Goal : Given its name, write its correct symbol; from the symbol. Write the correct name.

Chapter 4

Lecture Presentation

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

periodic table.

ƒ are listed on the

from which all other things are built.

ƒ are pure substances

Elements:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ 4.8 – Trends in Periodic Properties

ƒ 4.7 – Electron Configurations

ƒ 4.6 – Electron Energy Levels

ƒ 4.5 – Isotopes and Atomic Mass

ƒ 4.4 – Atomic Number and Mass Number

ƒ 4.3 – The Atom

ƒ 4.2 – The Periodic Table

ƒ 4.1 – Elements and Symbols

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Element names come from planets, mythological figures, minerals, colors, geographic locations, and famous people.

Two-Letter Symbols Co cobalt Ca calcium Al aluminum Mg magnesium

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

E. nitrogen

D. zinc

C. magnesium

B. iron

A. iodine

Write the correct chemical symbols for each of the following elements:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

One-Letter Symbols C carbon N nitrogen F fluorine O oxygen

• represent the names of the elements. • consist of one to two letters and start with a capital letter.

Chemical symbols

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Carbon, C

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Mercury contamination comes from • industrial wastes. • fish and seafood. • batteries. • compact fluorescent bulbs.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

E. K

D. H

C. Mn

B. Al

A. P

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Fish absorb mercury. Big fish eat lots of small fish, end up with more mercury. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Give the names of the elements with the following symbols:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ 4.8 – Trends in Periodic Properties

ƒ 4.7 – Electron Configurations

ƒ 4.6 – Electron Energy Levels

ƒ 4.5 – Isotopes and Atomic Mass

ƒ 4.4 – Atomic Number and Mass Number

ƒ 4.3 – The Atom

ƒ 4.2 – The Periodic Table

ƒ 4.1 – Elements and Symbols

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ Decrease physical development

ƒ Cause mental retardation

ƒ Damage the brain and kidneys

proteins, disrupts cell function. Long-term exposure can

ƒ Once mercury has entered the body, it destroys

ƒ ingestion of water or food contaminated with mercury

ƒ contact with the skin

ƒ mercury vapor inhalation

ƒ Can enter the body by:

temperature.

ƒ Is a silvery, shiny element that is liquid at room

ƒ Mercury (Hg)

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

and horizontal rows represent periods.

Vertical columns represent groups of elements

according to properties.

ƒ elements are arranged

In the periodic table,

Groups and Periods

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Goal : Use the periodic table to identify the group and the period of an element; identify the element as a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Periods are numbered 1-7

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Group numbers are written at the top of each vertical column (1-18).

Groups and Periods

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

The periodic table organizes 118 elements into groups with similar properties and places them in order of increasing atomic mass.

The Periodic Table

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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Metalloids, located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table exhibit properties of metals and nonmetals. • are better conductors than nonmetals but not as good as metals. • are used as semiconductors and insulators, because they can be modified to function as conductors or insulators. Antimony (metalloid)

Silver (Metal)

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Sulfur (nonmetal)

Characteristics of Metalloids

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

The heavy zigzag line separates metals and nonmetals. • Metals are located to the left. • Nonmetals are located to the right. • Metalloids are located along the heavy zigzag line.

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Antimony (metalloid)

Silver (Metal)

Sulfur (nonmetal)

gasses at room temp.)

ƒ Low densities (many are

ƒ Low melting points

ƒ Poor conductors

ƒ Not malleable

ƒ Not ductile

ƒ brittle

ƒ Dull (not shiny / )

Nonmetals

Metalloids have a combination of metal and nonmetal properties.

ƒ High melting points

ƒ Good conductors

flat into sheets)

ƒ Malleable (hammered

wires)

ƒ Ductile (shaped into

ƒ Shiny!

ƒ Exception: mercury

ƒ Solid at room temp

Metals

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Group Names

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Identify each of the following elements as a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid: A. sodium B. chlorine C. silicon D. iron E. carbon

Study Check

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sn, Pb, C, Si, Ge

metals in Group 14

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Group 1, the alkali metals, includes the following: • lithium (Li) • sodium (Na) • potassium (K) • rubidium (Rb) • cesium (Cs) • Francium (Fr)

Alkali Metals

A.

List all of the elements that match the description.

Study Check C.

B.

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vigorously with water!

ƒ React

points

ƒ Low melting

conductors

ƒ Good

ƒ Shiny

ƒ Soft

C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

metalloids in Group 14

Bi, N, P, As, Sb

nonmetals in Group 15

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ Radon (Rn)

ƒ Xenon (Xe)

ƒ Krypton (Kr)

ƒ Argon (Ar)

ƒ Neon (Ne)

ƒ Helium (He)

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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

3. Group 15, Period 2

2. Group 2, Period 3

1. Group 17, Period 4

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Identify the element described by each of the following groups and periods:

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Group 18, the noble gases, include:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Study Check

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Noble Gases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Group 17, the halogens, includes the following: • fluorine (F) • chlorine (Cl) • bromine (Br) • iodine (I) • astatine (At)

Group 2 elements, the alkaline earth metals, are shiny but not as reactive as Group 1A metals. They include the following: • beryllium (Be) • magnesium (Mg) • calcium (Ca) • strontium (Sr) • barium (Ba) • radium (Ra) Strontium gives the red color in fireworks.

Halogens

Alkaline Earth Metals

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Goal : Describe the electrical charge and location in an atom for a proton, a neutron, and an electron

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Of all the elements, 23 are essential for the well-being and survival of the human body.

FYI: Elements Essential to Health

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Aluminum foil contains atoms of aluminum.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.

The Atom

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ 4.8 – Trends in Periodic Properties

ƒ 4.7 – Electron Configurations

ƒ 4.6 – Electron Energy Levels

ƒ 4.5 – Isotopes and Atomic Mass

ƒ 4.4 – Atomic Number and Mass Number

ƒ 4.3 – The Atom

ƒ 4.2 – The Periodic Table

ƒ 4.1 – Elements and Symbols

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Electrons – negative charge

Neutrons – neutral

Protons – positive charge

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ƒ electrons that occupy a large, empty space around the nucleus.

ƒ a nucleus, located in the center of the atom, that contains protons and neutrons and represents most of the mass of an atom.

An atom consists of

Structure of the Atom

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

• Electrons

• Neutrons

• Protons

Atoms contain the following subatomic particles:

Atoms are made of subatomic particles

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

In an atom, the protons and neutrons that make up almost all the mass are packed into the tiny volume of the nucleus. The rapidly moving electrons (negative charge) surround the nucleus and account for the large volume of the atom.

Structure of the Atom

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

• electrons have a negative (-) charge

• neutrons have no charge (neutral)

• protons have a positive (+) charge

Atoms contain the following subatomic particles:

Atoms are made of subatomic particles

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ƒ If a proton has a mass of 1.67 x 10-27 kg, what is its mass in amu?

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Atoms are never created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

• chemists use a very small unit of mass called the atomic mass unit (amu).

• are tiny particles of matter. • of an element are similar to each other and different from those of other elements. • of two or more different elements combine to form compounds. • are rearranged to form new combinations in a chemical reaction.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Protons and neutrons have a very small mass. Electrons are 1800 times smaller than protons and neutrons.

Subatomic Particles in the Atom

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

• 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27kg • Electrons have such a small mass that they are not included in the mass of an atom.

• 1 amu has a mass equal to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon-12 atom that contains six protons and six neutrons. • 1 amu = 1 Dalton (Da) in biology.

Because the mass of subatomic particles are so small,

Mass of the Atom

In Dalton䇻s atomic theory, atoms

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

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Goal : Given the atomic number and the mass number of an atom, state the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

A. found outside the nucleus B. have a positive charge C. have mass but no charge

protons, neutrons, or electrons

Which of the following subatomic particles fits each of the descriptions below?

Study Check

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

periodic table.

• Appears above the symbol of an element in the

• The same for all atoms of an element

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in an atom (and is always a whole number).

Each element is assigned an atomic number.

Atomic Number

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ 4.8 – Trends in Periodic Properties

ƒ 4.7 – Electron Configurations

ƒ 4.6 – Electron Energy Levels

ƒ 4.5 – Isotopes and Atomic Mass

ƒ 4.4 – Atomic Number and Mass Number

ƒ 4.3 – The Atom

ƒ 4.2 – The Periodic Table

ƒ 4.1 – Elements and Symbols

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

13 protons (13+) + 13 electrons (13–) = 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aluminum has 13 protons and 13 electrons. The net (overall) charge is zero.

number of protons = number of electrons

Atomic Number

Protons

Electrons

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

N Zn S

Element

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Use the periodic table to fill in the atomic number, number of protons, and number of electrons for each of the following elements:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

For neutral atoms, the net charge is zero.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Study Check

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

All atoms of lithium (left) contain three protons, and all atoms of carbon (right) contain six protons.

Atomic Number - example

Atoms are Neutral

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ the atomic number of Cu is 29; every Cu atom has 29 protons.

ƒ the atomic number of C is 6; every C atom has six protons.

ƒ the atomic number of H is 1; every H atom has one proton.

Atomic number = number of protons

Atomic Number - examples

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

C. How many electrons are in the atom?

C. How many electrons are in the atom?

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

B. How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

B. How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A. How many protons are in the nucleus?

A. How many protons are in the nucleus?

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

An atom of titanium (Ti) has a mass number of 44.

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An atom of lead (Pb) has a mass number of 207.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Study Check

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Number of electrons = charge – number of protons

Charge of atom = Number of electrons + Number of protons

Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number

Study Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

• does not appear in the periodic table.

• is always a whole number.

• is equal to the number of protons + the number of neutrons.

Number of protons + neutrons = mass number

Number of protons = atomic number

The mass number

• represents the number of particles in the nucleus.

Study Tips

Mass Number

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

• can be distinguished by their atomic symbols.

• (different mass numbers)

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

O

31 15

P

Zn

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

65 30

Given the atomic symbols, determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Isotopes • are atoms of the same element. • have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

16 8

Atomic Symbols: Subatomic Particles

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Goal : Determine the number or protons, electrons, and neutrons in one or more of the isotopes of an element; calculate the atomic mass of an element using the percent abundance and mass of its naturally occurring isotopes.

Isotopes

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ 4.8 – Trends in Periodic Properties

ƒ 4.7 – Electron Configurations

ƒ 4.6 – Electron Energy Levels

ƒ 4.5 – Isotopes and Atomic Mass

ƒ 4.4 – Atomic Number and Mass Number

ƒ 4.3 – The Atom

ƒ 4.2 – The Periodic Table

ƒ 4.1 – Elements and Symbols

X

15 7

X

12 6

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

15 8

A

X

B

14 6

X

15 7

16 8

X

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X

C

2. Which of the pairs below have the same number of neutrons?

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

These isotopes are called “naturally occurring.”

has to be made in a lab.

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So chlorine has 2 naturally occurring isotopes.

36Cl

Only 35Cl and 37Cl happen naturally.

Chlorine has 3 isotopes: 35Cl 36Cl 37Cl

Most elements have several isotopes that occur in nature (vs. made in a lab.)

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1. Which of the pairs below are isotopes of the same element?

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Naturally Occurring Isotopes

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C. 47 protons 60 neutrons 47 electrons

Study Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

8 electrons

B. 17 protons 20 neutrons 17 electrons

8 neutrons

Write the atomic symbols for atoms with the following subatomic particles:

Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes: 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of the three isotopes. A. 8 protons

Study Check

Study Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Magnesium, with three naturally occurring isotopes, has an atomic mass of 24.31 amu.

Isotopes of Magnesium

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Chlorine, with two naturally occurring isotopes, has an atomic mass of 35.45 amu.

table below the chemical symbol.

ƒ number on the periodic

naturally occurring isotopes of that element.

ƒ weighted average of all

Atomic mass is the

Atomic Mass

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Magnesium’s atomic mass: 24.31 amu.

Isotopes of Magnesium

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Calculating Atomic Mass

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atomic Mass of Some Elements

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ sum the total mass of all isotopes.

atomic mass of that isotope.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ƒ multiply the percent abundance (divided by 100) by the

the element.

ƒ use the experimental percent abundance of each isotope of

To calculate atomic mass,

Calculating Atomic Mass

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

ƒ 4.8 – Trends in Periodic Properties

ƒ 4.7 – Electron Configurations

ƒ 4.6 – Electron Energy Levels

ƒ 4.5 – Isotopes and Atomic Mass

ƒ 4.4 – Atomic Number and Mass Number

ƒ 4.3 – The Atom

ƒ 4.2 – The Periodic Table

ƒ 4.1 – Elements and Symbols

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gallium is an element found in lasers used in CD players. In a sample of gallium, there is 60.10% of 69Ga atoms (atomic mass 68.926) 39.90% of 71Ga atoms (atomic mass 70.925) What is the atomic mass of gallium?

Study Check

Goal: Describe the energy levels, sublevels, and orbitals for the electrons in an atom.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

electromagnetic waves. Many of which we use every day!

ƒ The Electromagnetic Spectrum above shows all types

Electromagnetic Spectrum

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

We experience electromagnetic radiation in different forms, such as light, the colors of a rainbow, or X-rays.

Electromagnetic Radiation

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The same thing happens when you shine sunlight through a glass prism!

raindrop and is separated into its different EM radiation.

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Light is pure energy!

ƒ A rainbow appears when sunlight reflects through a

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

All electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light! (3 x 108 m/s!)

• Low-energy radiation has longer wavelengths.

• High-energy radiation has shorter wavelengths.

• The distance between the peaks of waves is called the wavelength.

Light and other electromagnetic radiation consists of energy particles that move as waves of energy.

Electromagnetic Radiation

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

• Energy levels are assigned values called principal quantum numbers (n), (n = 1, n = 2, …).

• Electrons with the same energy are grouped in the same energy level.

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An electron can have only the energy of one of the energy levels in an atom.

Electrons and Energy Levels

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

They found that each element had it’s own “fingerprint” based on which light it produced. We now call it an element’s atomic spectrum

Scientists found that when they used a different light source than the sun, they didn’t always get a full rainbow!

Atomic Spectrum

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

The energy of an electron is quantized—electrons can have only specific energy values.

and electrons are farther away from the nucleus.

ƒ increases in energy as the value of n increases

1, n = 2, …).

ƒ is assigned principal quantum numbers (n) = (n =

In an atom, each electron has a specific energy, known as its energy level, which

Electron Energy Levels

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Each electron has a specific energy level which corresponds to the “ring” the electron resides in.

they are a part of.

ƒ Electrons occupy specific areas around the atom

caused by the behavior of that element’s electrons.

ƒ The lines of color in an atomic spectrum are

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bohr model

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Bohr model and bookcase example

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Up to 2 electrons can fit in each “box” (orbital)

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

Sublevels

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

absorbed is equal to the differences between the two energy levels.

ƒ The energy emitted or

back to a lower energy level, light is emitted.

ƒ When electrons fall

higher energy level when they absorb energy.

ƒ Electrons move to a

Changes in Electron Energy Level

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

spheres.

• The s orbitals are

dimensional volume in which electrons have the highest probability of being found.

• Orbitals are a three-

The location of an electron is described in terms of probability.

s Orbitals

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake

•The number of sublevels in an energy level is equal to the principal quantum number n of that energy level. •The sublevels are identified as s, p, d, and f. •The order of sublevels in an energy level is s