The validity of the empirical fitness landscape model is investigated experimentally by predicting the fitness of a sample, given its position in sequence space. Additionally, we show that SynSyn viruses with different 'starting points' in sequence space on the same fitness landscape undertake different evolutionary trajectories. Our data constitutes a first step in accurately characterizing virus evolution in terms of sequence space and fitness landscapes.
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EXTREME HETEROGENEITY IN GENETIC DIVERSITY AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION FOUND IN CHRONIC HCV INFECTION *J. Raghwani (1), R. Rose (2), I. Sheridan (3), P. Lemey (4), M. Suchard (5), P. Farci (6), P. Klenerman (7), O. Pybus (8) 1. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK 2. BioInfoExperts, Thibodeaux, LA, USA 3. Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4. Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 5. Departments of Biomathematics, Biostatistics, Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 6. Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 7. Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK In contrast to most fast‐evolving RNA viruses, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause both acute and chronic infection in humans, with viral clearance occurring in 15 to 20% of cases. However, in the majority of HCV patients that become chronically infected, the liver is expected to develop cirrhosis, cancer, and other related diseases. In recent years there has been great progress made in treatment of HCV, with the newly approved direct‐acting antiviral drugs being reported to clear the virus successfully in 70% of patients. However, despite the clinical and scientific achievements, our understanding of HCV replication behaviour and thus of the within‐host evolution is limited, especially compared to HIV. In this study, we undertake the first comprehensive analysis of HCV evolutionary dynamics during chronic infection by quantifying viral diversity and divergence through time. We investigate more than 4000 viral gene sequences obtained from 15 HCV patients, which have been sampled longitudinally over several years. These results are compared to those of 9 well‐studied HIV subjects, which indicate key differences in these two chronically infectious RNA viruses. Notably, a significant degree of heterogeneity is observed in the molecular evolution and population genetic diversity in HCV, both among patients and over time, strongly suggesting the presence of complex replication dynamics. As a consequence, we suggest a novel mechanism by which HCV establishes chronic infection that can explain apparent paradoxes in the natural history of this virus.
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PACBIO SINGLE MOLECULE REAL TIME SEQUENCING OF THE HCV ENVELOPE DIVERSITY FROM EARLY ACUTE INFECTION TO CHRONICITY C. Ho (1), J. Raghwani (2), S. Koekkoek (3), M. de Jong (4), O. Pybus (5), R. Molenkamp (6), J. Schinkel (7) 1. AMC 2. University of Oxford 3. AMC 4. AMC 5. University of Oxford 6. AMC 7. AMC Deep sequencing has revolutionized the study of heterogeneous RNA virus populations, but for phylogenetic studies longer sequence length and low error rates are desired. The Pacific Biosciences Single Molecule, Real Time (SMRT) sequencing provides long reads and circular consensus sequences (CCS) improves accuracy. We investigated the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope (E1E2, 1680 bp) evolution in five subjects with incident infection who progressed to chronicity using Pacbio sequencing. The five subjects were infected with closely related HCV genotype 4d variants and coinfected with HIV‐1. Four subjects were men who have sex with men (MSM) and the 5th subject was the female partner of one of the MSM. Fifty samples, collected between 2001‐2013, were SMRT sequenced. The sequencing error at 7 CCS full passes was 0.37% with insertions as the main type of error (0.24%), followed by deletions (0.11%). Mismatches were surprisingly low (0.02%). The median coverage at 7 full passes was 612 CCS reads/sample (range 149‐935). Prior to phylogenetic analysis, insertions with respect to a sample specific reference sequence were removed. Neighbor Joining phylogenies revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between the four MSM at early time points, and the transmission event from one MSM to the female subject. Intra‐host phylogenies of reads sampled early during infection imply that a single founder virus established infection in all five subjects This finding was supported by the low genetic diversity observed at these early time points. The increase in diversity coincided with progression to chronicity and the emergence of multiple co‐existing lineages. Changes in the genetic diversity during chronic infection corresponded with a non‐ladder like phylogeny. SMRT sequencing is able to combine great coverage with long reads and can provide rich insights into HCV dynamics from transmission bottlenecks to long‐term chronic infection.
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DYNAMICS OF CTL ESCAPE DURING EARLY ACUTE HIV‐1 INFECTION REVEALED BY DENSE TEMPORAL SAMPLING AND TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING *S. Leviyang (1), G. Kijak (2), E. Sanders‐Buell (3), M. Eller (4), N. Goonetilleke (5), M. Rolland (6), M. (7), R. Thomas (8), E. Harbolick (9), M. Bose (10), P. Pham (11), C. Oropeza (12), K. Poltavee (13), A. O’Sullivan (14), R. Ribeiro (15), A. Perelson (16), G. Shaw (17), L. Eller (18), R. O’Connell (19), N. Michael (20), M. Robb (21), S. Tovanabutra (22), J. Kim (23) 1. Georgetown University Background HIV‐1 evolution associated with CTL pressure has been typically observed after peak viral load (VL), however, sampling limitations of CTL response and viral escape may confound our understanding of this complex interaction. Earlier and deeper characterization of viral sequences at locations targeted by CTL may clarify the factors shaping peak VL and viral decline, with implications for pathogenesis and vaccine design. Methods Using data from the RV217 cohort that include twice‐weekly sampling starting 4‐8 days prior to peak VL and continuing past VL downslope, and HIV‐1 targeted deep sequencing, we examined initial viral diversity at multiple time points in regions targeted by CTL. This data was used to reconstruct the dynamics of CTL escape and changes in the growth rates of wild type and CTL‐escape variants. Results We found that CTL escape can emerge at peak VL, with CTL‐mediated selection initiating ~1 week prior to peak VL. We measured CTL escape rates of ~0.9 day‐1, exceeding current estimates of ~0.4 day‐1 (Goonetilleke,2009), and supporting a potent early CTL response. We observed differences in the slope of VL decline depending on the presence or absence of CTL escape, suggesting that CTL escape contributes to the VL profile. The growth rates of CTL‐escape variants were relatively high, ~0.7 day‐1, and did not differ between participants who exhibited CTL escape near peak VL compared to individuals that developed escape later during VL decline, suggesting that target‐cell limitation was not responsible for VL control during those times. Conclusions Using a novel combination of early detection of infection, frequent sampling, and deep sequencing, we showed that CTL response can occur earlier and with greater potency than previously observed, and plays a role in shaping the VL profile during early acute infection. This information is important for modeling of early HIV‐1 pathogenesis and vaccine design.
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NO EVIDENCE OF STRONGER NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN RV144 BREAKTHROUGH VACCINE RECIPIENTS TWO TO THREE YEARS AFTER HIV INFECTION S. Krebs (1), S. Tovanabutra (2), G. Donofrio (3), E. Sanders‐Buell (4), S. Miller (5), M. Bose (6), K. Poltavee (7), H. Zhao (8), K. Wong (9), A. O'Sullivan (10), J. Lee (11), B. Ahani (12), S. Muhammad (13), S. LePore (14), C. Oropeza (15), A. Chenine (16), V. Polonis (17), S. Rerks‐Ngarm (18), R. Paris (19), P. Edlefsen (20), P. Gilbert (21), M. Robb (22), N. Michael (23), J. Mullins (24), J. Kim (25), *M. Rolland (26) MHRP/HJF, Bethesda, MD, USA The RV144 vaccine efficacy trial showed a reduction in HIV infections that associated with stronger binding ‐but not neutralizing‐ antibody responses against Env‐V2. Here we investigated the impact of vaccination on HIV evolution and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses elicited after infection.Env genes from HIV breakthrough infections were sequenced following endpoint‐dilution PCR amplification from plasma. Treatment‐naive sera samples were tested against 35 viruses (HIV‐1 subtypes A/B/C/D/CRF01_AE/CRF02_AG) using a high‐throughput robotic microneutralization assay.Neutralization assays performed using sera from 31 vaccine and 49 placebo recipients about three years post‐HIV diagnosis showed that one vaccinee and eight placebo recipients neutralized >70% of the panel, noting that this vaccinee had only received one of the six RV144 immunizations. Analysis of 41 subjects tested at later times (>1086 days) revealed a trend toward less breadth in vaccinees compared to placebo recipients (median: V=34, P=49, p=0.12). Next, we analyzed 2,247 env sequences obtained from 28 vaccine and 45 placebo recipients at HIV diagnosis and six months later. Intra‐host env diversity tended to be lower among sequences from vaccinees at HIV diagnosis (p=0.07), but not six months later (p=0.52). There was no evidence for vaccine/placebo differences in the diversification of env (p=0.50) or in the number of selected sites (p≥0.34). In addition, the divergence calculated from the vaccine insert sequences showed no vaccine/placebo difference (p≥0.38).In summary, we found no evidence that vaccination intensified the development of NAb responses in breakthrough vaccinees, suggesting that vaccine‐induced immune responses were too weak to exert a sustained genetic pressure on env or to prime for stronger NAb responses post‐infection. The limited NAb responses among vaccinees could reflect that the vaccine selected out intrinsically good humoral responders, i.e., those experiencing vaccine breakthrough were poor responders to vaccination and may also be impaired in their ability to mount Nabs upon natural infection.
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ASSESSING THE PROPENSITY OF HIV‐1 TO EVOLVE ANTIBODY ESCAPE VARIANTS DURING FREE VIRUS AND CELL‐CELL TRANSMISSION *C. Magnus (1), L. Reh (2), J. Weber (3), T. Uhr (4), P. Rusert (5), A. Trkola (6) Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) can infect target cells via two distinct routes: (i) free virus transmission: free virions can enter and infect target cells and (ii) cell‐cell transmission: virions can be transmitted directly from infected to uninfected cells via narrow range connections between cells, such as the virological synapse. Cell‐cell transmission has been shown to be less sensitive to neutralizing antibodies. Here we investigate if this increases the chances of viral escape variants to evolve as a response to selective pressure induced by neutralizing antibodies. To study whether one transmission route favors the occurrence of viral escape variants, we measured virus inhibition by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in experimental settings that either only allows for free virus or cell‐cell transmission to occur. Based on the information on the inhibitory potential in the two transmission modes, we developed a model that allows us to compare the probabilities that an escape variant arises in either transmission setting for each antibody‐virus pair measured. We further determined the mutant selection windows for bnAbs PGT121 and PG128 using a neutralization escape mutant and the matching wildtype virus.We find strong evidence that the cell‐cell transmission route serves as a rescue pathway for virus transmission because escape variants can evolve over substantially wider antibody concentration ranges via this route. Knowledge on which infection route is more prone to evolution of escape variants opens possibilities to tailor future intervention strategies that directly target both transmission routes reducing the chances for escape mutants to occur.
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THE ROLE OF TRANSMITTED AND DE NOVO CELLULAR IMMUNE ESCAPE IN HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION J. Carlson (1), V. Du (2), N. Pfeifer (3), C. Brumme (4), M. Schaefer (5), R. Shapiro (6), S. Frater (7), S. Mallal (8), M. John (9), T. Ndung'u (10), P. Goulder (11), T. Allen (12), E. Hunter (13), P. Goepfert (14) 1. Microsoft Research, 2. U of Alabama at Birmingham, 3. Max Plank Institute 4. U. of British Columbia, 5. Emory, 6. Beth Israel Deaconess MC, 7. Oxford, 8. Vanderbilt 9. Murdoch U., 10. U. of KwaZulu‐Natal, 11. Oxford, 12. Ragon Institute, 13. Emory 14. U. of Alabama at Birmingham The extent of HIV intra‐ and inter‐host adaptation to the HLA‐mediated immune response remains a central challenge for HIV vaccine design, as transmitted and de novo HLA escape mutations may compromise vaccine efficacy and reduce the level of protection conferred by certain HLA alleles. One strategy is to vaccinate against escaped epitopes, though it is unclear whether such epitopes can elicit effective immune responses. We developed a probabilistic model of sequence evolution, trained on >4,000 HIV sequences with matched HLA types, that yields a natural metric of the extent of HLA‐specific adaptation. Adaptation of an individual’s autologous sequence to their HLA alleles was strongly associated with VL and CD4 counts in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal early infection cohorts, confirming the role autologous adaptation plays in disease progression and validating our models. Within transmission pairs, the extent to which the donors’ Gag, Pol and Nef sequences were “pre‐adapted” to the recipients’ HLA alleles predicted recipient VL 24 months post infection (Spearman’s rho =0.27, p=0.004, N=113) and time to CD498% of HIV‐1 group M sequences. These sequences were primarily located at p24 multimerization interfaces. By analogy to HIV, similar vectors were developed for SIV p27gag. Naïve and infected macaques with low or undetectable viral loads were immunized with DNA encoding CE alone or in prime‐boost regimens using in addition DNA encoding the complete Gag. All CE DNA‐vaccinated macaques developed robust CE–specific T cell and humoral immune responses. In contrast, upon repeated vaccination with HIV or SIV full‐length gag DNA, only half of the animals developed T cell immunity targeting any of the CE. However, gag DNA vaccination significantly boosted the magnitude and breadth of preexisting CE T cell and antibody responses. CE immunogens also induced qualitatively different responses, with CE alone inducing multifunctional responses. Thus CE vaccines induce broad responses to vulnerable sites of the virus while avoiding “decoy” targets that divert effective T cell responses towards less protective epitopes. Our prime‐boost approach provides a novel strategy to increase the magnitude and breadth of cellular and humoral immunity.
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CARD‐SGS REVEALS PERSISTENT EXPRESSION OF HIV‐1 RNA IN CLONALLY EXPANDED HIV‐INFECTED CELLS DURING ART J. Spindler (1), A. Wiegand (2), N. Johnson (3), W. Shao (4), F. Hong (5), A. Cillo (6), E. Halves (7), E. Fyne (8), J. Coffin (9), J. Mellors (10), *M. Kearney (11) 1. HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 2. HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 3. HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 4. Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos, Frederick, MD 5. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 6. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 7. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 8. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 9. Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston MA 10. 3Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 11. HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD Background: Little is known about the expression of HIV‐1 proviruses in cell populations that persist during ART. Single‐genome sequencing (SGS) of HIV‐1 cell‐associated RNA and DNA (CARD) can characterize the diversity and distribution of the expressing and total infected cell populations. Here, we used CARD‐SGS to assess the genetics of HIV‐1 in longitudinal blood samples from patients on suppressive ART. Methods: HIV‐1 CARD was extracted from 4‐8 aliquots of