2015
College Student Health Survey Report
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Boynton Health Service
Boynton Health Service
2015
College Student Health Survey Report
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Introduction
iii
Survey
v
Methodology v Analysis Summary
vi
Results
1
Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization
1
Mental Health
5
Tobacco Use
13
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
19
Personal Safety and Financial Health
29
Nutrition and Physical Activity
35
Sexual Health
41
Implications
45
Appendices
47
Appendix 1 Colleges and Universities Participating in the 2015 College Student Health Survey
47
Appendix 2 University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students Survey Demographics Based on Student Response
48
Glossary
49
References
51
ii
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Introduction
Q: What do the following health conditions and health-related behaviors have in common? • Health Insurance Status • Depression • Ability to Manage Stress • Tobacco Use • Alcohol Use • Engagement in Physical Activity • Credit Card Debt
A: They all affect the health and academic achievement of college students. Seventeen postsecondary institutions in Minnesota joined together with Boynton Health Service at the University of Minnesota in spring 2015 to collect information from undergraduate and graduate students about their experiences and behaviors in the areas of health insurance and health care utilization, mental health, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, personal safety and financial health, nutrition and physical activity, and sexual health. This report highlights the findings of this comprehensive survey and serves as an essential first step in identifying health and health-related behavior issues affecting college students. Boynton Health Service hopes that the information contained in this report will be helpful to college and university leaders as they strive to develop programs and policies that will assure a safe institutional environment, promote access to health care and essential services, encourage responsible student decision making and behavior, and contribute to the health, well-being, and academic success of students enrolled in their schools. The survey results are also intended to raise awareness among state and local policymakers and community leaders concerning the importance of the health of college students to the overall educational, health, and economic status of Minnesota.
Introduction
iii
iv
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Survey
Methodology Undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in seventeen postsecondary institutions in Minnesota completed the 2015 College Student Health Survey, developed by Boynton Health Service. As an incentive, all students who responded to the survey were entered into a drawing for Amazon gift cards valued at $1,000 (one), $500 (one), and $250 (one). In addition, one student from each participating school was randomly selected to win a $100 Amazon gift card.
Randomly selected students were contacted through multiple mailings and emails:
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Methodology Highlights
• Invitation postcard • Invitation email
• 5,964 students from University of Minnesota–Twin Cities were randomly selected to participate in this survey and were sent an invitation via email.
• Reminder postcard and multiple reminder emails
• 2,023 students completed the survey. • 33.9% of the students who opened the invitation email responded.
HEY,
Students! Take a
SWELL SURVEY in For a chance to w NEAT PRIZES! $
1000
You’ve been selected to participate in the 2015 COLLEGE STUDENT HEALTH SURVEY Take the survey and you’ll be entered to win a $1,000, $500 and $250 Amazon gift card!
NON-PROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE Boynton Health Service University of Minnesota 410 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455
PAID
TWIN CITIES, MN PERMIT #90155
To begin, check your school or personal email account and click on the survey link we sent you. Deleted the email? Another survey link will be emailed again soon. Can’t find it? Check your spam folder.
To be eligible for the prize drawings, complete your survey by NOON ON FRIDAY, MARCH 27, 2015! 500
$
To learn more, visit www.bhs.umn.edu/healthsurvey
survey questions Katherine Lust, Ph.D., Survey Administrator
[email protected], 612-624-6214
technical help
[email protected]
2015 College Student Health Survey Postcard
Survey
v
Survey
Analysis Summary The information presented in this report documents the prevalence of various diseases, health conditions, and health-related behaviors across seven areas: • Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization • Mental Health • Tobacco Use • Alcohol and Other Drug Use • Personal Safety and Financial Health • Nutrition and Physical Activity • Sexual Health The prevalence of a disease, health condition, or health-related behavior is defined as the total number of occurrences in a population (in this case, college students) at a given time, or the total number of occurrences in the population divided by the number of individuals in that population. Prevalence is useful because it is a measure of the commonality of a disease, health condition, or health-related behavior. For example, the College Student Health Survey asked students if they had ever been diagnosed with depression within their lifetime. For the purpose of illustration, if 100 students completed the survey and 10 of them reported they had been diagnosed with depression within their lifetime, then the lifetime prevalence of depression among this population of students is 10.0% (10/100). The results from this survey are based on a random sample of students from each of the participating colleges and universities. Random sampling is a technique in which a group of subjects (in this case, the sample of college students) is selected for study from a larger group (in this case, the population of students enrolled at each of the participating institutions). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance, and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random sampling ensures that the sample chosen is representative of the population and that the statistical conclusions (in this case, the prevalence) will be valid.
vi
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Results
Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization Students’ current health influences their ability to realize their immediate goal of achieving academic success and graduating, and their future health affects their ability to accomplish their longer term goal of finding and sustaining a career. Access to health care has been shown to improve health. Although
Results
institutions of higher education differ in scope of services, each institution has a unique opportunity and bears a certain responsibility to address issues related to student health and to reduce barriers to health care access.
Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization
National Comparison This section examines the areas of health insurance, health services utilization, and preventive care. Recent research indicates that most young adults in the United States, ages 18 to 24, report good health. The majority of young adults in Minnesota (94.1%) and nationwide (91.7%) report excellent, very good, or good health (CDC, 2013). At the same time, young adults have relatively low rates of health insurance and preventive care utilization. In Minnesota, 82.8% of 18- to 24-year-olds report some kind of health care insurance, and nationwide the number is 76.4% (CDC, 2013). More young males (27.3%) than young females (21.5%) lack health insurance coverage (Schiller et al, 2014). Among all age groups, young adults (71.1%) are least likely to identify a usual place for medical care (Schiller et al, 2014).
1
Students attending the University of Minnesota– Twin Cities report an overall uninsured rate of 0.9%. Males have a lower uninsured rate than females (0.6% vs. 1.0%, respectively). International students
Health Insurance Health InsuranceStatus—Uninsured Status—Uninsured All AllStudents Students Health Insurance Status—Uninsured
A
1.5 1.2 1.2 Percent Percent Percent
attending the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities report an overall uninsured rate of 2.2%.
He H All A H
All Students 1.5 1.5
1.2 0.9 0.9
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9 0.9
0.9 0.6 0.6
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0
All AllStudents* Students*
He H De H De
1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6
Males* Males*
Females* Females* Undergraduate* Undergraduate* Graduate/ Graduate/ 0.0 Professional* Professional* All Students* Males* Females* Undergraduate* Graduate/ Professional* *Does *Doesnot notinclude includeinternational internationalstudents. students.
Me M Ro M Ro
Tes Ro Te (Inc (In Te Tre (In Tr (Inc (In Tr (In
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students age 40 and older report the highest uninsured rate. The lowest uninsured rate is among U of M students
Health Insurance Status—Uninsured Health Insurance Status—Uninsured All AllStudents Studentsby byAge AgeGroup Group Health Insurance Status—Uninsured All Students by Age Group 55
4.9 4.9 4.9
5 44
ages 23–24. Percent Percent Percent
4 33 3 22 2 11 1 00 0
A
1.8 1.8 1.8
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.5 0.5 0.5
18–22 18–22
23–24 23–24
18–22
23–24
25–29 25–29 Age Group Age Group 25–29
1.2 1.2 1.2
35–39 35–39
40+ 40+
35–39
40+
Age Group
quality of life. Sick days reflect a personal sense of poor or impaired physical or mental health or the inability to react to factors in the physical and social environments (USDHHS, 2000). U of M students without health insurance report on average 0.3 more sick days in the past 30 days than U of M students with health insurance.
Health HealthInsurance Insuranceand andNumber Numberof ofSick SickDays— Days— Past 30 Days Past 30 Days Health Insurance and Number of Sick Days— All Students All Students Past 30 Days All Students 3.0 3.0
Average Number SickDays Days Average Number ofofSick Average Number of Sick Days
Number of sick days is a measure of health-related
3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0
2.6 2.6 2.6
2.9 2.9 2.9
2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
Av AvS All All Av
1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Insured Insured
Uninsured Uninsured
Insured
Uninsured
Al
Illne Illn Poo Poo Illn
Poo Poo Poo Poo Men Me Affe Poo Aff Me Aff
Preventive Health Preventive HealthCare—Past Care—Past12 12Months Months All AllStudents Studentsby byGender Gender Preventive Health Care—Past 12 Months 2
Va V AlA V
Percent Percent Percent
Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization
Results
*Does not include international students.
Em D Em Me Em M
All Students by Gender
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students 100 100 100 80 80
82.0 82.0
4.3 2.3
Poor Mental Health Poor Physical Health Poor Physical and/or Mental Health Affected Daily Activities
2.3 Female students attending University of Minnesota–
Preventive Health Care—Past 12 Months All Students by Gender
2.7
Males Twin Cities report obtaining routine medicalFemales exams
and dental exams and cleanings at higher rates than
100
male students attending the university.
80
82.0
75.8
60
Percent
5.7 3.3
58.6
40
42.6
20 0
Medical Exam
Dental Exam and Cleaning Males
Females
All Students
Results
Acute Condition Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months
Health Care Service Utilization
All Students
Acute Condition Diagnosis— Among University of Minnesota–Twin Cities
Lifetime and Past 12 Months Percent Who Report Being Diagnos Acute Condition
Percent
Routine Doctor’s Emergency Care Visit (Physical Condition)
88.5 16.3 52.2 39.0 27.4 Percent32.3 42.9 41.6 88.5 16.3 84.6 25.3 52.2 39.0
e/ nal*
Testing Sexually Transmitted Infections Mentalfor Health Service (Emergency/Crisis) (Includes HIV) Mental Health Service (Non-emergency) Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections (Includes HIV) Routine Doctor’s Visit
27.4 36.9 42.9 21.6 84.6
te/ nal*
Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections Obtained Received Service at School 36.5 (Includes HIV) Service 36.9 (Within Past 12 Months) (Among Those That Received the Service) Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections (Includes HIV) 21.6 30.4
Dental Care Emergency Care (Physical Condition) Mental Service (Emergency/Crisis) Health Health Care Service Mental Dental Health Care Service (Non-emergency)
Obtained Service (Within Past 12 Months)
Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization
Health Care Service Utilization
Health Care Service All Students
32.3 36.5 41.6 30.4 25.3
Received Service at School (Among Those That Received the Service)
Studentsnon-emergency mental students who All obtained Chlamydia 3.2 health service, 32.3% received that care at the Gonorrhea 0.3
university.
Hepatitis A Acute Condition Mononucleosis Chlamydia Pubic Lice Gonorrhea Strep Throat Hepatitis A Syphilis Mononucleosis Urinary Tract Infection Pubic Lice
0.8 0.1 Percent Who Report Being Diagno 0.1 0.6 1.5 10.3 0.8 3.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 5.9 45.7 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.5 10.3 22.3 8.0 0.5 0.2
Urinary Tract Infection Within Lifetime
5.9 45.7 59.2 15.5 0.2 0.1 22.3 8.0 Within Past 12 Months
At Least One of the Above Acute Conditions
59.2
At Least One of the Strep Throat Above Acute Conditions Syphilis
Within Lifetime
Vaccination Status
15.5
Within Past 12 Months
U of M students with health insurance obtain
All Students by Insurance Status
Chronicand Condition Diagnosis— meningitis, influenza, human papillomavirus Lifetime and Past 12 Months
(HPV) vaccinations at higher rates than students at All Students
80
Vaccination Status
the university without health insurance. Additionally,
0
Meningitis
43.8
47.9
47.8
Meningitis All Students Influenza— Insured Past 12 Months
Insured
43.8
47.9
47.8
Influenza— Past 12 Months
All Students
All Students of females report obtaining HPV vaccination. Alcohol/Drug Problems
31.3
58.2
Lifetime and Past 12 Months Chronic Condition Percent Who Report Being Diagno
31.3
0 20
58.2
40
57.9
60 20
47.1
40
Diagnosis— among U of MChronic students,Condition 34.8% of males and 56.5%
57.9
47.1
61.6 61.6
80
61.3
Percent
Percent
60
61.3
All Students by Insurance Status
HPV— Complete Series of Vaccines HPV— Uninsured Complete Series of Vaccines Uninsured
0.7 2.2 Allergies 40.1 5.9 Currently, these immunizations for Report Being Diagn Asthma 17.3 1.6 Chronic Condition are not required Percent Who Cancer 0.9 students enrolled in postsecondary Alcohol/Drug Problems institutions. 2.2 Diabetes 0.8 Allergies Type I 40.1 Diabetes 1.5 Asthma Type II 17.3 Genital Herpes 1.6 Cancer 0.9 Genital Warts/ Diabetes Type I Human Papillomavirus Diabetes Type II Hepatitis B Genital Herpes Hepatitis C Genital Warts/ High Blood Pressure Human Papillomavirus
Tuberculosis High Cholesterol
0.8 2.8 1.5 0.6 1.6 0.5 3.2 2.8 4.0 0.6 0.2 0.5 Results 5.0 3.2 1.4 4.0
At Least One of the HIV/AIDS
0.2
High Cholesterol Hepatitis B HIV/AIDS Hepatitis C Obesity High Blood Pressure
0.1 0.7 0.2 5.9 0.1 1.6 0.7 0.1
3
0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.9 0.3 1.2 0.1
Average Number of
2.0 1.5 1.0
Compared to male students at the University of
0.5
Minnesota–Twin Cities, female students at the
0.0
All Students by Gender
Uninsured collegeInsured report more days of poor physical health,
more days of poor mental health, and more days when poor physical and/or mental health affected daily activities.
lth Care Service Utilization
100 h Care Service
4.3 2.3
5.7 3.3
Poor Physical and/or Mental Health 2.3 Affected Daily ActivitiesDiagnosis— Acute Condition
2.7
Poor Mental Health
Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students
Percent
Results
U of M students were asked to report if they have Care Service Utilization 88.5 16.3 allth Care 80 udents been diagnosed with selected acute82.0 illnesses within gency Care (Physical Condition) 52.2 39.0 75.8 60 the past 12 months and27.4 within their al Health Service (Emergency/Crisis) 32.3lifetime. 58.6 al Health Service (Non-emergency) 42.9 41.6 40 Service Percent h Care 42.6 The acute condition diagnosed ne Doctor’s Visit 84.6 25.3frequently most 88.5 16.3 al Care 20 ng for Sexually Transmitted within Infections students’ lifetimes was strep throat, with des HIV) 36.9 36.5 gency Care (Physical Condition) 52.2 39.0 45.7% ofInfections U of M students ment Transmitted al Health Service (Emergency/Crisis) 27.4reporting 32.3having this 0for Sexually des HIV) 21.6Exam and 30.4 Medical Exam Dental Cleaning diagnosis. The acute condition diagnosed most al Health Service (Non-emergency) 42.9 41.6 Health Insurance and Health Care Utilization
Average Number of Days Affected— Past 30 Days
Illness Poor Physical Health
Preventive Health Care—Past 12 Months udents All Students by Gender
Percent
Average Number of Days Affected by Illness
within the past 12 months ne Doctor’s Visit frequently Obtained Service Received Service at School 84.6 25.3was urinary Males Females (Within Past 12 Months) (Among Those That Received the Service) ng for Sexually Transmitted Infectionswith 8.0% of students reporting tract infection, des HIV) 36.9 36.5
having this diagnosis. Overall, 59.2% of U of M ment for Sexually Transmitted Infections des HIV) 21.6 30.4
students report being diagnosed with at least one
within at their lifetime, and 15.5% Obtained Service acute condition Received Service School (Within Past 12 Months) (Among Those That Received the Service)
Males
Acute Condition
Females
Percent Who Report Being Diagnosed
Acute Condition Diagnosis— Chlamydia 3.2 Lifetime and Past 12 Months
0.8 0.1 0.3 Hepatitis A 0.1 0.6 Mononucleosis 1.5 10.3 Percent Who Report Being Diagnosed Acute Condition Pubic Lice 0.5 0.2 Chlamydia 0.8 3.2 Strep Throat 5.9 45.7 Gonorrhea 0.1 0.3 0.2 Syphilis 0.1 Hepatitis A 0.1 0.6 Urinary Tract Infection 22.3 8.0 Mononucleosis 1.5 10.3 At Least One of the Pubic Lice 59.2 15.5 Above Acute Conditions 0.5 0.2 Strep Throat 5.9 45.7 Within Lifetime Within Past 12 Months 0.2 Syphilis 0.1 Urinary Tract Infection 22.3 8.0 All Students Gonorrhea
At Least One of the Above Acute Conditions
report being diagnosed with at least one acute
59.2
Within Lifetime
condition within the past 12 months.
15.5
Within Past 12 Months
cination Status
tudents by Insurance Status
Chronic conditions are ongoing health concerns for students. Surveillance of these conditions provides
0
47.9
47.8
58.2
43.8
47.1
(40.1% lifetime) and asthma (17.3% lifetime).
61.6
47.8
58.2
43.8
47.9
being diagnosed with at leastHPV— one chronic condition Influenza—
12lifetime, Months andComplete Series one in eight withinPast their approximately of Vaccines
31.3
Meningitis
57.9
More than one-half (54.7%) of students report
47.1
61.3
31.3
diagnosed in U of M students are allergies
(12.4%) report being diagnosed with at least one
0
0
57.9
61.6
61.3
The two most common chronic conditions
0 0
0 0
All Students
a picture of longer term health care needs for
0cination Statusstudents at the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities. tudents by Insurance Status
0 0
Chronic Condition Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months
chronic condition within the past 12 months. All Students Insured Uninsured Meningitis
Influenza— Past 12 Months
All Students
Insured
HPV— Complete Series of Vaccines Uninsured
age Number of Days Affected by Illness
udents by Gender
Chronic Condition
0.7 40.1 5.9 Asthma 17.3 1.6 Cancer 0.9 0.1 Chronic Condition Percent Who Report Being Diagnosed Diabetes Type I 0.8 0.2 Alcohol/Drug Problems 0.7 2.2 Diabetes Type II 1.5 0.1 Allergies 40.1 5.9 Genital Herpes 1.6 0.7 Asthma 17.3 1.6 Genital Warts/ Human 2.8 0.9 Cancer Papillomavirus 0.9 0.1 Hepatitis B 0.6 0.1 Diabetes Type I 0.8 0.2 Hepatitis C 0.5 0.1 Diabetes Type II 1.5 High Blood Pressure 3.2 0.9 Genital Herpes 1.6 0.7 High Cholesterol 4.0 1.2 Genital Warts/ Human Papillomavirus 2.8 0.9 HIV/AIDS 0.2 0.1 Hepatitis B 0.6 0.1 Obesity 5.0 1.8 Hepatitis C 0.5 0.1 Tuberculosis 0.3 1.4 High Blood Pressure 3.2 0.9 At Least One of the High Cholesterol Above Chronic Conditions 4.0 1.2 54.7 12.4 HIV/AIDS 0.2 0.1 Within Lifetime Within Past 12 Months Obesity 5.0 1.8 Tuberculosis 0.3 1.4 All Students Allergies
Number of Days Affected— At Least OneStudents of the 4 HealthAverage and Health-Related Cities Past 30 Days Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Above Chronic Conditions age Number of Days Affected by Illness Mental Health 4.3 5.7
udents by Gender hysical Health
2.3
3.3
Percent Who Report Being Diagnosed
Chronic Condition Diagnosis— Alcohol/Drug Problems Lifetime and Past 12 Months2.2
Within Lifetime
54.7
12.4
Within Past 12 Months
Results
Mental Health Mental health issues can have a profound impact on students’ ability to engage fully in the opportunities presented to them while in college. These issues affect their physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being and can lead to poor academic performance, lower graduation rates, and poor interpersonal relationships. There is increasing diversity among college students. Among undergraduates nationwide, 40.7% describe their race/ethnicity as other than white, 56.4% are female, and 41.8% are age 25 or older (USDOE, 2013). In addition, approximately 764,495 international students are studying at U.S. colleges and universities (USDOE, 2013). This diversity presents a myriad of counseling concerns related to
Results
multicultural and gender issues, life transition, stress, career and developmental needs, violence, interpersonal relationships, and serious emotional and psychological problems. This array of mental health issues represents ever-increasing challenges as postsecondary institutions strive to meet the
Mental Health
needs of their students.
National Comparison This section examines areas related to the mental health of college and university students. Recent research shows that young adults in the United States have relatively high rates of mental health problems compared to other age groups. Among 18- to 25-year-olds, 19.4% had a mental illness, i.e., a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV; 4.2% had a serious mental illness, i.e., a mental illness that results in functional impairment; 8.7% had a major depressive episode; and 7.4% had serious thoughts of suicide (CBHSQ, 2014). Approximately one in eight (12.2%) young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 have received treatment for a mental health problem in the previous year (CBHSQ, 2014). A relatively new area of study is examining the relationship between cumulative effects of childhood abuse (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological or emotional abuse), commonly referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and subsequent development of chronic physical and mental health conditions (CDC, 2014a; Chapman, 2003; Edwards, 2003). Findings from the Minnesota Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, which includes ACEs, showed that 60% of adults reported two or more ACEs and 15% reported five or more ACEs. In the Minnesota study, 36% of adults with an ACE score of five or more report being diagnosed with depression compared to 8% among adults with an ACE score of zero (MDH, 2013).
5
All Students Percent Who Report Mental Health Condition Diagnosis—
anxiety and depression are the two most frequently reported mental health diagnoses for both lifetime and the past 12 months.
Being Diagnosed
2.5 0.5 Mental Health Condition Diagnosis— Anxiety 10.3 Lifetime and Past 12 Months 21.7 All Students Attention Deficit Disorder 5.6 1.8 Percent Who Report Mental Health Condition Being Diagnosed Bipolar Disorder 1.2 0.3 Anorexia 2.5 Who Report 0.5 Percent Bulimia 1.9 0.4 Mental Health Condition Being Diagnosed Anxiety 21.7 10.3 20.8 7.6 Depression Anorexia 2.5 0.5 Attention Deficit Disorder 5.6 1.8 2.4 0.8 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Anxiety 21.7 10.3 Bipolar Disorder 1.2 0.3 10.4 4.3 Panic Attacks Attention Deficit Disorder 5.6 1.8 Bulimia 1.9 0.4 3.4 1.4 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Bipolar Disorder 1.2 0.3 20.8 7.6 Depression Seasonal Affective Disorder 5.5 2.2 Bulimia 1.9 0.4 2.4 0.8 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Social Phobia/ 20.8 7.6 Depression Performance 6.3 3.2 10.4 4.3 Panic AttacksAnxiety 2.4 0.8 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 3.4 1.4 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Within Lifetime Within Past 12 Months 10.4 4.3 Panic Attacks Seasonal Affective Disorder 5.5 2.2 3.4 1.4 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Social Phobia/ Performance Anxiety 6.3 3.2 Seasonal Affective Disorder 5.5 2.2 Social Phobia/ Within Lifetime Performance Anxiety
Percent
For University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students,
Mental Health Condition Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students Anorexia
Within Past 12 Months
6.3
Within Lifetime
3.2
Within Past 12 Months
Depression Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months
Mental Health
being diagnosed with depression within their lifetime, and 7.6% report being diagnosed with depression within the past 12 months. Females report being diagnosed with depression at higher rates than males.
25
Depression Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 23.5 Months All20Students by Gender 20.8 Depression Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months 15
Percent
Among U of M students, 20.8% report
25 16.2 All Students by Gender 10 20 25
PercentPercent
Results
All Students by Gender
5 15 20 0 10 15
23.5
20.8 20.8
16.2
7.6
23.5
Within Lifetime 16.2
50
age 40 and older report the highest rate of being
5.8
8.3
7.6
Within Past 5.812 Months
All Students Within Lifetime
Males Females Within Past 12 Months
All Students
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students
Females 8.3
7.6 Males
Within Lifetime
0
8.3
Within Past 12 Months
All Students
105
5.8
Males
Females
Depression Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students by Age Group
diagnosed with depression within their lifetime
0
6
20–24
8.5
39.0 39.0 39.0 0.0 40+
Within Past 12 Months
25–29 Age Group
30–39
0.0
24.8 30–39
40+
0.0
8.5
Within Lifetime
18–19 18–19
25–29 Age Group
3.0
8.5
20.6
16.6 8.3
20–24
8.3
100
18–19
20.6 20.6
20 10
8.3
30 20 0
16.6 16.6
PercentPercent
40 30 10
22.9
All Students by Age Group 40 20
24.8 24.8 3.0 3.0
Percent
past 12 months.
7.4
of being diagnosed with depression within the
40
Depression Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students by Age Group 30 Depression Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months
22.9 22.9 7.4 7.4
and students ages 20–24 report the highest rate
40+ 20–24 25–29 30–39 Within Past 12 Months Within Lifetime Age Group
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Within Lifetime
Within Past 12 Months
Eating Disorder Diagnosis—Lifetime
Among U of M students, 1.2% of males and 5.8%
All Students by Gender
of females report being diagnosed with anorexia and/or bulimia within their lifetime.
5.8
6
Anorexia
1.2
0.7
1 0
1.9
0.7
2
3.0
3
3.7
3.9
4
2.5
Percent
5
Anorexia and/or Bulimia
Bulimia
All Students
Females
Males
Any Mental Health Condition Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months
Mental Health Stressors All Students
All Students by Gender
Any Mental Health Condition Diagnosis— 40 Lifetime and Past 12 Months
Percent
20 30
at least one mental health condition within
32.7 32.7
24.0
Stressor their lifetime, and 15.2% report being diagnosed
38.5
10 20
24.0
0 10
Within Lifetime
Arrested with at least one mental health condition within
15.2
17.7
15.2
Within Past 12 Months Males
Within Lifetime
10.5
Females
Within Past 12 Months
All Students
Males
Females
Currently Taking Medication for a Mental Health Condition All Students by Gender
Currently Taking Medication 20a Mental Health Condition for
Percent
Percent
All Students by Gender
15.1 12.6 8.7
15.1
5 10
12.6
0 5
All Students
Males
Females
All Students
Males
Females
0
Bankruptcy
diagnosed with a mental health condition within Arrested Attempted Suicidethe past 12 months at their lifetime and within Diagnosed With a Serious Mental Illness Bankruptcy higher rates than males. Diagnosed With a Serious Physical Illness
Death of Someone Close to You Excessive Credit Card Debt Diagnosed With a Serious Mental Illness Excessive Debt Otherthat Than22.6% Credit Card Additional analysis shows of students Diagnosed With a Serious Physical Illness Failing a Class report being diagnosed with two or more mental Excessive Credit Card Debt Fired or Laid Off From a Job health conditions within their lifetime. Excessive Debt Other Than Credit Card Getting Married Failing a Class Issues Related to Sexual Orientation Fired or Laid Off From a Job Lack of Health Care Coverage Getting Married Parental Conflict Issues Related to Sexual Orientation Put on Academic Probation Overall, 12.6% of U of M students report they Lack of Health Care Coverage Roommate/Housemate Conflict currentlyParental are taking medication for a mental Conflict Serious Physical Illness of Someone Close to You health condition. Females report a higher rate of Put on Academic Probation Spouse/Partner Conflict (Includes Divorce or Separation) medication use for a mental health Roommate/Housemate Conflictcondition than
0.3 0.3 15.6 0.8 6.7 0.3 2.4 15.6 5.1 6.7 11.4 2.4 7.0 5.1 1.8 11.4 3.5 7.0 3.2 1.8 3.5 3.5 12.6 3.2 3.5 3.5 19.2 12.6 13.7 3.5 6.6 19.2
Termination of Personal Relationship Serious Physical Illness Someone Close to You males, which correlates with of the higher diagnosis (Not Including Marriage)
15 20 10 15
Attempted Suicide
the past 12 months. Females report being Stressor Death of Someone Close to You
10.5
All Students
0
17.7
Percent Who Report Experiencing Within Past 12 Months Percent Who0.3 Report Experiencing 0.8Past Within 12 Months
Mental Health
Percent
30 40
Mental Health Stressors
students,All 32.7% report being diagnosed with Students
38.5
Results
All Students by Gender
Among University of Minnesota–Twin Cities
8.7
Mental Health Crisis Line Contacted— Past 12 Months All Students
Mental Health 2.1% Crisis Line Contacted—
13.7 15.3 Spouse/Partner Conflict rates forZero any of mental health condition found in 40.0 the Above 6.6 (Includes Divorce orStressors Separation) females compared to males. One or Two of the Above Stressors 41.6 Termination of Personal Relationship 15.3 (Not Including Marriage) 18.4 Three or More of the Above Stressors 40.0 Zero of the Above Stressors Note: Items in this table are based on the Holmes and Rahe41.6 Stress One or Twofound of the Above Stressors Scale (Homes and Rahe, 1967). The items included in the stress scale were 18.4 Three or More of the Above Stressors adapted to college students. Note: Items found in this table are based on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Homes and Rahe, 1967). The items included in the stress scale were adapted to college students.
ResultsBehavior 7 Mental Health Stressors and Risky All Students 40
Within Past 12 Months
All Students 7.6
thin Lifetime
0
Males
Females
All Students
8.3
5.8
Scale (Homes and Rahe, 1967). The items included in the stress scale were adapted to college students.
Males
Females
Within Past 12 Months
Mental Health Crisis Line Contacted— Past 12 Months
Among U of M students, 2.1% report contacting a Females
All Students
Males
mental health crisis line within the past 12 months. Among the 2.1% of students who report Mental Healththey Crisis Line Contacted—
2.1%
Past 12 Months
All Students contacted a crisis line, the majority (97.2%) report
All Students
2.1%
20–24
18–19
39.0 24.8
22.9
Results
3.7
3.0
0.7
same time period.
Past 2 Weeks
Females
Males
5.8
All Students
5 0
Within Lifetime
4
Within Past 12 Months
All Students
Females
Males
3.7
3.9
Percent
All Students
Mental Health Stressors All Students
In an attempt to measure effectiveness in managing stress, students were asked to rate their stress level and their ability to manage stress, each on a scale of 1 to 10. The reported stress level is then divided by the reported ability to manage stress. Any result greater than 1 means a student is not effectively managing his or her stress.
Bulimia
All Students Currently Taking MedicationMales for a Mental Health Condition
1.2 Anorexia and/or Bulimia Females
Attempted Suicide Bankruptcy Diagnosed With a Serious Mental Illness Diagnosed With a Serious Physical Illness Excessive Credit Card Debt Excessive Debt Other Than Credit Card
Getting Married Issues Related to Sexual Orientation Lack of Health Care Coverage Parental Conflict Put on Academic Probation Roommate/Housemate Conflict
All Students by Gender
Serious Physical Illness of Someone Close to You Spouse/Partner Conflict (Includes Divorce or Separation)
20
Termination of Personal Relationship (Not Including Marriage)
15
15.1
Three or More of the Above Stressors
8.7
5
Zero of the Above Stressors One or Two of the Above Stressors
12.6
10
34.7%
Fired or Laid Off From a Job
0.7
0.7
1.9
2.5 Anorexia
Stressor Arrested
Failing a Class
3.0
3
Three or More Stressors
Ability to Manage Stress—Past 12 Months
Death of Someone Close to YouManaged Stress (Index ≤1)
10.5
Anorexia and/or Bulimia
Bulimia
6
17.7
15.2
1.2
1.9
orexia
Percent Who Report Experiencing Within Past 12 Months
0.3 0.8 0.3 Unmanaged 15.6Stress (Index >1) 6.7 2.4 5.1 11.4 7.0 1.8 3.5 3.2 3.5 12.6 3.5 19.2 13.7
65.3%
6.6 15.3 40.0 41.6 18.4
Note: Items found in this table are based on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Homes and Rahe, 1967). The items included in the stress scale were adapted to college students.
All Students
8
8.6
0 Current High-Risk Current High Credit Card Marijuana Use— Drinking—5+ Tobacco Use— Debt— 1 Time 2 Times 3 Times Drinks per Sitting Past 30 Days Balance $3,000+ Any Use
5.8
3.9 Health Mental
within the past 12 months, and 18.4% report 24.0 experiencing three or more stressors over that
Students by Gender 10
2.8
40+
30–39
students report experiencing one or two stressors
32.7
4.4
8.3
0.0
3.0
7.4
25–29 Age Group
20 ating Disorder Diagnosis—Lifetime
0.7
12.1
10.2
Past 30 Days
of someone 38.5close to them. A total of 41.6% of
30
0
0
20.7
19.9
40 20
roommate/housemate conflict and the death
40
0
3 Times
10
60
26.5
88.9
Did Not Contact a Mental Health Crisis Line
All Students by Gender
1
2 Times
31.2
80
or Fewer Stressors Contacted a MentalTwo Health Crisis Line
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students are rder Diagnosis—Lifetime
2
2.8
Did Not Contact a Mental Health Crisis Line
Any Mental Health Condition Diagnosis— TheLifetime most commonly experienced stressors among Lifetime andWithin Past 12 Months Within Past 12 Months
Gender
1 Time
8.3
0.0
Within Past 12 Months
Within Lifetime
0
0
97.9%
40+
30–39
8.5
8.3
25–29 Age Group
40
100
20
Contacted a Mental Health Crisis Line
3.0
20.6
7.4
16.68.5
20–24
10
60
88.9
20
24.8
22.9
20.6
20
30
Percent
97.9%
39.0
40
Percent
80
30
40
100
Age Group
A
Mental Health Stressors and Risky Behavior
they contacted a crisis line one or two times within epression Diagnosis— etime and Past 12 past Months the 12 months. Diagnosis—
by Age Group dStudents Past 12 Months
M
All Students
Percent
Within Lifetime
16.2
Males
Females
Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Mental Health Crisis Line Contacted—
Mental Health Stressors and Risky Behavior
All Students
Adequate Sleep and Stress All Students
Mental Health Stressors and Risky Behavior 40
An association appears to exist between reported
All Students
number of stressors experienced within past Adequate Sleep andthe Stress 100 All Students
Percent Percent
30 40
12 months and various types of risk-taking behavior.
31.2
80 Over the same 12-month period, U of M students 100
26.5
20 30
19.9
10 20
Percent Who Report They Percent Who Report They Manage Their Stress Level Manage Their Stress Level
s
Mental Health Stressors and Risky Behavior
who experienced three or more stressors tend to 60
20.7
31.2 26.5
12.1
10.2 19.9
20.7
4.4
8.6
0 10
12.1 Current High-Risk Current 4.4 High Credit Card 10.2 Drinking—5+ Marijuana Use— Tobacco Use— Debt— 8.6 Drinks per Sitting Past 30 Days Balance $3,000+ Any Use 0 Past 30 Days Past 2 Weeks Current High-Risk Current High Credit Card Use— Drinking—5+ TobaccoTwo Use— Debt— or Fewer Stressors Marijuana Three or More Stressors Drinks per Sitting Past 30 Days Balance $3,000+ Any Use Past 2 Weeks Past 30 Days Two or Fewer Stressors
have higher rates of80current tobacco use,58.8 high-risk 40 drinking, current marijuana47.5 use, and high credit 60
8 70.6 70.6
card debt compared 58.8 20to students who experienced 40 47.5 two or fewer stressors. 0 20 0
0–1
2–3 4–5 Days per Week
0–1
2–3 4–5 Days per Week
Three or More Stressors
Results
Ability to Manage Stress—Past 12 Months
Approximately one-third (34.7%) of U of M
All Students
students report they are unable to manage
Ability to Manage Stress—Past 12 Months
among these students, 13.3% report they were diagnosed with depression within the past 12 months. Approximately two in three (65.3%) U of M students report they are able to manage their level of stress. Only 4.6% of these students report they were diagnosed with depression within
34.7% 34.7%
their stress level. Additional analysis shows that Mental Health
All Students In an attempt to measure effectiveness in managing stress, students were asked to rate their stress level and their ability to manage stress, each on a scale of 1 to 10. The reported stress level is then divided by the reported ability to manage stress. Any result greater In an1attempt measure effectiveness managinghis stress, than means atostudent is not effectivelyinmanaging or herstudents stress. were asked to rate their stress level and their ability to manage stress, each on a scale of 1 to 10. The reported stress level is then divided by the reported ability to manage stress. Any result greater than 1 means a student is not effectively managing his or her stress.
the past 12 months.
65.3% 65.3%
Managed Stress (Index ≤1)
Unmanaged Stress (Index >1)
Managed Stress (Index ≤1)
Unmanaged Stress (Index >1)
Impact of Health and Personal Issues
on Academic An association appears to exist Performance between
Stress and Mental Health, Acute, and Chronic Condition Diagnosis
All Students
unmanaged stress levels and higher rates of
All Students
diagnosis for acute conditions as well as various
Students were asked to respond to the following question:
Condition Any Acute Condition Any Chronic Condition Anxiety Depression Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Attacks Social Phobia/ Performance Anxiety Managed Stress (Index ≤1)
Percent Who Report Being Diagnosed Within the Past 12 Months
14.4 10.9 6.7 4.6 0.5 2.7 1.6
17.7 14.2 17.1 13.3 1.5 7.3 6.4
Unmanaged Stress (Index >1)
mental health conditions. For 12 example, ofthe following affected During the past months,17.1% how have your academic performance?
U of M students with unmanaged stress levels
The response options were: • I do not have this issue/not applicable • I have have not been affected past year compared to this onlyissue—my 6.7% of academics students with • I have this issue—my academics have been affected
report being diagnosed with anxiety within the
managed stress levels reporting the same diagnosis. Health or Personal Issue
Pe
Alcohol Use Any Disability (Learning, ADD/ADHA, Physical, etc.) Chronic Health Condition Concern for Family Member or Friend Eating Disorder Excessive Computer/Internet Use Financial Difficulties Food Insecurity
Number of Days of Adequate Sleep—
Homeless Marijuana Use
Results
9
22.0 8.2 10.8 32.9 4.7 49.1 32.8 6.1 0.7 7.9
3.5 3.2 19.2 3.5 13.7 12.6 6.63.5 In response to a question that asked U of M of Personal Relationship 19.2 te/Housemate Conflict 15.3 g Marriage) students on how many of the past seven days they hysical Illness of Someone Close to You 13.7 40.0 Above Stressors got enough sleep so they felt rested when they Partner Conflict of the Above Stressors 6.6 one-half (45.8%) of Divorce or Separation) woke up in the morning,41.6 nearly 18.4 re of the Above Stressors tion of Personal Relationship students report they received 15.3adequate sleep three uding Marriage)
emic Probation lated to Sexual Orientation Housemate Conflict ealth Care Coverage ical Illness of Someone Close to You Conflict ner Conflict orce or Separation) cademic Probation
Number of Days of Adequate Sleep— Past Seven Days All Students
Number of Days of Adequate Sleep— 16.2% 45.8% of students Past Seven Days
get adequate sleep three or fewer days a week
All Students 16.0%
29.6% 16.2%
38.1% 16.0%
und in thisStressors table are based on thedays Holmes andthe Raheprevious Stress or fewer over 40.0 seven days. he Above
and Rahe, 1967). The items included in the stress scale were
29.6%
41.6 18.4
wo the Above Stressors llegeofstudents.
More of the Above Stressors
45.8% of students get adequate sleep three or fewer days a week
0–1 Day per Week
4–5 Days per Week
2–3 Days per Week
6–7 Days per Week
38.1%
ms found in this table are based on the Holmes and Rahe Stress mes and Rahe, 1967). The items included in the stress scale were o college students.
0–1 Day per Week
4–5 Days per Week
2–3 Days per Week
6–7 Days per Week
l Health Stressors and Risky Behavior Receiving adequate sleep in the past seven days
Results
appears to have an impact on students’ ability to
manageand theirRisky stressBehavior level. Only 47.5% of U of M ntal Health Stressors
Mental Health
udents
19.9
10.2
students who report receiving zero to one day per 31.2 26.5week of adequate sleep report the ability to manage their stress, whereas 82.0% of students who report 20.7 six to seven days per week of adequate sleep report 31.2 12.1 the ability to manage their4.4 stress. 26.5 8.6
20.7
19.9
Current High-Risk Current High Credit Card Drinking—5+ Marijuana Use— obacco Use— Debt— 30 Days Balance Drinks per Sitting Past12.1 Any Use $3,000+ 4.4 Past 2 Weeks Past10.2 30 Days 8.6 Two or Fewer Stressors Three or More Stressors Current High-Risk Current High Credit Card Drinking—5+ Marijuana Use— Tobacco Use— Debt— Drinks per Sitting Past 30 Days Balance $3,000+ Any Use Past 2 Weeks Past 30 Days Two or Fewer Stressors
Adequate Sleep and Stress All Students 100
Adequate Sleep and Stress
Percent Who Report They Manage Their Stress Level Percent Who Report They Manage Their Stress Level
nts
All Students 80
82.0 70.6
60 100 40 20 0
80
58.8 47.5
40
58.8 47.5 0–1
20 0
0–1
Three or More Stressors
y to Manage Stress—Past 12 Months
ents
empt to measure effectiveness in managing stress, students
lity torate Manage Stress—Past Months ked to their stress level and their 12 ability to manage
udents ach on a scale of 1 to 10. The reported stress level is then by the reported ability to manage stress. Any result greater means a student is not effectively managing his or her stress.
n attempt to measure effectiveness in managing stress, students e asked to rate their stress level and their ability to manage s, each on a scale of 1 to 10. The reported stress level is then ed by the reported ability to manage stress. Any result greater 1 means a student is not effectively managing his or her stress.
34.7%
65.3% 34.7%
naged Stress (Index ≤1)
82.0 70.6
60
65.3%
Unmanaged Stress (Index >1)
Unmanaged Stress (Index >1) Managed Stress ≤1)and Health-Related 10 (Index Health Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
2–3 4–5 Days per Week
2–3 4–5 Days per Week
6–7
6–7
Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences
Impact of Health and Personal Issues on Academic Performance
The four most commonly reported issues among All Students U of M students are stress (72.6%), excessive
All Students
40 (49.1%), sleep difficulties computer/internet use
(40.2%), and concern for family member or 36.3
Students were asked to respond to the following question: During the past 12 months, how have the following affected your academic performance?
30
Percent
friend (32.9%). Among students who reported a particular issue, the issues with the greatest impact 24.0 20 on academic performance reported by students 16.3issues are any disability (57.1%), mental health
The response options were: • I do not have this issue/not applicable • I have this issue—my academics have not been affected • I have this issue—my academics have been affected
10
(56.3%), sleep difficulties (52.0%), and sexual10.3 Health or Personal Issue Alcohol Use Any Disability (Learning, ADD/ADHA, Physical, etc.) Chronic Health Condition Concern for Family Member or Friend Eating Disorder Excessive Computer/Internet Use Financial Difficulties Food Insecurity Marijuana Use Mental Health Issue (Depression, Anxiety, etc.) Relationship Issue with Roommate/Housemate Relationship Issue with Someone Other Than Roommate/Housemate Serious Injury
0
0
21.8 35.7 2.5 42.6
2.0 1.7 Sleep Difficulties 40.2 Stress 72.6 Upper Respiratory Infection (Cold/Flu, Sinus, Strep, etc.) 30.7 Sexual Assault
Sexually Transmitted Infection
47.4 6.3 52.0 45.6 34.5
Report Having the Issue Report the Issue Impacted Academics (Among Those Who Report Having the Issue)
Adverse Childhood Experiences All Students
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questions were developed in 2008 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) with the goal of studying the associations between childhood maltreatment and health and well-being issues that appear later in life (CDC, 2014a). There is a growing body of research supporting a connection between childhood experiences of abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction and adverse health outcomes in adulthood including chronic disease, lower educational achievement, poor physical and mental health, lower economic success, and social problems. This is the first time the ACEs questions appear within the College Student Health Survey. Percent Who Responded ACEs Question Yes, Once, or (Questions pertain to events happening before age 18) More Than Once Did you live with anyone who was depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal?
27.6
Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic?
16.2
Did you live with anyone who used illegal street drugs or who abused prescription medications?
10.1
Did you live with anyone who served time or was sentenced to serve time in prison, jail, or other
2.8
1 2 3 4 5 6– Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences
Mental Health
Pregnancy
10.7 57.1 19.4 28.5 26.7 42.8 26.1 31.6 38.5 12.7 56.3 34.9 28.5
4.1
Results
Homeless
Percent
22.0 8.2 10.8 32.9 4.7 49.1 32.8 6.1 0.7 7.9 31.4 2.3 19.1
assault (47.4%).
5.9
Results
11
Adverse Childhood Experiences
Among U of M students, 39.8% report a parent or
equate Sleep and Stress
tudents
All Students
adult in their home swore at them, insulted them, or put them down before they were age 18, and
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questions were developed in 2008 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) with the goal of studying the associations between childhood maltreatment and health and well-being issues that appear later in life (CDC, 2014a). There is a growing body of research supporting a connection between childhood experiences of abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction and adverse health outcomes in adulthood including chronic disease, lower educational achievement, poor physical and mental health, lower economic success, and social problems. This is the first time the ACEs questions appear within the College Student Health Survey.
27.6% report they lived with someone who was depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal before they were 82.0 age 18. 70.6 58.8
47.5
2–3 4–5 Days per Week
6–7
Mental Health
Approximately two-thirds (63.7%) of U of M of Health and Personal Issues students report experiencing at least one adverse demic Performance
Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic?
16.2
Did you live with anyone who used illegal street drugs or who abused prescription medications?
10.1
Were your parents separated or divorced?
4.1 20.3
How often did your parents or adults in your home ever slap, hit, kick, punch, or beat each other up?
10.8
How often did a parent or adult in your home ever hit, beat, kick, or physically hurt you in any way? (Do not include spanking.)
13.6
How often did a parent or adult in your home ever swear at you, insult you, or put you down?
39.8
How often did anyone at least 5 years older than you or an adult, ever touch you sexually?
6.5
How often did anyone at least 5 years older than you or an adult, try to make you touch them sexually?
3.8
How often did anyone at least 5 years older than you or an adult, force you to have sex?
1.2
All Students
childhood experience.
40
were asked to respond to the following question: he past 12 months, how have the following affected demic performance?
onse options were: t have this issue/not applicable his issue—my academics have not been affected his issue—my academics have been affected
Personal Issue
27.6
Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences
30 Percent
nts
Did you live with anyone who was depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal?
Did you live with anyone who served time or was sentenced to serve time in prison, jail, or other correctional facility?
Results
0–1
Percent Who Responded ACEs Question Yes, Once, or (Questions pertain to events happening before age 18) More Than Once
36.3 24.0
20
16.3
10 Percent
0
10.3 0
1
2
3
5.9
4
4.1
2.8
5
6–8
22.0 10.7 Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences bility (Learning, ADD/ADHA, Physical, etc.) 8.2 57.1 ealth Condition 10.8 19.4 or Family Member or Friend 32.9 28.5 order 4.7 26.7 Computer/Internet Use 49.1 42.8 Difficulties 32.8 26.1 curity 6.1 31.6 0.7 38.5 a Use 7.9 12.7 ealth Issue (Depression, Anxiety, etc.) 31.4 56.3 University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students 12 Health and Health-Related Behaviors y 2.3 34.9 hip Issue with Roommate/Housemate 19.1 28.5
se
0.3 9–11
Results
Tobacco Use Young adults transitioning between high school and college find themselves in an environment with increased opportunities to make personal and lifestyle decisions without supervision or input from their parents. Coupling this newfound freedom with growing academic pressure and an expanding social network can lead to experimentation and risky behaviors such as smoking. Preventing smoking among young adults is critical to reducing long-term use of tobacco products and the subsequent negative health consequences.
National Comparison Recent research shows that more than one-fourth (28.2%) of 18- to 20-year-olds and more than one-third (34.1%) of 21- to 25-year-olds report current cigarette use (SAMHSA, 2014). Nearly one in four (23.2%) full-time college students smoked cigarettes at least one time in the previous year, more than one in seven (14.0%) smoked cigarettes at least one time in the previous 30 days, and
Results
about one in 20 (5.6%) smoke cigarettes daily (Johnston et al, 2013). Among young adults ages 18–25, 5.5% used smokeless tobacco in the previous month (SAMHSA, 2014). Current cigarette smokers are more likely to use other tobacco products, alcohol, or illicit drugs than nonsmokers (SAMHSA, 2014).
Tobacco Use
Among all current smokers, 68.8% want to completely stop smoking, 52.4% made a quit attempt in the past year, and 6.2% had successfully quit within the past year (CDC, 2011). In 2011, use of an electronic cigarette among a Minnesota college cohort (ages 20–28) was 7.0%, with 1.2% reporting past 30-day use (Choi & Forster, 2013). Nationally, use of electronic cigarettes among adults 18 years of age or older ranges between 0.6% and 6.2% (Chapman and Wu, 2014). Of the 15 million college students in the United States, an estimated 1.7 million will die prematurely due to smoking-related illnesses (Halperin, 2002). Clearly the current level of tobacco use among college students poses a major health risk.
13
18- to 24-Year-Old Students
Current Tobacco Use—Longitudinal 18-50to 24-Year-Old Students
decreased from 41.8% in 1998 to 13.4% in 2015.
Definition: Current Tobacco Use Any tobacco use in the past 30 days. Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco.
18- to 24-Year-Old Students 30 41.8 28.2 40
Percent Percent
Minnesota–Twin Cities students ages 18–24 has
41.8
40 Current Tobacco 50 38.1 Use—Longitudinal
50 20 30
Percent
The current tobacco use rate for University of
30 0 10
40 10 20
20 0 10 0
38.1
20.9
18.4
28.2
41.8
20.9
38.1
18.4
28.2
15.4
13.4
15.4
13.4 2015
1998
2001
2004 2007 2010 2013 20.9 College Student Health18.4 Survey
1998
2001
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
15.4
13.4 2015
1998
2001
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
2015
Current Tobacco Use—Longitudinal 18- to 24-Year-Old Students by Gender
50 20 30
30 0 10
40 10 20
20 0 10 0
24.2 35.1
36.3
44.8 40.0
39.3 36.3
24.2 35.1
24.9
25.8
18.3 24.9
12.0
8.9 2015
1998
2001
13.5 2010 2013 2004 12.0 Males2007 Females College Student Health Survey
2015
1998
2001
Males Females 2007 2010 2013 2004 College Student Health Survey
2015
20.5 8.9
Females
Current Tobacco Use
All25Students by Age Group and Gender 20
0
All Students Campus
Males
18–24 Years All Students
Males
Current 14 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin CitiesTobacco StudentsUse—Longitudinal First-Year Students
Current Tobacco Use—Longitudinal First-Year Students 60
7.8
16.6
7.8
16.6
All Students Males 18–24 Years
25+ Years
Females 25+ Years
7.8
Campus
11.4
20.5 20.5
8.9
13.4 13.4
8.6 8.6
18–24 Years
8.9
5
Campus
13.4
10 0
8.6
15 0 5
20 5 10
19.1
25 10 15
19.1
All Students by Age Group and Gender 15 20
16.6
19.1
20.5
25 Current Tobacco Use
12.0
tobacco use rate than female students.
13.5
25.8 2013 24.9 2010 2004 24.2 2007 21.0 College Student Health Survey 18.3
2001
12.0
age group, male students report a higher current
8.9 20.5
1998
12.0
(13.4% vs. 11.4%, respectively). Within each
12.0 21.0
All Students by Age Group and Gender
Percent Percent
use compared to students age 25 and older
13.5 25.8
Current Tobacco Use
Percent
ages 18–24 have a higher rate of current tobacco
20.5
18.3
Males
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students
21.0
11.4
rate than males.
44.8
40.0 39.3 40 50 Current Tobacco Use—Longitudinal 36.3 35.1 18- to 24-Year-Old Students by Gender 44.8 30 40.0 40 39.3
11.4
shows that females tend to use tobacco at a lower
Tobacco Use
Results
U of M students ages 18–24 by gender over time
18-50to 24-Year-Old Students by Gender
8.9
1998. Comparing the current tobacco use rate of
Current Tobacco Use—Longitudinal
Percent Percent
female students ages 18–24 have decreased since
Percent
The current tobacco use rates for U of M male and
Females 25+ Years Females
All Students
Current Tobacco Use—Longitudinal
attending the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities decreased from 53.3% in 1998 to 13.5% in 2015.
60
Percent
53.3
40
28.9
30
20.5
20
19.7
19.3
13.2
13.5
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
2015
10 0
1998
2001
Daily Tobacco Use—Longitudinal
Quit Attempts—Past 12 Months
Daily Use—Longitudinal 10 Tobacco 9.8
The daily tobaccoQuit use rate for University of12 Months Attempts—Past
18- to 24-Year-Old Students
Current Smokers
18- to 24-Year-Old Students
Smokers Minnesota–Twin Current Cities students ages 18–24 has 22.0% decreased from 9.8% in 1998 to 1.2% in 2015.
8
Percent
8 4
0
3.7 2.6
5.6
41.7% 1.9
3.7 1998
2001
1998
2001
2.6 2004 2007 2010 2013 1.9 College Student Health Survey
2015
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
2015
0–20 = Range of to Quit
Do Not Consider Themselves Smokers Consider Themselves Smokers
Quit Attemp Have Not Attemp to Quit Have Attempted to Quit
Do Not Consider Themselves Smokers
Have Not Attemp to Quit
3.8
1.2%, respectively). Within each age group, male Average of Cigarettes students report a higherNumber daily tobacco use rate Smoked Per Week Within the Past 30 Days 2.2
than female students. Current vs. Daily Smokers
2.2
0.8 Males
25+ Years Females 25+ Years Females
Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked 60 Per Week Within the Past 30 Days Current vs. Daily Smokers 50
2.8
1.6 Males
18–24 Years All Students
3.8
2.8 All Students Campus
1.6
1.2 1.2
1.3 1.3
Percent
2.3 2.3
1.6 1.6
18–24 Years
0.8
0
Campus
of Quit Attemp Have Attempted
Consider Themselves Smokers
use compared to students ages 18–24 (2.8% vs.
3 4
0 1
of Quit Attemp
25 and older have a higher rate of daily tobacco
All Students by Age Group and Gender
58.3%
0–20 = Range of Quit Attempt 3.6 = Average Numb
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students age
4 Tobacco Use Daily
58.3%
3.6 = Average Numb
1.2
All Students by Age Group and Gender
1 2
78.0%
1.2
Daily Tobacco Use
2 3
41.7%
78.0%22.0%
Tobacco Use
2
5.6 6.9
6 2 4 0
6.9
Average of Cigarettes Average Number ofNumber Cigarettes
9.8
Results
Percent
10 6
Percent
Females
The current tobacco use rate for first-year students
First-Year Students
50
Males
51.7
60 40 50 30
51.7
40 20 30 10 20 0 10 0
9.6 Current Smokers
Daily Smokers
Current Smokers
Daily Smokers
9.6
Results
15
nt Tobacco Use
ents by Age Group and Gender
20.5
Overall, 2.8% of U of M students report using
16.6
19.1
smokeless tobacco, 4.6% report using a hookah,
Current Smokeless Tobacco, Hookah, and Electronic Cigarette Use All Students by Gender 8
7.8
11.4
0
Any use of tobacco from a water pipe (hookah) within the past 30 days.
6.3 4.0
4.8
2.8
2
Definition: Current Hookah Use
5.6
4
4.6
Years Yearstobacco use25+ Any18–24 smokeless in the past 30 days. All Students Males Females
1.1
Campus
6
5.8
Definition: Current Smokeless Tobacco Use
Percent
8.9
8.6
12.0
during the past 30 days.
2.8
13.4
and 4.0% report using an electronic cigarette
Smokeless Tobacco
Hookah
All Students
Electronic Cigarette
Males
Females
Definition: Current Electronic Cigarette Use
Any electronic cigarette use in the nt TobaccoUse—Longitudinal Use—Longitudinal yr Students Tobacco past 30 days.
Quit Attempts—Past 12 Months
24-Year-Old Students
Current Smokers
9.8
53.3 Use—Longitudinal Tobacco Among students at the U of M who report using
-Year-Old Students
6.9
smoking tobacco in the past 30 days, 78.0% do
Quit Attempts—Past 12 Months 22.0% Current Smokers
41.7%
not 5.6consider themselves to be smokers. Among the students who do consider themselves to be 20.5 19.3 3.7 19.7 smokers, 58.3% made at least one attempt to quit 6.9 2.6 13.2 13.5 1.9 smoking over the past 12 months. These students 5.6 1.2 made an average of 3.6 quit attempts during that 1998 2007 3.72007 2010 2004 12-month 2010 2013 2013 2015 2015 1998 2001 2001 2004 same period. College Student Health Survey 2.6 Survey College Student Health 1.9 1.2
28.9
78.0% 22.0%
1998
2001
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
58.3% 3.6 = Average Number
78.0%
of Quit Attempts
0–20 = Range of
Quit Attempts
Consider Themselves Smokers
2015
Do Not Consider Themselves Smokers
y Tobacco Use
3.6 = Average Number Have Attempted
of Quit Attempts to Quit 0–20 =Have Range of Attempted Quit Not Attempts to Quit
Consider Themselves Smokers
Have Attempted to Quit
Do Not Consider Themselves Smokers
Have Not Attempted to Quit
udents by Age Group and Gender
3.8
Tobacco Use
ents by Age Group and Gender
The average number of cigarettes smoked per
2.8
week over the past 30 days by U of M students
Current vs. Daily Smokers
0.8
18–24 Years All Students
Males
Average Number of Cigarettes Average Number of Cigarettes
1.6
1.2
1.3
Males
60
Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Week Within the Past 30 Days 50
51.7
Current vs. Daily Smokers
2.2
2.8
0.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.3
18–24 Years All Students
2.2
3.8
2.3 1.6 1.6
Campus
Campus
Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Week Within the Past 30 Days
is 9.6 among current smokers and 51.7 among daily smokers.
25+ Years Females
60 50 40
25+ Years Females
58.3%
41.7%
Tobacco Use
Results
9.8
30 20
40 30
51.7
20 10 0
10
0 Cities Students 16 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin
9.6 Current Smokers
Daily Smokers
9.6 Current Smokers
Daily Smokers
Secondhand Smoke Exposure
For U of M students, 43.9% of nonsmokers
All Students
and 33.5% of smokers report being exposed to secondhand smoke on campus (outside). Percent Who Indicate Exposure
Location
Nonsmokers Current Smokers
In a Car
4.2 N/A 5.2 43.7 3.0 43.9 9.5 2.1 3.0 13.9 22.8
Off Campus On Campus Where I Live Other N/A—Never Exposed
Inside
N/A 26.1 11.9 51.4 3.7 33.5 7.3 18.8 8.7 23.9 19.3
All Students
6.5 N/A 5.9 44.5 3.1 42.8 2.7 16.5 3.7 14.9 22.4
Outside
Results Tobacco Use
Results
17
Results Tobacco Use
18 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Results
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use For some young adults, college life includes an introduction to or an increase in the use of alcohol, marijuana, and various illicit drugs. Whether students are using these substances to signify emergence into adulthood, enhance their social life, or cope with stress, substance abuse can lead to a decline in classroom performance, lower grades, aggressive behavior, property damage, and personal injury.
National Comparison American college students consume alcohol and other drugs at very high rates. Among full-time college students, approximately four in five (78.0%) have consumed alcohol at least one time, more than three in four (75.6%) have consumed alcohol in the past year, and nearly three in five (63.1%) consume alcohol monthly (Johnston et al, 2013). The rate of binge drinking (consuming five or more alcoholic beverages in a row in the previous two weeks) peaks between ages 21 and 25 at 45.1% and is 30.5% among 18- to 20-year-olds (SAMHSA, 2014). Young adults ages 18 to 22 who are enrolled in college full time are more likely than their peers who are not enrolled in college full time to consume alcohol
Results
monthly and to binge drink (SAMHSA, 2014). Approximately one-half (51.0%) of full-time college students have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime, more than one-third (38.9%) of full-time college students have used an illicit drug at
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
least once in the past year, and more than one in five (22.5%) full-time college students have used an illicit drug in the last month (Johnston et al, 2013). Marijuana is the illicit drug of choice for full-time college students, with nearly half (47.7%) of students having used the drug at least once in their lifetime, approximately one-third (35.5%) having used it in the past year, and approximately one in five (20.6%) having used it in the past month (Johnston et al, 2013). Among full-time college students, 10.6% have used amphetamines, 4.5% have used hallucinogens, and 2.7% have used cocaine in the previous year (Johnston et al, 2013).
19
Alcohol Use—Past 12 Months
Av
0 20 0
Any alcohol use within the past year.
89.4 89.4 89.4
83.8 83.8 83.8
87.2 87.2 87.2
20 40 20 18–24 Years Old 18–24 Years Old All Students Males Males 18–24 Years Old Campus All Students Campus Campus
0
All Students
Males
25+ Years Old 25+ Years Old Females Females 25+ Years Old
Average Number of Drinks Average Number of of Drinks Average Number Drinks
Definition: Past 12-Month Alcohol Use
40 60 40
80.8 80.8 80.8
PercentPercent Percent
past 12-month alcohol use rate than male students.
60 80 60
18-
78.0 78.0 78.0
80 100 80
ages 18–24 (87.2% vs. 79.3%, respectively). Within each age group, female students report a higher
18-
All100 Students by Age Group and Gender 100
79.3 79.3 79.3
alcohol in the past 12 months compared to students
Av 18Av
83.3 83.3 83.3
students age 25 and older have a higher rate of using
All Students by Age Group and Gender
80.0 80.0 80.0
of Minnesota–Twin Cities students is 81.8%. U of M
Alcohol Use—Past 12 Months All StudentsUse—Past by Age Group12 and Gender Alcohol Months
81.8 81.8 81.8
The past 12-month alcohol-use rate for all University
Females
Current Alcohol Use—Longitudinal 18- to 24-Year-Old Students Current Alcohol Use—Longitudinal 18- to 24-Year-Old Students
18-80 to 24-Year-Old Students 76.9 75.2 80 71.2
71.1
70.0
69.7
Av All Av All
Av All
1998 1998 1998
2004 2001 2007 2010 2013 2004Student 2001 College 2007 Health2010 Survey 2013 College Student Health Survey 2004 2001 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
2015 2015 2015
Current Alcohol Use
40 60 40 20 40 20 0 20 0 0
81.6 81.6 81.6
60 80 60
78.3 78.3 78.3
80 100 80
80.2 80.2 80.2
All100 Students by Age Group and Gender 100
H 18 H
18
H
18 18–24 Years Old 18–24 Years Old All Students Males Males 18–24 Years Old Campus All Students Campus Campus
All Students
Current Alcohol Use All StudentsAlcohol by Age Use Current
All Students by Age 20 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students Current Alcohol Use All100 Students by Age 100
Males
25+ Years Old 25+ Years Old Females Females 25+ Years Old Females
PercentPercent Percent
students ages 18–24.
73.7
69.9 69.9 69.9
lower current alcohol-use rate than males among
71.2
70.6 70.6 70.6
alcohol-use rate than males but females report a
75.2
All Students by Age Group and Gender
(80.2% vs. 69.7%, respectively). Among students age 25 and older, females report a higher current
76.9
69.7 69.7
69.7 69.7 69.7
alcohol-use rate compared to students ages 18–24
70.0 70.0
Current Alcohol Use All StudentsAlcohol by Age Group Current Useand Gender
PercentPercent Percent
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
students age 25 and older have a higher current
71.1 71.1
20 40 20
0
Minnesota–Twin Cities students is 66.5%. U of M
73.7 73.7
40 60 40
200 0
The current alcohol-use rate for all University of
71.2
Average Number of Drinks Average Number of of Drinks Average Number Drinks
Results
Any alcohol use within the past 30 days.
60 80 60
75.2
73.3 73.3 73.3
Definition: Current Alcohol Use
PercentPercent Percent
decreased from 76.9% in 1998 to 69.7% in 2015.
76.9
72.9 72.9 72.9
Minnesota–Twin Cities students ages 18–24 has
Current Alcohol Use—Longitudinal
66.5 66.5 66.5
The current alcohol-use rate for University of
Per
10
Current Alcohol Use
The rate of current alcohol consumption increases 0
All Students by Age
2007 to 2010 2001 2004 from 55.2% of 18-year-old U of M students
2013 College Student Health Survey
57.3
55.2
78.4
84.9
82.4
80.6
86.6
77.2
77.6
79.3
Percent
60
66.9
80
40
High-Risk Drinking
All Students by Age Group and Gender
20
0
18
20
21
19
20
21
23 Age
22
23 Age
2015
0
25
24
25
26
26
18
High-Risk Drinking Rates on Campus— Perceived vs. Actual All Students
Question asked: University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students
Average Number of Drinks per Week
20.6
16.4
24
27
2
27
2
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
2010 2013 2007 College Student Health Survey
2004
22.1
21.0 27.2
30.4
36.6
22
28.2
34.1
19
10
9.7
In the past two weeks, what percentage of students at your
All Students by Gender
do you thinkdrinks had five or week. more at a sitting? High-Risk Rates ondrinks Campus— consume anschool average ofDrinking 4.1 per
(One drink = one of alcohol; 12-ounce beer; mixed drink Perceived vs.shot Actual
containing or 1.5 ounces of alcohol; 12-ounce wine cooler; or U of M students ages118–24 consume a higher All Students 5-ounce glass of wine.)
8 Average Number ofAverage Drinks Number of Drinks
9.7
average number of drinks per week compared
0
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.9
6.6
4.9
Females
3.5
Males
25+ Years Old
4.0
3.5
18–24 Years Old
All Students
number of drinks per week than female students. 33.7% Non-High-Risk Drinkers Students’ Perception High-Risk Drinking Status
4.7
Campus
3.5
2
4.1
0 4
6.0
2 6
6.6
3.5
4.1
4 8
4.7
6.0
All Students by Gender
Students’ Perception Actual High-Risk In the past two weeks, what percentage of students at your Drinking Status by School Peers Drinking Rat school do you think hadage fivegroup, or more drinks at a sitting? 4.0, respectively). Within each male (One drink = one shot of alcohol; 12-ounce beer; mixed drink 37.2% All Students1 or 1.5 ounces of alcohol; containing students report consuming a higher average 12-ounce wine cooler; or 5-ounce glass of wine.) 27.4% 45.0% High-Risk Drinkers Question asked: to U of M students 4.7 vs. Drinking High-Riskage 25 and older of(High-Risk
Average Number of Drinks per Week 6
of High-Risk Drinking by School Peers
All Students
37.2%
High-Risk Drinkers
45.0%
Non-High-Risk Drinkers
33.7%
of All Studen
Actual High-Risk Drinking Rat
27.4%
of All Studen
Blood Alcohol Content Campus
18–24 Years Old
All Students
Males
25+ Years Old Females
Blood alcohol content (BAC) measures the percentage of alcoho in a person’s blood. The calculation of BAC is based on a formula that takes into account the following factors: Blood Alcohol Content
81.6
015
20
Results
1
30 0
16.4
2015
Females
28.2
40
10 drinks per week. average of 4.7
2010 2013 2007 College Student Health Survey
2004
U of M students ages 18–24 report consuming an
25+ Years Old
27.2
4.1
30.4
2
4.5
36.6
3 0
4.5
4.3
4.7
40 All Students by Age Campus 18–24 Years Old by University30of Minnesota–Twin Cities students All Students Males ages 18–24 has 50 remained fairly constant since 2004. 20
High-Risk The average number ofDrinking drinks consumed per week 0 35.2
4.1
18- to 24-Year-Old Students 3
4 1
50 10
4.7
4.5
Average Number of Drinks per Week—Longitudinal 5 2
20
31.5
4
4.5
4.3
All Students by Age
35.2
5
30 High-Risk Drinking
39.9
18- to 24-Year-Old Students
39.9
Average Number of Drinks per Week—Longitudinal
40
28.2
28+
25.8
27
36.8
26
31.5
25
33.2
24
27.4
23 Age
33.2
22
31.2
21
31.2
20
Percent
19
Percent
18
44.1
50
Percent
0
ld
015
2015
86.6% of 24-year-old U of M students.
100
Average Number ofAverage Drinks Number of Drinks
89.4
89.4
d
20
High-Risk Drinking—Longitudinal 18- to 24-Year-Old Students
• Gender Results 21 • Current body weight • Amount of alcohol consumed (number of drinks) Blood alcohol content (BAC) measures the percentage of alcoho • Time period of consumption
81.6 81.6
78.3 78.3
80.2 80.2
69.9 69.9
70.6 70.6
69.7 69.7
73.3 73.3
72.9 72.9
60
66.5 66.5
The high-risk drinking rate for University of
40
Minnesota–Twin Cities students ages 18–24 has
20
High-Risk Drinking—Longitudinal 18- to 24-Year-Old Students
decreased from 43.0% in 2001 to 34.1% in 2015.
0
18–24 Years Old
Campus
All Students
50
25+ Years Old Females
Males
40 Percent Percent
Percent
80
43.0
41.6
39.6
37.5
35.2
34.1
2007 2010 2013 2004 College Student Health Survey
2015
30 20 10
Current Alcohol Use
0
All Students by Age
2001
High-Risk Drinking
All Students by Age Group and Gender
in high-risk drinking. U of M students ages 18–24
40
compared to female students.
Results
Campus
All Students
0
1
20
31.5
Percent
2
30
39.9
40
0
27.2
4.1
3
Al
50
4.7
33.2
4.5
31.2
4.3
4.5
A
All Students by Age
36.6
drinking are between ages 21 and 23.
5
Females
Males
High-Risk Drinking
35.2
students, the peak years for engaging in high-risk
25+ Years Old
18–24 Years Old
30.4
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
0
18- to 24-Year-Old Students
0
20 10
Among University Minnesota–Twin Cities Average Number of Drinks per of Week—Longitudinal
4
30
10 2004
2010 2013 2007 College Student Health Survey
2015
0
18
19
20
21
22
23 Age
24
25
26
27
28+
Average BAC
students report a higher rate of high-risk drinking
18.1
21.0%, respectively). Within each age group, male
20.6 20.6
28+
22.1 22.1
27
16.4
26
21.0 21.0
25
28.2
24
28.2 28.2
23 Age
44.1 44.1
22
34.1 34.1
21
to U of M students Age age 25 and older (34.1% vs.
25.8 25.8
20
36.8 36.8
19
50
report a higher high-risk drinking rate compared
27.4 27.4
18
Average Average BAC BAC
78.4 78.4
84.9 84.9
82.4 82.4
80.6 80.6
86.6 86.6
77.2 77.2
77.6 77.6
66.9 66.9
Minnesota–Twin Cities students report engaging
20 0
More than one-fourth (27.4%) of University of
Percent Percent
40
55.2 55.2
60
57.3 57.3
80
79.3 79.3
100
0
0
0
High-Risk Drinking Rates on Campus— 22 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students Perceived vs. Actual All Students
Ne All
High-Risk Drinking Rates on Campus— High-Riskvs. Drinking Rates on on Campus— Campus— Perceived ActualRates High-Risk Drinking All Students vs. Perceived vs. Actual Actual Perceived
Students attending U of M overestimate the high-risk drinking rate on their campus. The estimate from all
All Students Students All
Question asked: InQuestion the past asked: two weeks, what percentage of students at your Question asked: school you think had what five orpercentage more drinks a sitting? In the thedo past two weeks, what percentage of at students at your your In past two weeks, of students at (One drink = one shothad of alcohol; 12-ounce mixed school do do you you think had five or or more more drinksbeer; at aa sitting? sitting?drink school think five drinks at containing 1 or 1.5 ounces of alcohol; 12-ounce wine cooler; (One drink = one shot of alcohol; 12-ounce beer; mixed drinkor (One drink = one shot of alcohol; 12-ounce beer; mixed drink 5-ounce glass of 1.5 wine.) containing or 1.5 ounces of of alcohol; alcohol; 12-ounce 12-ounce wine wine cooler; cooler; or or containing 11 or ounces 5-ounce glass glass of of wine.) wine.) 5-ounce Students’ Perception Actual High-Risk ofStudents’ High-RiskPerception Drinking High-Risk Students’ Perception Actual Actual Drinking Status School Peers Drinking Rate High-Risk ofby High-Risk Drinking High-Risk High-Risk of High-Risk Drinking High-Risk Drinking Status Status by School School Peers Peers Drinking Rate Rate Drinking by Drinking 37.2% All Students 37.2% All Students Students 37.2% All 27.4% 45.0% High-Risk Drinkers of All27.4% Students 27.4% 45.0% High-Risk Drinkers 45.0% High-Risk Drinkers of All All Students Students 33.7% Non-High-Risk Drinkers of 33.7% Non-High-Risk Drinkers Drinkers 33.7% Non-High-Risk
Blood Alcohol Content Blood Alcohol Alcohol Content Content Blood
engaged in high-risk drinking estimate a high-risk drinking rate of 45.0%, while those who have not engaged in high-risk drinking estimate a rate of 33.7%. Negative Consequence Due to Alcohol Use Negative Consequence Consequence Due to Alcohol Use Negative Arrested for a DWI/DUI Due to Alcohol Use Arrested for DWI/DUI Arrested by forSomeone aa DWI/DUI Criticized I Know Criticized by by Someone Someone II Know Know Criticized Damaged Property, Pulled Fire Alarm, etc. Damaged Property, Property, Pulled Pulled Fire Fire Alarm, Alarm, etc. etc. Damaged Done Something I Later Regretted Done Something I Later Regretted Done Something Later Regretted Driven a Car WhileI Under the Influence Driven aa Car Car While While Under Under the the Influence Driven Got Into an Agrument or Fight Influence Got Into Into an an Agrument Agrument or or Fight Fight Got Got Nauseated or Vomited Got Nauseated Nauseated or Vomited Got Had a Hangover or Vomited Had aa Hangover Hangover Had Had a Memory Loss Had aa Memory Memory Loss Had Have Been TakenLoss Advantage of Sexually Have Been Taken Advantage Advantage of of Sexually Sexually HaveTaken Been Advantage Taken Have of Another Sexually The BACHave of aTaken student on the most recent Have Taken Advantage of Another Sexually Advantage of Another Sexually Hurt or Injured socializing/partying Hurt or or Injured Injuredoccasion was calculated based Hurt Missed a Class Missed a Classdifferent survey questions on answers to Missed afour Class Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project Performed Poorlyweight, on aa Test Testamount or Important Important Project Performed Poorly on or Project (gender, current body of alcohol Seriously Thought About Suicide Seriously Thought Thought About About Suicide Seriously Seriously CommitofSuicide Suicide consumed, andTried timetoperiod consumption). It Seriously Tried to Commit Suicide SeriouslyI Might Tried to Commit Suicide Thought Have a Drinking Problem should be noted that the BAC calculated in this Thought II Might Might Have Have aa Drinking Drinking Problem Problem Thought Unsuccessfully Stop Using is selfstudy isTried an estimate. Thistoinformation Tried Unsuccessfully Unsuccessfully to to Stop Stop Using Using Tried Trouble with Police, Residence Hall, reported and students tend to underestimate the orTrouble Other University/College Authorities with Police, Residence Hall, Trouble with Police, Residence Hall, or Other Other University/College University/College Authorities Authorities or
Percent Who Report Percent Percent Experiencing Who Report Repor Who Within Past Experiencin Experiencing 12 Months Within Past Within Past 12 Months Months 12
0.2 0.2 0.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 26.0 26.0 26.0 5.6 5.6 5.6 11.5 11.5 11.5 35.1 35.1 35.1 49.1 49.1 49.1 20.7 20.7 20.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 9.4 9.4 9.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 7.0 7.0 7.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
actual amount of alcohol they consume.
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
11
All Students Consequences Negative Consequences of of Alcohol Alcohol Use Use Negative
All Students Students rate at the university is 27.4%. Those who have All
Results
Blood alcohol content (BAC) measures the percentage of alcohol inBlood a person’s blood. The(BAC) calculation of BAC based on aof Blood alcohol content (BAC) measures theispercentage percentage offormula alcohol alcohol content measures the alcohol that intoblood. account the followingof factors: in aatakes person’s blood. The calculation of BAC is is based based on on aa formula formula in person’s The calculation BAC that takes takes into into account account the the following following factors: factors: that • Gender Genderbody weight •••Current Gender Currentof body weight •••Amount alcohol consumed (number of drinks) Current body weight • Amount of alcohol consumed (number (number of of drinks) drinks) ••Time period of consumption Amount of alcohol consumed Time period period of ofofconsumption consumption •••Concentration alcohol in the beverage consumed Time on the alcohol content of beverage one typical can of beer Concentration of alcohol alcohol in the the beverage consumed ••(based Concentration of in consumed containing alcohol) (based on on4.5% the alcohol alcohol content of of one one typical typical can can of of beer beer (based the content containing 4.5% 4.5% alcohol) alcohol) containing
Negative of Alcohol Use students is 37.2%Consequences , and the actual high-risk drinking
Average Number of Alcohol-Related Average Number Number of of Alcohol-Related Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Average All Students by Average Number of Drinks and High-Risk Drinking Negative Consequences Negative Consequences
All Students Students by by Average Average Number Number of of Drinks Drinks and and High-Risk High-Risk Drinking Drinking All
Average Estimated Blood Alcohol Content All Students Estimated by Gender Average Estimated Blood Alcohol Alcohol Content Content Average Blood
Average BAC Average BAC Average BAC
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06
0.07 0.07 0.07
0.07 0.07 0.07
0.08 0.08 0.08
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
All Students All Students Students All
Males Males Males
Average Number Average Number of Average Number of of Negative Consequences Negative Consequences Negative Consequences
All Students Students by by Gender Gender All
55
18 18 Twin Cities,15the average estimated blood 15 15.1 15 alcohol content, based on the last15.1 time the 15.1 12 12 12 student partied/socialized, is 0.07. The average 9 estimated BAC 99 for females is slightly higher than 6 the average 66estimated BAC for males. 2.4 3 2.4 2.4 3.1 33 3.1 0 3.1 6 or More Non-High-Risk 00 5 or Fewer Drinkers or More More or Fewer Fewer Non-High-Risk 66Drinks or 55Drinks or Non-High-Risk perDrinks Week perDrinks Week Drinks Drinks Drinkers Drinkers per Week Week per Week Week per per
For students attending University of Minnesota– 18
14.4 14.4 14.4
High-Risk Drinkers High-Risk High-Risk Drinkers Drinkers
Females Females Females
Results
23
High-Risk Drinking
Average Estimated Blood Alcohol Content
All Students by Age
All Students by Age
18
19
20
21
22
23 Age
24
26
27
0.03
23 Age
22
0.07
24
25
26
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.07 0.07
0.08
0.08 21
27
0.06
20
0.08
0.09
0.09 19
0.06
18
A D
0.06
28+
0.06 0.00
H
0.06
27
0.09 0.03
0.09
18.1
16.4
25
26
0.12 0.06
0.09
28.2
27.2 25
18.1
24
28.2
30.4
23 Age
16.4
22
0.10
35.2
35.2
21
10 0
36.6
39.9
20
All Students by Age 0.09
0.10
36.6
39.9
31.5
19
drinking age.
27.2
18
the legal driving limit of 0.08 for individuals of legal
31.5
200
respondents averaging 0.07. Students ages 18–20 all report average estimated BAC levels that exceed
33.2
10 30
30.4
20 40
to 0.10, with the estimated BAC for all survey
33.2
31.2
30 50
31.2
Percent
All Students by Age 40 Minnesota–Twin Cities students range from 0.06
0.12
Average Estimated Blood Alcohol Content Average BAC Average BAC
50
High-Risk Drinking The average estimated BAC levels for University of
28+
G
NH ( DM
GP H (In
M 28+
0.00
*
18
19
20
21
22
23 Age
24
25
26
27
28+
Pe
*T w w
High-Risk Drinking Rates on Campus— Perceived vs. Actual All Students
Approximately one in twenty (5.6%) U of M students Question asked: High-Risk Drinking Rates on Campus— reportwhat having drivenof a car whileatunder In the past two percentage students your the influence Perceived vs.weeks, Actual
school do you think had five or more drinks at a sitting? All Students alcohol or drugs. Among (One drink = one of shot of alcohol; 12-ounce beer;University mixed drinkof Minnesota– containing 1 or 1.5 ounces of alcohol; 12-ounce wine cooler; or Twin Cities students, 9.4% report missing a class and 5-ounce glass of wine.) Question asked: 6.4% report performing poorly a test or project as In the past two weeks, what percentage of students at on your Perception Actual school do you think had five Students’ or more drinks at a sitting? High-Risk of alcohol High-Risk Drinking High-Risk a result of use. (One drink = one shot of alcohol; 12-ounce beer; mixed drink Drinking Status by School Peers wine cooler; Drinking containing 1 or 1.5 ounces of alcohol; 12-ounce or Rate 5-ounce glass of wine.) 37.2% All Students
Results
High-Risk Drinkers High-Risk Drinking Status Drinkers Non-High-Risk
Students’45.0% Perception of High-Risk Drinking 33.7% by School Peers
37.2%
High-Risk Drinkers
45.0%
Non-High-Risk Drinkers
33.7%
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
All Students
27.4% Actual ofHigh-Risk All Students Drinking Rate 27.4%
of All Students
Blood Alcohol Content
in a person’s blood. The calculation of BAC is based on a formula that takes into account the following factors:
• Gender • Current weight Blood alcohol body content (BAC) measures the percentage of alcohol • Amountblood. of alcohol consumed (number drinks) in a person’s The calculation of BAC is of based on a formula that •takes account the following factors: Timeinto period of consumption Concentration of alcohol in the beverage consumed ••Gender (based on the alcohol content of one typical can of beer • Current body4.5% weight containing alcohol) • Amount of alcohol consumed (number of drinks) • Time period of consumption • Concentration of alcohol in the beverage consumed (based on the alcohol content of one typical can of beer containing 4.5% alcohol)
All Students
Negative Consequences of Alcohol Use All Students
Negative Consequence Due to Alcohol Use Arrested for a DWI/DUI Criticized by Someone I Know DamagedConsequence Property, Pulled Alarm, etc. Negative DueFire to Alcohol Use Done Something I Later Regretted Arrested for a DWI/DUI Driven a Car While Under the Influence Criticized by Someone I Know Got Into an Agrument or Fight Damaged Property, Pulled Fire Alarm, etc. Got Nauseated or Vomited Done Something I Later Regretted Had a Hangover Driven a Car While Under the Influence Had a Memory Loss Got Into an Agrument or Fight Have Been Taken Advantage of Sexually Got Nauseated or Vomited Have Taken Advantage of Another Sexually Had a Hangover Hurt or Injured Had a Memory Loss Missed a Class Have Been Taken Advantage of Sexually Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project Have Taken Advantage of Another Sexually Seriously Thought About Suicide Hurt or Injured Seriously Tried to Commit Suicide Missed a Class Thought I Might Have a Drinking Problem Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project Tried Unsuccessfully to Stop Using Seriously Thought About Suicide Trouble with Police, Residence Hall, Seriously to Commit Suicide or OtherTried University/College Authorities Thought I Might Have a Drinking Problem
Percent Who Report Experiencing Within Past 12 Months
0.2 Percent Who Report 12.3 Experiencing Within Past 1.3 12 Months 26.0 0.2 5.6 12.3 11.5 1.3 35.1 26.0 49.1 5.6 20.7 11.5 3.2 35.1 0.4 49.1 5.0 20.7 9.4 3.2 6.4 0.4 2.1 5.0 0.4 9.4 7.0 6.4 1.4 2.1 0.4 4.4
Tried Unsuccessfully to Stop Using
7.0 1.4
Trouble with Police, Residence Hall, or Other University/College Authorities
4.4
L A
A
R
V
S
S
V
Average Number of Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences
All Students by Average Number of Drinks and High-Risk Drinking
Average Estimated Blood Alcohol Content All Students by Gender
18 Average Number of Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences
All Students by Average Number of Drinks and High-Risk Drinking 15
e Number of Number of Average Consequences Negative Consequences
erage BAC
BloodAlcohol alcohol content (BAC) measures the percentage of alcohol Blood Content
Negative Consequences of Alcohol Use
12 18 Average Estimated Blood Alcohol Content 0.08 9 All Students by Gender 0.07 0.07 15 0.06 24 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students 6 12 0.08 3 0.04 0.08 9 3.1 0.08
15.1
14.4
15.1 2.4
14.4
C
A strong association exists between the average
All Students by Average Number of Drinks and High-Risk Drinking
Males
Females
number of drinks U of M students consumed per week and the total number of reported alcoholrelated negative consequences they experienced over the past 12 months. An association also
15
15.1
12
14.4
within the past two weeks and reported negative
9
Current Marijuana Use—Longitudinal consequences. 18- to 24-Year-Old Students
6
2.4
3 0
exists between engaging in high-risk drinking
20
3.1 5 or Fewer Drinks per Week
6 or More Drinks per Week
High-Risk Drinkers
Non-High-Risk Drinkers
18.7 16.5
15 Percent
Average Number of Negative Consequences
18
15.7 13.5
17.
15.5
15.1
10 5
Current Marijuana Use Current All StudentsMarijuana by Age Group Use and Gender
All0Students by Age Group and Gender 2004 1998 2001 2007 2010 2013 The rates for 25 the alcohol-relatedCollege negative Student Health Survey 25
consequences identified are three or more 20
All Students All Students
Non-High-Risk Drinkers Non-High-Risk Drinkers
High-Risk Drinkers High-Risk Drinkers
*The rate for high-risk drinking is based on behavior in the past two weeks *The for high-risk drinking is based onisbehavior the pastexperiences two weeks whilerate the rate for negative consequences based oninreported while the previous rate for negative consequences is based on reported experiences within 12-month period. within the previous 12-month period.
Likelihood of Calling 911 in an Likelihood Calling 911 Situation in an Alcoholor of Drug-Related AlcoholAll Students or Drug-Related Situation
All Students All Students
who have engaged in high-risk drinking has 5 5
driven while under the influence of alcohol or 0
0 times drugs one or more in the past 1218–24 months. Campus Years Old
Campus 18–24 Years Old All Students Males All Students Males
12.3 12.3
10
drinking. About 10one in eight (12.6%) students
10.3 10.3
15
to students who have not engaged in high-risk
25+ Years Old 25+ Years Old Females Females
Students were asked if they would call 911 when
Negative Consequences of Marijuana Use
Negative of use Marijuana Use Students someoneAll passes out Consequences due to alcohol/drug and All Students
All Students
Response Response Very Likely Very Likely Somewhat Likely Somewhat Likely Somewhat Unlikely Somewhat Unlikely Very Unlikely Very Unlikely
have engaged15in high-risk drinking compared
17.2 17.2
12.6 12.6 27.1 27.1 6.5 6.5 24.4 24.4 16.1 16.1
12.0 12.0
2.9 2.9 5.6 5.6 1.9 1.9 3.7 3.7 2.8 2.8
19.0 19.0
5.6 5.6 11.5 11.5 3.2 3.2 9.4 9.4 6.4 6.4
times higher among U of M students who 20
13.7 13.7
Percent Percent
Percent Percent
Negative Consequence Due to Alcohol Use Negative Consequence Due to Alcohol Use Driven a Car While Under the Influence Driven a Car While Under the Influence Got into an Argument or Fight Got into an Argument or Fight Have Been Taken Advantage of Sexually (Includes Males andAdvantage Females) of Sexually Have Been Taken (Includes Males and Females) Missed a Class Missed a Class Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project
14.0 14.0
All Students
201
22.4 22.4
High-Risk Drinking and Selected Consequences* High-Risk All Students Drinking and Selected Consequences*
they are unable to wake the individual. In this
65.0 65.0 24.9 24.9 7.3 7.3 2.8 2.8
Percent Percent
Students Who Students Who Did Not Use Did NotWithin Use Alcohol Alcohol Within the Past 30 Days the Past 30 Days
Marijuana Use—Past 12 Months Marijuana Use—Past Months All Students by Age Group and12 Gender All Students by Age Group and Gender 40 40
9
0.06 0.06
All Students
Average Number of Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences
25+ Years Ol
18–24 Years Old
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
t ort ort ng cing st ast hs hs
Campus
Results
8+ 28+
0
67.5 67.5 23.9 23.9 5.2 5.2 3.4 3.4
Percent Percen Who Repo Who Rep Experienci Experienc Within Pa Within P 12 Month 12 Mont
example of a situation in which 911 must be called,
64.1 64.1 25.2 25.2 8.1 8.1 2.6 2.6
Students Who Students Did Use Who Did UseWithin Alcohol Alcohol Within the Past 30 Days the Past 30 Days
65.0% of all U of M students report they would be Negative Due to Marijuana Use “very likely” to callConsequence for emergency assistance.
Negative Consequence Due to Marijuana Use Arrested for a DWI/DUI Arrested for a DWI/DUI Criticized by Someone I Know Criticized by Someone I Know Damaged Property, Pulled Fire Alarm, etc. Damaged Property, Pulled Fire Alarm, etc. Done Something I Later Regretted Done Something I Later Regretted Driven a Car While Under the Influence Driven a Car While Under the Influence Got Into an Argument or Fight Got Into an Argument or Fight Got Nauseated or Vomited Got Nauseated or Vomited Had a Hangover Had a Hangover Had a Memory Loss Had a Memory Loss Have Been Taken Advantage of Sexually Have Been Taken Advantage of Sexually Have Taken Advantage of Another Sexually Have Taken Advantage of Another Sexually Hurt or Injured Hurt or Injured Results Missed a Class Missed a Class Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project Performed Poorly on a Test or Important Project Seriously Thought About Suicide
25
0.1 0.1 2.2 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 4.0 4.0 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.3
20.7 49.1 3.2 a Memory Loss 20.7 ave Taken Advantage of Another Sexually 0.4 e Been Taken Advantage of Sexually 3.2 urt or Injured 5.0 eissed Taken Advantage of Another Sexually 0.4 a Class The rate for any marijuana use within9.4 the past trformed or Injured 5.0 Poorly on a Test or Important Project 6.4 12 months is 27.5% for all University of Minnesota– sed a Class 9.4 riously Thought About Suicide 2.1 Twin Cities students. U of M students ages 18–24 ormed Poorly on a Test or Important Project 6.4 0.4 riously Tried to Commit Suicide a higher rate of using marijuana in the past ously Abouthave 2.1 oughtThought I Might Have aSuicide Drinking Problem 7.0 0.4 ously Tried to Commit Suicide months 25 and older ed Unsuccessfully to12 Stop Using compared to students age 1.4 ught I Might Have a Drinking Problem 7.0 (31.2% Hall, vs. 19.5%, respectively). Within each age ouble with Police, Residence University/College Authorities 4.4 dOther Unsuccessfully to Stop Using group, male students report a higher1.4 past 12-month
Ha Had Ha Had Ha
ad a Memory Loss a Hangover ave Been Taken Advantage of Sexually
Marijuana Use—Past 12 Months
Have Hu Have M
All Students by Age Group and Gender
Marijuana Use—Past 12 Months
Hurt Pe Miss Se
Definition:
0
28.4
31.2 35.9 35.9
31.2
24.7
19.5
Campus
0
12-Month Marijuana Use Average NumberPast of Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Any marijuana use within the pastDrinking year. All Students by Average Number of Drinks and High-Risk verage Number of Alcohol-Related egative Consequences
All Students
15.1
Males
S
Females
A
Se
12 9 6 3
9 6
ages 18–24 has fluctuated slightly since 1998,
3
ranging from a high of2.4 18.7% in 2001 to a low of
3.1
13.5% in 2007. The current marijuana-use rate for 2.4 18–24 is 17.2% . High-Risk More ages 5 or Fewer U of 6Morstudents Non-High-Risk 3.1 Drinks
per Week 5 or Fewer Drinks per Week
Results
0
14.4
15.1 The current marijuana-use rate for14.4 U of M students
0
All
Drinks Drinkers per Week 6 or More Non-High-Risk Drinks Drinkers Definition: per Week Current Marijuana Use
D
Current Marijuana Use—Longitudinal Current Marijuana Use—Longitudinal 18- to 24-Year-Old Students 20
18.7
20 15
Drinkers
High-Risk Drinkers
Any marijuana use within the past 30 days.
15 10 10
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
5
U of M students. U of M students ages 18–24 have
16.5
15.7
18.7
16.5
13.5
15.7
13.5
15.5
15.1 15.1
17.2 17.2
15.5
0
Use 1998 1998
2001 2001
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
2004 2007 2010 2013 College Student Health Survey
2015 2015
Current Marijuana Use
All Students by Age Group and Gender
a higher current marijuana-use rate compared
rformed Poorly on a Test or Important Project All Students
Non-High-Risk Drinkers
High-Risk Drinkers
0
Campus
18–24 Years Old All Students
25+ Years Old
Males
he rate for high-risk drinking is based on behavior in the past two weeks hile the rate for negative consequences is based on reported experiences ithin the previous 12-month period.
26 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
ikelihood of Calling 911 in an Alcohol- or Drug-Related Situation
12.3
14.0
17.2
5
10.3
3.2 1.9 6.5 9.4 3.7 24.4 6.4 2.8 16.1
7.5
ssed a Class
10
12.0
ve Been Taken Advantage of Sexually cludes Males and Females)
15
13.7
report a higher current marijuana-use rate than 5.6 2.9 12.6 female students. ot into an Argument or Fight 11.5 5.6 27.1
iven a Car While Under the Influence
Percent
Percent
19.0
20
respectively). Within each age group, male students
egative Consequence Due to Alcohol Use
22.4
25
to students age 25 and older (17.2% vs. 10.3%,
GH In Hal O
Sed U Use U
igh-Risk Drinking and Selected Consequences* Students
Coc G Ecs H
Inh Se Opi U
5
0
The current marijuana-use rate is 13.7% for all
A Dru C Am E
18- to 24-Year-Old Students
Percent Percent
12 15
Trou or O
Females 25+ Years Old
Students by Average Number of Drinks and High-Risk Drinking 18
15 18
Serio Tri Thou Tro or Tried
25+ Years Old
18–24 Years Old All Students Males 18–24 Years Old
Campus
19.5 22.3 22.3 16.6 16.6
10
Perf Se Serio Th
28.4
20 10
24.7
uble with Police, Residence Hall, marijuana use rate than female students. ther University/College Authorities 4.4
30 20
27.5
Percent Percent
40 30
27.5 31.4 31.4
All Students by Age Group and Gender 40
Negative Consequences of Marijuana Use
Females
Use
16.6 16.6
Negative NegativeConsequences Consequencesof ofMarijuana MarijuanaUse Use
Approximately one in twenty-five (4.0%) U of M
All AllStudents Students
Negative NegativeConsequence ConsequenceDue Dueto toMarijuana MarijuanaUse Use
students report having driven a car while under Percent Percent Who WhoReport Report Experiencing Experiencing Within WithinPast Past 12 12Months Months
Tried TriedUnsuccessfully Unsuccessfullyto toStop StopUsing Using
0.1 0.1 2.2 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 4.0 4.0 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4
Trouble Troublewith withPolice, Police,Residence ResidenceHall, Hall, or orOther OtherUniversity/College University/CollegeAuthorities Authorities
0.2 0.2
Arrested Arrestedfor foraaDWI/DUI DWI/DUI Criticized Criticizedby bySomeone SomeoneI IKnow Know Damaged DamagedProperty, Property,Pulled PulledFire FireAlarm, Alarm,etc. etc. Done DoneSomething SomethingI ILater LaterRegretted Regretted Driven DrivenaaCar CarWhile WhileUnder Underthe theInfluence Influence Got GotInto Intoan anArgument Argumentor orFight Fight Got GotNauseated Nauseatedor orVomited Vomited Had HadaaHangover Hangover Had HadaaMemory MemoryLoss Loss Have HaveBeen BeenTaken TakenAdvantage Advantageof ofSexually Sexually Have HaveTaken TakenAdvantage Advantageof ofAnother AnotherSexually Sexually Hurt Hurtor orInjured Injured Missed MissedaaClass Class Performed PerformedPoorly Poorlyon onaaTest Testor orImportant ImportantProject Project Seriously SeriouslyThought ThoughtAbout AboutSuicide Suicide Seriously SeriouslyTried Triedto toCommit CommitSuicide Suicide Thought ThoughtI IMight MightHave HaveaaDrug DrugProblem Problem
the influence of marijuana. Among University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students, 1.0% report missing a class, and 1.2% report thinking they might have a drug problem.
Results
ld Old
The illicit drug most commonly used by
All AllStudents Students
Drug Drug Amphetamines Amphetamines Cocaine Cocaine Ecstasy Ecstasy GHB/Rohypnol GHB/Rohypnol Hallucinogens Hallucinogens Inhalants Inhalants Opiates Opiates Sedatives Sedatives Use Useof ofatatLeast LeastOne Oneof ofthe theAbove AboveListed ListedDrugs Drugs Use Useof ofAnother AnotherPerson’s Person’sADHD ADHDMedication Medication Use Useof ofAnother AnotherPerson’s Person’sMedication MedicationOther OtherThan ThanADHD ADHD
Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
.2 7.2
Selected SelectedDrug DrugUse—Past Use—Past12 12Months Months
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students is Percent Percent Who WhoReport Report Use Use Within WithinPast Past 12 12Months Months
0.5 0.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 3.1 3.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 6.6 6.6 7.4 7.4 2.4 2.4
hallucinogens (3.1%). Further analysis shows that among University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students, 6.6% report having used at least one of the eight listed illicit drugs. In addition,
7.4% of students report using another person’s ADHD medication and 2.4% indicate they used another person’s prescription medication other than ADHD medication.
15 015
Results
27
Results Alcohol Use and Other Drug Use
28 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Results
Personal Safety and Financial Health The health of students and their subsequent success in academic life depends on a multitude of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the individual. Safety and personal finances are natural sources of concern for students, parents, and college personnel. A safe campus offers students the opportunity to pursue learning in an environment free from threats to their physical or emotional well-being. As college populations become more diverse, the challenge of creating a safe environment becomes more complex. Students’ decisions related to finances also affect their academic success. This section concentrates on the areas of personal safety and financial health.
National Comparison Though many efforts are made to reduce violence and victimization on campus, these unfortunate events still occur. Current data show that nearly one in five (18.3%) women and one in 70 (1.4%) men in the United States have been victims of rape or attempted rape in their lifetime (Black et al, 2011). Based on estimates by the National Institute of Justice, 20.0% of American women experience rape or attempted rape while in college, and more than one in nine (12.0%) student victims state the victimization was not important enough to report (Sinozich and Langton, 2014). Financial health is another area of concern. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the
Results
average total cost of attendance at a four-year school for first-year, full-time students living on campus was $21,680 at public institutions and $42,960 at private nonprofit institutions. For first-year students living on campus at a two-year public institution the average cost is $13,280 (USDE, 2013). In
Personal Safety and Financial Health
2011–2012, the average amount of grants for first-year, full-time students was $17,040 for students at four-year nonprofit institutions and $6,270 for students at four-year public institutions (USDE, 2013). Over one-half (53.0%) of first-year students attending a four-year public institution, 63.0% of firstyear students attending a nonprofit private school, and 27.0% attending a two-year public institution borrowed money through a school loan (USDE, 2013). More than four in five (84.0%) college students in the United States have at least one credit card, and one-half (50.0%) have four or more credit cards (Sallie Mae, 2009). The average credit card debt per U.S. college student is $3,173 (Sallie Mae, 2009). More than two-fifths (41.9%) of college students report they participated in some type of gambling activity during the previous school year (LaBrie et al, 2004).
29
Sexual Assault—Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students by Gender
Sexual assault is defined as answering yes to12 at least one of the Sexual Assault—Lifetime and Past Months
Approximately one in three (32.4%) female students
following All Studentstwo by questions: Gender
at the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities report
Within your lifetime or during the past 12 months, have you: • Experienced actual or attempted sexual intercourse withoutisyour consent or againstyes your Sexual assault defined as answering to will? at least one of the following two questions: • Experienced actual or attempted sexual touching without your consent or against your Within your lifetime or during the past 12 will? months, have you: • Experienced actual or attempted sexual intercourse 40 without your consent or against your will? • Experienced actual or attempted sexual touching 30 without your consent or against your will?
experiencing a sexual assault within their lifetime, with 8.9% reporting having been assaulted within the past 12 months. Male students at the college have experienced sexual assault at lower rates, with
Percent
10.7% reporting an assault within their lifetime and 2.7% reporting an assault within the past 12 months.
32.4
40
23.7
20
Percent
30
32.4
10
23.7
20 0
10.7
6.6
Within Lifetime
10
Within Lifetime
who indicate they have experienced a sexual assault within their lifetime (23.7%), more than one-half (58.2%) state they reported the incident. Of students who chose to report the incident,
Results
23.2% reported it to a health care provider, 7.9% reported it to the police, and 5.4% reported it to a
Personal Safety and Financial Health
campus authority.
Males
6.6
Females8.9 2.7
Within Past 12 Months
All Students
Of University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students
8.9
Within Past 12 Months
10.7 All Students
0
2.7
Males
Females
Sexual Assault Reporting by Victims—Lifetime Sexual Assault Victims
Sexual Assault Reporting by Victims—Lifetime Sexual Assault Victims
41.8%
58.2%
Reported the Assault to* Campus Authority
41.8%
58.2%
Reported Sexual Assault
Family Reported the Friend or Assault to* Intimate Partner Campus Authority Health Care Provider Family Police Friend or SomeonePartner Else Intimate
Percent Among Sexual Assault Victims Who Reported Assault Percent Among 5.4 Sexual 41.5 Assault Victims Who Reported Assault
84.2 5.4 23.2 41.5 7.9 14.1 84.2
Health Care Provider 23.2 Did Not Report Sexual Assault 7.9 Police
*Students may have reported incident to individuals category. 14.1 Someone Else in more than one
Reported Sexual Assault
Did Not Report Sexual Assault
*Students may have reported incident to individuals in more than one category.
Domestic Violence—Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students by Gender
Domestic violence is defined as answering to at one of Domestic Violence—Lifetime andyes Past 12least Months the following two questions:
30
All Students by Gender Within your lifetime or during the past 12 months, have you: • Been slapped, kicked, or pushed by your significant other or spouse/partner? Domestic violence is defined as answering yes to at least one of the following two questions: • Been hurt by threats, “put-downs,” or yelling by Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students your significant or spouse/partner? Within your lifetime other or during the past 12 months, have you: • Been slapped, kicked, or pushed by your significant 25 other or spouse/partner?
8 6
All Students by Gender
Percent
Domestic Violence—Lifetime and Past 12 Months
6.1
Among female students at the University of 4
Minnesota–Twin Cities, nearly one in five (23.0%)
Domestic violence is defined as answering yes to at least one of the following two questions: Within your lifetime or during the past 12 months, have you: • Been slapped, kicked, or pushed by your significant other or spouse/partner? • Been hurt by threats, “put-downs,” or yelling by your significant other or spouse/partner?
4.8 2.9
report experiencing 2 domestic violence within their 0.6 (12.4%) male students lifetime. About one in eight 0.2 1.1 0 report having had the experience. Sexual Assault
All Students
Domestic Violence Females
Males
25
23.0
20
18.7
Percent
15
12.4
10
Physical Fight—Past 12 Months
9.3
7.5
5
All Students by Gender
5.6 8
0
Within Lifetime
Transportation Safety—Past 12 Months
Within Past 12 Months
Domestic Violence Reporting by Victims—Lifetime Males
0.6 Percent 55.8
Campus Authority Family
Among Friend or Domestic Intimate Partner Violence Victims 84.0 Who Reported Reported the Health Care Provider 16.0 Assault Violence to* Police 0.6 7.4 Campus Authority
50.0%
Friend or Intimate Partner 84.0 Violence Did Not Report Domestic Reported Domestic Violence Police
Someone Else
Percent
4.1
22.6
Transportation Safety—Past 12 Months 15.5
2 Of UniversityAllofStudents Minnesota–Twin Cities students who
1.2 5.8 Females 58.934.1
100 0 40(18.7%), about one-half (50.0%) within their lifetime All Students Males 22.643.9 state they reported the incident. Of students who 80 20
15.5 reported it to a chose to report the incident, 16.0%
60 0 health care provider, 7.4% reported 18.0 it to the police,
Texting, Emailing, or Inte While Driving
Bicycle Helmet Use
and 0.6% reported it to a campus authority. 40 43.9 20 0
Always 34.1 Most of the Time Sometimes Never Texting, Emailing, or Internet While Driving
Bicycle Helmet Use
Always Most of the Time Sometimes Never
*Students may have reported incident to individuals in more than one category.
Current Credit Card Debt All Students
Depression Diagnosis—Lifetime
For students who report being victims of sexual assault,
All Students by Sexual Assault/Domestic Violence 40
40.0
38.4 Percent
30 Depression Diagnosis—Lifetime All Students by Sexual Assault/Domestic Violence 40
s
Percent
30 20 10 0
0
38.4% say they have been diagnosed with depression 13.8% within their lifetime; 40.0% of victims of domestic 20.7% 15.0% Current Credit Card Debt violence say they have had a diagnosis of depression 34.8% 11.1% All Students within their lifetime. These rates are higher than the lifetime depression rate (14.4%44.5% ) reported among U of
46.
29.1%
M students who have not experienced or 13.8% 20.7% sexual assault15.0%
20 10
2.4
60
18.0 violence indicate they have experienced domestic
Did Not Report Domestic Violence
Reported Domestic Violence
1.2 5.8 58.9
Personal Safety and Financial Health
16.0 7.4 11.0
Health Care Provider
*Students may have reported incident to individuals in more than one category.
80
6.3
Results
55.811.0
Someone Else Family
100 4
Percent
Percent Among Domestic Domestic Violence Reporting by Victims—Lifetime Violence Victims Domestic Violence Victims Who Reported Reported the 50.0% 50.0% Assault Violence to*
50.0%
All Students 6
Females
Percent
Domestic Violence Victims All Students
14.4
40.0
38.4
domestic violence within their lifetime. 34.8% Credit Card Debt
No Credit Card Debt— Pay in Full Each Month
44.5%
Sexual Assault— Students Who Have Not Experienced Within Lifetime Sexual Assault/ Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence— Within Lifetime
14.4
Do Not Have a Credit Card
Credit Card Debt No Credit Card Debt— Pay in Full Each Month
Sexual Assault— Students Who Have Not Experienced Within Lifetime
Domestic Violence— Within Lifetime
Do Not Have a Credit Card
11.1%
$1–$999
46.0%
$1,000–$2, 29.1% $3,000–$4,
$5,000 or M $1–$999
Results $1,000–$2,999 31 $3,000–$4,999
$5,000 or More
Reported ReportedSexual SexualAssault Assault
Did DidNot NotReport ReportSexual SexualAssault Assault
nts may have reported incident to individuals in more than one category. ents may have reported incident to individuals in more than one category.
Approximately one in one hundred (1.1%) male students at the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities
Sexual SexualAssault Assaultand andDomestic DomesticViolence Violence Perpetrator—Past 12 Months Perpetrator—Past 12 Months All Students by Gender All Students by Gender
report being a perpetrator of sexual assault within
88
the past 12 months. More than one in twenty (6.1%) female students at the university report they have
mestic Violence—Lifetime and mestic andPast Past12 12Months Months udents byViolence—Lifetime Gender same time period.
tudents by Gender
66 Percent Percent
been a perpetrator of domestic violence within that
6.1 6.1 4.8 4.8
44 22
Further examination of data shows that about more
estic violence isisdefined mestic violence definedasasanswering answeringyes yestotoatatleast leastone oneofof ollowing than one in eight (11.1%) students at the university followingtwo twoquestions: questions: Within the 12 have report either sexually assaulting or inflicting domestic Withinyour yourlifetime lifetimeor orduring during thepast past 12months, months, haveyou: you: ••Been slapped, kicked, ororpushed bybyyour significant Been slapped, kicked, pushed your significant violence on another person within their lifetime. Of other otherororspouse/partner? spouse/partner? ••Been hurt by threats, “put-downs,” yelling those who reportororbeing abyperpetrator of sexual assault Been hurt by threats, “put-downs,” yelling by your yoursignificant significantother otherororspouse/partner? spouse/partner?
0.6 0.6
00
2.9 2.9 1.1 1.1
0.2 0.2
Sexual SexualAssault Assault
Domestic DomesticViolence Violence
All AllStudents Students
Males Males
Females Females
or domestic violence, 49.0% indicate they have been a victim of a sexual assault within their lifetime. 23.0 23.0
18.7 18.7 12.4 12.4Male students at the University of Minnesota– 9.3 9.3 7.5 Twin Cities are more 7.5 likely to report having 5.6 5.6 engaged in a physical fight over the past 12 months
Physical Fight—Past 12 Physical Fight—Past 12Months Months All Students by Gender All Students by Gender 88
Within Within Past compared to female students at the university WithinLifetime Lifetime Within Past12 12Months Months Males Females (Students 6.3% vs. 2.4% , respectively). All Males Females AllStudents Percent Percent
66
6.3 6.3
44
4.1 4.1
00
Among students at the U of M who rode a bicycle,
omestic Violence Reporting by Victims—Lifetime more than one in three (38.1%) report wearing a mestic Violence Victims
50.0%
100
bicycle. Approximately two-thirds (65.9%) of U of Percent M students report texting, emailing, or using the Among
Violence to*
Assault
0.6 Campus Authority Additionally, (12.4%) U of M Familyalmost one in eight 55.8 or they rode in a vehicle with a driver studentsFriend report Intimate Partner 84.0
who wasHealth impaired due to alcohol16.0 consumption Care Provider within the past 12 months. Police Someone Else Reported Domestic Violence
All AllStudents Students
Males Males
Females Females
All Students
helmet always or most of the time while riding the
Domestic internet sometimes, most ofViolence the time, or always Victims Who Reported Reported the 50.0% while driving.
2.4 2.4
Transportation Safety—Past 12 Months
80 Percent
Personal Safety and Financial Health
Results
22
60 40
1.2 5.8 58.9
22.6 15.5 18.0 43.9
34.1
20 0
Bicycle Helmet Use
7.4 11.0
Did Not Report Domestic Violence
nts may have reported incident to individuals in more than one category.
32 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Texting, Emailing, or Internet Use While Driving Always Most of the Time Sometimes Never
All Students
13.8% 15.0%
20.7%
Current Credit Card Debt 34.8% All Students
11.1%
44.5%
More than one in five (20.7%) U of M students
46.0%
the past month. Of those who carry a monthly credit
29.1%
card balance, 24.9% report the debt as $3,000 per
13.8% 15.0%
20.7% 34.8%
11.1%
Credit Card Debt
month or more. $1–$999 46.0%
$1,000–$2,999
No Credit Card Debt— Pay in44.5% Full Each Month
29.1%$3,000–$4,999
Do Not Have a Credit Card
$5,000 or More
Credit Card Debt
$1–$999
No Credit Card Debt— Pay in Full Each Month
$1,000–$2,999 $3,000–$4,999
Do Not Have a Credit Card
more among U of M students is highest among students enrolled in a master’s, graduate, or
12
11.0
Credit9 Card Debt and Class Status Percent
All Students
Percent
6
8.2
6 3
0.8
0.4 0
1
1.4
2 4 3 Number of Years Enrolled Undergraduate 1.4
0.8
0.4
8.2
5+
3.7Master’s, Graduate,
or Professional Program
2 4 3 Number of Years Enrolled
5+
Master’s, Graduate, or Professional Program
Undergraduate
Student Loan Balance and Class Status
The percentage of U of M students who report
All Students
a student loan balance of more than $25,000 increases from 4.9% among first-year undergraduate
60
students to 57.6% among undergraduate students
57.6
50
Student Loan Balance and Class Status
49.6
Percent
40 All Students 60
Percent
50 40 30
0
enrolled for five or more years.
30 20
4.9
10 0
1
20 10
A monthly debt of $3,000 or more.
Personal Safety and Financial Health
1
Definition: Credit Card Debt
11.0
3.7
professional program (11.0%).
Results
3 0
Any unpaid balance at the end of the past month.
The rate of monthly credit card debt of $3,000 or
All Students
9
Definition: Current Credit Card Debt
$5,000 or More
Credit Card Debt and Class Status
12
report carrying some level of credit card debt over
4.9 1
9.0
22.6
49.6
2 4 3 Number of Years Enrolled
22.6 Undergraduate 9.0
A student loan balance of $25,000 or more.
5+
24.4
Master’s, Graduate, or Professional Program
2 4 3 Number of Years Enrolled Undergraduate
Definition: Student Loan Balance
24.4 57.6
5+
Master’s, Graduate, or Professional Program
Results
33
Results Personal Safety and Financial Health
34 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Results
Nutrition and Physical Activity For many students, the college years represent a time of new experiences and increased opportunities to make personal health decisions. Some of these decisions encompass the areas of nutrition and physical activity. Students are on their own, free to eat what they want, when they want. Busy academic and social schedules can take priority over eating well and exercising regularly. Class and work schedules vary from day to day and change every semester. Lifestyle changes, peer pressure, and limited finances may lead to an increase in stress, triggering overeating that results in weight gain. Limited finances may also translate into budget challenges pitting dollars for tuition, textbooks, and housing against food dollars.
National Comparison Research shows that young adults in the United States generally eat fewer fruits and vegetables but are more physically active compared to older adults (CDC, 2013). Young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 (20.3%) are slightly less likely than all adults (23.4%) to eat fruits and vegetables five or more times per day (CDC, 2013). Young adults between the ages of 18 and 27 report consuming breakfast an average of 3.1 days per week and consuming fast food an average of 2.5 days per week (Niemeier, 2006). The rate of obesity among young adults ages 18 to 24 is 15.6% (CDC, 2013). Though research examining food insecurity (see definition on page 34) among young adults is limited, the prevalence of food insecurity and its negative outcomes is an issue of increasing concern. Three studies conducted in the United States among college students showed 45%–59% of students were either food insecure or at risk of food insecurity (Chaparro et al, 2009; Maroto et al, 2015; Patton-Lopez et al, 2014).
Results
Nationwide, 82.8% of young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 compared to 74.7% of all adults report participating in at least one physical activity during the last month (CDC, 2013). More than one-half (54.4%) of 18- to 24-year-olds report participating in 150 minutes or more of aerobic physical
Nutrition and Physical Activity
activity per week; for all adults, the rate is 50.2% (CDC, 2013).
35
R
BMI Category Less Than 18.5
Underweight
18.5–24.9 BMI Range 25.0–29.9
Normal Weight Weight Category Overweight
Less Than 18.5 30.0–39.9 18.5–24.9 40.0 and Greater
Underweight Obese Normal Weight Extremely Obese
25.0–29.9 BMI Range Underweight 30.0–39.9 Less Than 18.5 Normal Weight 40.0 and Greater 18.5–24.9 Overweight
Overweight Weight Category Obese Underweight Extremely Obese Normal Weight
Obese/Extremely Underweight 25.0–29.9Obese
Overweight
5.0% 21.0% 9.1% BMI Category
Body mass index (BMI) is a common and reliable
All Students 64.9%
indicator of body fatness (CDC, 2015). BMI equals
21.0%
weight in kilograms divided by height in meters
5.0%
9.1% 64.9%
squared (BMI = kg/m2). This table presents weight categories based on BMI ranges.
21.0% Nearly one in three (30.1%) students at the
64.9%
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities fall within the overweight or obese/extremely obese category.
Normal30.0–39.9 Weight Overweight 40.0 and Greater
Obese/Extremely Obese
This is based on self-reported height and weight.
Underweight
Me
All S
Obese/Extremely Obese
M
All Beh
BMI Category
All Students by Gender
Percent
60 80
62.0
All Students by Gender 60 20 80 40
obese/extremely obese category.
3.1
Percent
3.1
6.3
0
Overweight
Males
Females
Normal Weight
6.3
Males
Underweight
Normal Weight Males
18.1
Overweight
26.0
Females 18.1
Overweight
9.3
Obese/ Extremely 9.3 8.9 Obese Obese/ Extremely Obese
8.9
Fas
1–2
On
9.3
Obese/ Extremely Obese
F
A
Females
F
Weight-Loss Methods
A
Students Attempting to Lose Weight
attempt to control their weight, 88.0% of students
Percent
100 Weight-Loss Methods
report engaging in exercise and 61.7% of students
Students Attempting to Lose Weight 80 100 60
Weight-Loss Methods
61.7
Students Attempting to Lose Weight 80 88.0 40
Percent
Percent
Percent
report restricting their diet.
88.0
60 100 20 40 80 0 20 60
3.0 Diet Pills
0
88.0
Exercise
3.0
0 40 Diet Pills 20
1.1
3.0 Diet Pills
0.9
Induce
0.9 Laxatives Restricted Diet
Vomiting Binge-Eating Behavior—Past 12 Months All Students by Gender
36 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students 20 Binge-Eating Behavior—Past 12 Months All Students by Gender
11.3 Other
11.3
61.7
Induce Laxatives Restricted Vomiting Diet
1.1 Exercise
61.7
Induce Laxatives Restricted Vomiting Diet
1.1
Exercise
0.9
F
A
Percent
report they were attempting to lose weight. In an
26.0
8.9
1–3 1–2 Be 4–7 Onc Bre Fas 0D 1–2 1–3 On 4–7
Other
11.3 Other
Percent
More than two in five (43.2%) U of M students
18.1
66.3 Normal 62.0 Weight
Underweight
3.1
Results
26.0
0 60 Underweight 20 40 0
66.3
62.0
6.3
20
Nutrition and Physical Activity
66.3
BMI 40 Category
Percent
four females (27.4%) fall within the overweight or
0D Be M 1–3 All Bre 4–7 0D Fast
All Students by Gender
index for male U of M students is 24.4, and the
one-third of males (34.9%) and more than one in
Bre
80 Category BMI
Data analysis shows that the average body mass
fall within the normal weight category. More than
A
Extremely Obese
Overweight
For both male and female students, these averages
R
Obese
Normal Weight
average BMI for female U of M students is 23.6.
A
Percent
Weight Category
Percent
BMI Range
Percent
All Students 9.1%
Binge-Eating Behavior—Past 12 Months
ese se
12 months.
19.0
18.6
19.1
All Students
Males
Females
Percent
15 10 5 0
RegularSupplement SupplementUse Use Regular All Students
More than one in three (34.5%) U of M students
All Students
Food Insecurity—Past 12Months Months reported using a multi-vitamin or multi-mineral Food Insecurity—Past 12 All Students All Students
supplement, and nearly one in five (17.8%) report
4040
Percent Percent
3030
using a select vitamin or mineral supplement on a
34.5 34.5
2020
17.8 17.8
1010
In the 1990s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA developed a series of questions designed toSecurity measure “food(HFSS) insecurity”. The18-item 18-item Household FoodSecurity Survey insecurity”. The Household Food Survey (HFSS) serves as the gold standard in assessing household food security serves asetthe gold standard into assessing household food“food security (Bickel al, 2000). In order gain some insight into (Bickel et al, 2000). In order to gain some insight into “food insecurity”among amongthe thecollege collegepopulation, population,a avalidated validatedtwo-questio two-questi insecurity” screeningbased basedonon theHFSS HFSSwas wasselected selectedtotoappear appearwithin withinthe the screening the CollegeStudent StudentHealth HealthSurvey Survey(Hager (Hageretetal,al,2010). 2010).These Thesetwo two College questions inquired whether a household was worried about havi questions inquired whether a household was worried about havin moneytotobuy buyfood food andwhether whether therewere were timeswhen when membe money and there times members thehousehold householdwent wentwithout withoutfood. food. ofofthe
Indeveloped the 1990s,athe United States Department Agriculture (USDA) regular basis. series of questions designed toofmeasure “food
5.4 5.4
11.0 11.0
00 Proteinoror Multi-vitamin Select Select Herbal/ Protein Multi-vitamin Herbal/ AminoAcids Acids or Vitaminoror Botanical Botanical Amino or Vitamin Multi-mineral Mineral Mineral Multi-mineral
6.1 6.1 Other Other
Foodsecurity securityisisa anecessary necessarycomponent componenttotohousehold householdand andpersona perso Food well-being.Food Foodinsecurity, insecurity,though thoughit’s it’sconceptual, conceptual,measures measures well-being. somethingdifferent differentthan thannutritional nutritionaldeprivation deprivationand andcan canbebea a something precursortotonutritional, nutritional,health, health,and anddevelopmental developmental problems precursor problems (Bickel et al, 2000). Mental and physical changes accompanying (Bickel et al, 2000). Mental and physical changes accompanying inadequate foodintake intake will have bearing learning, productiv inadequate food will have a abearing ononlearning, productivit and physical and psychological health (Sharkey et al,2011; 2011; and physical and psychological health (Sharkey et al, McLaughlinetetal,al,2012). 2012). McLaughlin Question Percent Question Percent Withinthe thepast past1212months, months,I I Within Obese/Extremely obese U my ofmy M students worried whether food wouldrun run worried whether food would 3.1 14.4 14.4 80.6 80.6 out before I got money buymore. more. 3.1 out before I got money totobuy report the highest rates of never eating breakfast Within the past 12 months, the food Within thejust pastdidn’t 12 months, the food I bought last and I didn’t within the past seven and of fast-food I bought justdays didn’t last and I didn’t 2.0 8.2 8.2 87.9 87.9 have money to get more. 2.0 have money to get more.
Results
MealPatterns Patterns Meal All Students by BMI Category All Students by BMI Category
Behavior Behavior BreakfastConsumption Consumption(Past (Past7 7Days) Days) Breakfast
Percent Percent
Daysper perWeek Week 0 0Days 1–3 Days per Week 1–3 Days per Week
5.5 4.9 4.9 4.2 4.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 21.3 14.3 14.3 21.6 14.3 14.3 21.6 21.3 72.6 80.2 80.8 80.8 74.2 74.2 72.6 80.2
1–2Times Timesper perMonth MonthororLess Less 1–2 Onceper perWeek WeekororMore More Once
58.8 70.4 68.9 68.9 65.0 65.0 58.8 70.4 41.2 35.0 41.2 29.6 30.2 30.2 35.0 29.6
consumption once per week or more within the OftenTrue True Often Sometimes True Sometimes True
past 12 months.
NeverTrue True Never Don’t Know Don’t Know
4–7Days Daysper perWeek Week 4–7 Fast-Food Consumption (Past1212Months) Months) Fast-Food Consumption (Past
Underweight Underweight Normal Weight Normal Weight
Overweight Overweight Obese/ExtremelyObese Obese Obese/Extremely
1
All Students 1212
10.7 10.7
Percent Percent
99 66 33 All Students by Gender
1
DailySweetened SweetenedBeverage BeverageConsumption Consumption Daily All Students
bese ese
Fruitand and VegetableConsumption—Per Consumption—PerDay Day Fruit All StudentsVegetable by Gender
Nutrition and Physical Activity
3
report they engaged in binge eating over the past
20
ory ry
ht
Nearly one in four (19.0%) U of M students
All Students by Gender
00
5.4 5.4 Results RegularSoda Soda Regular
CoffeeDrinks Drinks Coffee
37
4.2 4.2
OtherSweeten Sweet Other
A majority of U of M students consume fruits and vegetables one to four times per day. Only 18.1%
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption—Per Day All Students by Gender
of all students consume fruits and vegetables five
100
Weight-Loss Methods or more times per day. Based on the reported Students Attempting to Lose Weight
80
number of times per day fruits and vegetables are
100 80
can be calculated. Both male and female students 88.0 at the university consume fruits and vegetables on
60
average 3.2 times per day.
0
Diet Pills
1.1 Exercise
81.3
82.1
81.4
Ph All
20
61.7
0
3.0
17.9
40
40 20
17.5
60
Percent
consumed, an average number of times per day
18.1
0.6
0.4
0.7
All Students
Males
Females
11.3
0.9
Induce Laxatives Restricted Vomiting Diet
Stu acti rec an In fol
5 or More Times per Day 1–4 Times per Day 0 Times per Day
Other
Th for •
egular Supplement Use
l Students
More than one in ten (10.2%) U of M students inge-Eating Behavior—Past 12 Months report experiencing a food shortage and lacking
Food Insecurity—Past 12 Months All Students
•
l40 Students by Gender
money to get more within the past 12 months.
34.5
30 20
More than one-sixth (17.5%) report worrying about
food would run out before they had 19.1 19.0 whether their18.6 money to buy more.
20 15
17.8 10 10 05
6.1
Multi-vitamin Select or Vitamin or Multi-mineral Mineral
Herbal/ Botanical
All Students
Protein or Amino Acids
Males
Other
Females
Results
0
11.0 5.4
In the 1990s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) developed a series of questions designed to measure “food insecurity”. The 18-item Household Food Security Survey (HFSS) serves as the gold standard in assessing household food security (Bickel et al, 2000). In order to gain some insight into “food insecurity” among the college population, a validated two-question screening based on the HFSS was selected to appear within the College Student Health Survey (Hager et al, 2010). These two questions inquired whether a household was worried about having money to buy food and whether there were times when members of the household went without food. Food security is a necessary component to household and personal well-being. Food insecurity, though it’s conceptual, measures something different than nutritional deprivation and can be a precursor to nutritional, health, and developmental problems (Bickel et al, 2000). Mental and physical changes accompanying inadequate food intake will have a bearing on learning, productivity, and physical and psychological health (Sharkey et al, 2011; McLaughlin et al, 2012). Question
Nutrition and Physical Activity
eal Patterns
Students by BMI Category
Percent
Within the past 12 months, I worried whether my food would run out before I got money to buy more.
3.1
14.4
80.6
1.9
Within the past 12 months, the food I bought just didn’t last and I didn’t have money to get more.
2.0
8.2
87.9
1.9
Percent
avior
ays per Week Days per Week Days per Week
5.5 14.3 80.2
4.9 14.3 80.8
4.2 21.6 74.2
6.1 21.3 72.6
68.9 30.2
65.0 35.0
58.8 41.2
Never True
Often True Sometimes True
akfast Consumption (Past 7 Days)
Don’t Know
t-Food Consumption (Past 12 Months) Times per Month or Less
e per Week or More Underweight Normal Weight
70.4 29.6
Overweight
Daily Sweetened Beverage Consumption All Students
Obese/Extremely Obese 12
10.7
Percent
9 6 38 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
5.4 3
4.2
•
2.6
Daily Sweetened Beverage Consumption Daily Sweetened Beverage Consumption All Students All Students
50 50
6
3
3
6
0
10.710.7
5.4 5.4
0
Regular SodaSoda Regular
Percent
9
(10.7%) by U of M40students. 40
4.2 4.2
41.941.9
3
30 30
Percent
Percent
9
sweetened beverages. Coffee drinks with sugar is the
sweetened beverage consumed daily at the highest rate
12 12
Percent
8.8 1.2
to report the average number of hours theythey watch TV orTVuso to report the average number of hours watch computer or handheld device in the of a of day: computer or handheld device in course the course a day: ZeroZero Screen Time: 0.0 Hours of Viewing Screen Time: 0.0 Hours of Viewing Low Low Level: 0.5–1.5 Hours per Day Level: 0.5–1.5 Hours per Day Moderate Level: 2.0–3.5 Hours per Day Moderate Level: 2.0–3.5 Hours per Day Students were asked to Level: report4.0their consumption of High or More Hours per High Level: 4.0 or More Hours Day per Day
20 20 10 10 0
0
0.8 0.8 ZeroZero
17.717.7
Low Low LevelLevelModerate LevelLevelHig Moderate
Sweetened Coffee Drinks Other Sweetened Coffee Drinks Other with Sugar Beverages with Sugar (e.g.,Beverages Energy Drinks) (e.g., Energy Drinks)
Physical Activity Level Physical Activity Level All Students
Based on their response to the two questions,
All Students
students were classified into one of three physical activity levels (none/limited, moderate, or high). The high classification meets the CDC’s recommended level of physical activity for moderate- and vigorousintensity physical activity. More than one-half (59.1%) of U of M students report levels of physical activity that place them in the high classification, meeting the CDC’s recommendations.
Results
Students werewere asked several questions related to their physical Students asked several questions to their physical activity level.level. The The two survey questions thatrelated relate to activity two survey questions that relate to recommendations outlined by the Centers for Disease Control outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and recommendations Prevention (CDC) are: and Prevention (CDC) are: In the past seven days, how manymany minutes did you doing the the In theactivities? past seven days, how minutes did spend you spend doing following following activities? • Strenuous exercise (heart beatsbeats rapidly) • Strenuous exercise (heart rapidly) • Moderate exercise (not (not exhausting) • Moderate exercise exhausting) • Exercises to strengthen or tone your muscles • Exercises to strengthen or tone your muscles The The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations for adults are to: for adults are to: • Engage in 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity • Engage in 150 minutes of moderate-intensityactivities physical activity every weekweek and engage in muscle-strengthening two every and engage in muscle-strengthening activities two or more days a week (CDC, 2014b). or more days a week (CDC, 2014b). Or Or • Engage in 75inminutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity everyevery • Engage 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical week and and engage in muscle-strengthening activities twoactivity or more engage in muscle-strengthening activities two or more daysweek a week (CDC, 2014b). days a week (CDC, 2014b). Or Or • Engage in aninequivalent mix of and and vigorous-intensity • Engage an equivalent mixmoderateof moderatevigorous-intensity aerobic activity and muscle-strengthening activities two two or more aerobic activity and muscle-strengthening activities or more daysdays a week (CDC, 2014b). a week (CDC, 2014b).
Nutrition and Physical Activity
21.0% 21.0% 59.1% 59.1%
19.9% 19.9%
None/Limited None/Limited Moderate Moderate
HighHigh
Results
39
Average BMI
All Students by Physical Activity Level and Gender
security—Past 12 Months
nts
Average BMI 30
Body mass index is lowest among male and
All Students by Physical Activity Level and Gender
nsecurity—Pastfemale 12 Months students who engage in a high level of
e past 12 months, I whether my food would run 14.4Percent 80.6 1.9 e n I got money to buy more. 3.1 ehepast 1212months, the past months, I food ust didn’t last and would I didn’t whether my food run 8.2 87.9 1.9 ey to get more. 3.1 14.4 80.6 1.9 re I got money to buy more.all2.0 Among students, 39.6% report spending four
he past 12 months, or themore food per True day watching TV or using a just didn’tOften last and I didn’t hours Never True 2.0 8.2 87.9 1.9 ney to get more. computer or Don’t handheld Sometimes True Knowdevice for something that
25 Average BMI Average BMI
ents 90s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) physical activity. ed a series of questions designed to measure “food y”. The 18-item Household Food Security Survey (HFSS) the gold standard in assessing household food security t990s, al, 2000). In order to gain some insight into “food (USDA) the United States Department of Agriculture y” among population, ped a seriesthe of college questions designedatovalidated measuretwo-question “food gity”. based the HFSS was selected appearSurvey within(HFSS) the Theon 18-item Household Food to Security tudent Health Surveyin(Hager et al, 2010). These as the gold standard assessing household foodtwo security s inquired household worried et al, 2000).whether In orderato gain somewas insight intoabout “food having oity” buyamong food and there wereatimes whentwo-question members the whether college population, validated ousehold went without food. ng based on the HFSS was selected to appear within the Student Health Survey (Hager et al, 2010). These two urity is a necessary towas household personal ns inquired whethercomponent a household worriedand about having ng. Foodfood insecurity, thoughthere it’s conceptual, to buy and whether were timesmeasures when members ng differentwent thanwithout nutritional deprivation and can be a household food. r to nutritional, health, and developmental problems t al, 2000). Mental and physical changes accompanying ecurity is a necessary component to household and personal ate will have a bearing on learning, productivity, ing.food Foodintake insecurity, though it’s conceptual, measures ical different and psychological health deprivation (Sharkey et al, ing than nutritional and2011; can be a hlin etnutritional, al, 2012). health, and developmental problems or to et al, 2000). Mental and physical changes accompanying uate food intake will have a bearing on learning, productivity, ysical and psychological health (Sharkey et al, 2011; Percent ghlin et al, 2012).
Regular Soda
Coffee Drinks with Sugar Coffee Drinks with Sugar
10 0
None/Limited
24.2
Moderate Males
None/Limited
23.4
High Females
Moderate
30 40
High Females
41.9
20 30
0.8
0 10
Zero
0
39.6
17.7
10 20
0.8
Zero
Other Sweetened Beverages (e.g., Energy Drinks)
Activity Level Activity Level
23.6
Screen Time
Percent Other Sweetened Beverages (e.g., Energy Drinks)
24.7
23.4
15 5
Percent
Results Nutrition and Physical Activity
Regular Soda
4.2
24.4
24.2
23.6
All Students Screen time levels—zero, low, moderate, and high—were determined based on a survey question that asked respondents to report the average number of hours they watch TV or use a computer or handheld device in the course of a day: Screen time levels—zero, low, moderate, and high—were Zero Screenbased Time:on 0.0aHours Viewing that asked respondents determined surveyofquestion to report the0.5–1.5 average number of hours they watch TV or use a Low Level: Hours per Day computer or handheld device in the course of a day: Moderate Level: 2.0–3.5 Hours per Day Zero Screen Time: 0.0 Hours of Viewing High Level: 4.0 or More Hours per Day Low Level: 0.5–1.5 Hours per Day 50Moderate Level: 2.0–3.5 Hours per Day High Level: 4.0 or More Hours per Day 40 41.9 50 39.6
Sweetened Beverage Consumption
5.4
24.8
24.7
All Students
dents
4.2
24.4
Screen Time
ents
10.7
24.8
Males
Sweetened Beverage Consumption
5.4
20 10
0
Don’t Know
10.7
25 15
5
is not work- orNever school-related. True
Often True Sometimes True
30 20
s asked several questions related to their physical ere el. The two survey questions that relate to dations outlined by the Centers for Disease Control tion (CDC) are: were questions their physical evenasked days, several how many minutesrelated did youtospend doing the vel. The two survey questions that relate to tivities? ndations outlined by the Centers for Disease Control ous exercise (heart beats rapidly) ntion (CDC) (not are: exhausting) ate exercise esseven to strengthen toneminutes your muscles days, howormany did you spend doing the activities? for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations uous exercise (heart beats rapidly) re to:exercise (not exhausting) rate ses150 to strengthen tone your musclesphysical activity in minutes of or moderate-intensity 40 inHealth and Health-Related University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students eek and engage muscle-strengthening activitiesBehaviors two rsdays for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations a week (CDC, 2014b). are to: e in 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity week engage in muscle-strengthening two in 75 and minutes of vigorous-intensity physicalactivities activity every
17.7
Low Level
Low Level
Moderate Level
Moderate Level
High Level
High Level
Results
Sexual Health College is a time of great transition. With its increase in freedom and decision-making opportunities, this transitional period poses many challenges for students. Some of the most important decisions facing college students concern sexual health. Choices relating to sexual behavior have the potential for significant, and oftentimes long-term, consequences. So important is the issue of sexual health that Healthy People 2020, a science-based, 10-year agenda for improving the health of all Americans, states that improving sexual health is crucial to eliminating health disparities, reducing rates of infectious diseases and infertility, and increasing educational attainment, career opportunities, and financial stability (USDHHS, 2014).
National Comparison The majority of young adults in the United States are sexually active. Among males, 60.9% of 18- to 19year-olds and 70.3% of 20- to 24-year-olds report that they have engaged in vaginal intercourse within their lifetime, 59.4% of 18- to 19-year-olds and 73.5% of 20- to 24-year-olds report that they received oral sex from a partner of the opposite sex within their lifetime, and 9.7% of 18- to 19-year-olds and 23.7% of 20- to 24-year-olds report that they engaged in insertive anal intercourse within their lifetime (Herbenick et al, 2010). Among females, 64.0% of 18- to 19- year-olds and 85.6% of 20- to 24-year-olds report that they have engaged in vaginal intercourse within their lifetime, 62.0% of 18- to 19-year-olds and 79.7% of 20- to 24-year-olds report that they received oral sex from a partner of the opposite sex within their lifetime, and 20.0% of 18- to 19-year-olds and 39.9% of 20- to 24-year-olds report that they engaged in anal intercourse within their lifetime (Herbenick et al, 2010). During their most recent vaginal intercourse event, 42.6% of 18- to 24-year-old males and 36.7% of 18- to 24-year-old females used a condom (Sanders et al, 2010). Due to a combination of behavioral, biological, and cultural reasons, sexually active young adults are at increased risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (CDC, 2014c). The higher prevalence of STIs among young adults reflects multiple barriers to accessing quality STI prevention services:
Results
ability to pay, lack of transportation, and concerns about confidentiality (CDC, 2014c). Among all males, 20- to 24-year-olds have the highest rate of chlamydia (1,325.6 cases per 100,000 people), gonorrhea (459.4 cases per 100,000 people), and syphilis (27.7 cases per 100,000 people) (CDC, 2014c). Among
Sexual Health
all females, 20- to 24-year-olds have the highest rates of chlamydia (3,621.1 cases per 100,000 people), gonorrhea (541.6 cases per 100,000 people), and syphilis (3.9 cases per 100,000 people) (CDC, 2014c).
41
All Students by Gender 80
Sexually Active—Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students by Gender
sexual activity within their lifetime and within the
74.5
All Students by Gender 80 4080 60
Percent Percent
past 12 months compared to male students.
Percent
Minnesota–Twin Cities report higher rates of
74.3
74.1
70.4 Sexually Active—Lifetime and Past 1268.3 Months 60
Female students attending the University of
74.1 74.1
2060 40
63.0
74.3
74.5
74.3
63.0
74.5
63.0
040 20
All Students
68.3
70.4
Females
Males
Within Past 12 Months
Within Lifetime
0
70.4
Within Past 12 Months
Within Lifetime
20 0
68.3
Students WithinAll Lifetime
Males Within PastFemales 12 Months
All Students
Males
Females
Number of Sexual Partners—Past 12 Months All Students 50
Number of Sexual Partners—Past 12 Months
More than three in four (79.3%) students report 12 months. On average, U of M students who were sexually active in the past 12 months had 2.0 sexual
All Students 40 Number of Sexual 42.0 Partners—Past 12 Months All Students 50 37.3 30 50 40 20
Percent Percent
partners over the past 12-month period.
Percent
that they had zero or one partner within the past
40 30 10 30 20 0 20 10 10 0 0
42.0
37.3
8.1
2.9
28.1 4 3 4.7Partners Number of 2.9
1
0
4.7
8.1
0
1
0
1
4.7
2.9
2 4 3 Number of Partners 2 4 3 Number of Partners
1.8
3.2
5
6+
1.8
3.2
1.8 5
3.2
5
6+
Sexually Active Students
students who were sexually active within the past 12 months, about three in four (77.2%) report
1.7%
1.5%Sexual Partner—Past 12 Months Most Recent
that their most recent sexual partner was either a
Sexually Active Students
% 7.1
Most Recent Sexual Partner—Past 12 Months Fiancé(e)/Spouse
fiancé(e)/spouse or an exclusive dating partner.
Sexually Active Students
1.7% 27.0% 12.5% 1.5%
Sexual Health
% % 7.1 7.1
1.7%
1.5%
12.5% 50.2% 27.0% 12.5%
27.0%
50.2% 50.2%
Exclusive Dating Partner Close but Not Exclusive Dating Partner Fiancé(e)/Spouse Casual Acquaintance Exclusive Dating Partner Stranger Fiancé(e)/Spouse Close but Not Other Exclusive Dating Dating Partner Partner Exclusive Casual Acquaintance Close but Not Exclusive Dating Partner Stranger Casual Acquaintance Other Stranger Other
Condom Use
Sexually Active Students Within Lifetime (Does Not Include Those Who Are Married or With a Domestic Partner)
Condom Use
100 Sexually Active Students Within Lifetime (Does Not Include Those Who Are 38.0 Married or 52.5 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students Condom Use With a Domestic Partner) Sexually Active Students Within Lifetime 80 (Does Not Include Those Who Are Married or With 100 a Domestic Partner) 3.0 60 ent
42
6+
Most Recent Sexual Partner—Past 12 Months
Among University of Minnesota–Twin Cities
Results
42.0
37.3
8.9 1.0 90.1 8.9 1.0
Used Emergency Contraception
1 Time
Did Not Use Emergency Contraception
2 Times 3 Times 4 Times
Condom Use
100
52.5
their lifetime, 52.5% used a condom the last time they engaged in vaginal intercourse, 38.0%
8.9 1.0 90.1
38.0
Percent
80
3.0 59.0
60
1.0 46.5
40
used a condom during the last time they had anal intercourse, and 8.9% used a condom during their last oral sex experience. Percent is based solely on those who indicated they engaged in the activity.
Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnosis—
Lifetime Past of 12UMonths Data analysis shows that of and the 74.1% of M All Students
20 0
5+ Times
Among U of M students sexually active within
Sexually Active Students Within Lifetime (Does Not Include Those Who Are Married or With a Domestic Partner)
students who report being sexually active within their lifetime, 95.2% engaged in oral sex, 90.6% Vaginal Intercourse
Anal Intercourse
Oral Sex
Sexually Transmitted Infection
engaged in vaginal intercourse, and 30.2% engaged
Syphilis
4.3 2.0 3.8 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2
Sexually Transmitted Infections
9.3
Chlamydia
Used a Condom
in anal intercourse.
Genital Herpes
Don’t Know
Genital Warts/HPV
Did Not Use a Condom
Gonorrhea HIV/AIDS Pubic Lice
Pregnancy Prevention Methods Sexually ActivePrevention Students Within Lifetime Pregnancy Methods
The two methodsAtthat U One of Mofstudents Least the Abovereport using
Sexually Active Students Within Lifetime
most commonly to prevent pregnancy the last Percent Who Report UsingWho Method Percent Report Using Method
43.5 43.5 42.6 42.6 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.9 8.9 8.9 2.8 2.8 0.4 0.4 2.0 2.0 16.2 16.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.3 3.3
of the withdrawal method is reported by 16.2% of University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students.
A total of 2.4% of University of Minnesota–Twin Cities students has been involved in a pregnancy
All Students
within the past 12 months. Of those involved in
2.4% 0.3%2.4% 0.3%
a pregnancy, 36.7% state it was unintentional.
36.7% 63.3% 36.7% 63.3%
11.111 %.1%
97.3% 97.3%
control pills (43.5%) and condoms (42.6%). Use
Sexual Health
Unintended Pregnancy Outcome— Unintended Pregnancy Outcome— Past 12 Months All Students Past 12 Months
time they engaged in vaginal intercourse are birth Within Past 12 Months Within Lifetime
Results
Type of Method Type of Method Birth Control Pills Birth Control Pills Condoms Condoms Depo-Provera (Shots) Depo-Provera (Shots) Diaphragm and Spermicide Diaphragm and Spermicide Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception Fertility Awareness Fertility Awareness Implanon (Hormone Implant) Implanon (Hormone Implant) Intrauterine Device Intrauterine Device NuvaRing NuvaRing Patch Patch Sterilization (Hysterectomy, Vasectomy) Sterilization (Hysterectomy, Vasectomy) Withdrawal Withdrawal Other Other Don’t Know/Can’t Remember Don’t Know/Can’t Remember Report Not Using any MethodNot of Using Pregnancy Report any Prevention Method of Pregnancy Prevention
Percent Who Rep Being Diagnose
38.9% 38.9% 44.4% 44.4%
Among the unintentional pregnancies, 44.4% resulted in abortion, 11.1% resulted in birth and parenting, and 5.6% resulted in miscarriage.
5.6% 5.6% Involved in Pregnancy Involved in Pregnancy Not Involved in Pregnancy Not Involved in Pregnancy Don’t Know Don’t Know
Unintentional Unintentional Intentional Intentional
Birth and Parenting Birth and Parenting Abortion Abortion Miscarriage
Miscarriage Still Pregnant Still Pregnant
Results
43
1.7%
1.5%
t Recent Sexual Partner—Past 12 Months
lly Active Students
Sexually Active Female Students
Fiancé(e)/Spouse
7.1
%
2.5% 1.7%
Emergency Contraception Use—Past 12 Months
7.1
Exclusive Dating Partner 15.7% of sexually active female students at the Casual Acquaintance Fiancé(e)/Spouse
2.6%
Emergency Contraception Use—Past 12 Months 15.7% Sexually Active Female Students
50.2% University of Minnesota–Twin Cities have used Stranger Exclusive Dating Partner 27.0% Other but Not Among those who used emergency contraception. Close
5.1% 2.6% 27.4% 58.1%
%
2.5%
emergency contraception, 58.1% have used it once, Casual Acquaintance
27.4% have used it twice, and 14.5% used it three Stranger or more times.Other
84.3% Contraception Used Emergency
m Use
m Use
Active52.5 Students Within Lifetime 38.0 t Include Those Who Are Married or omestic Partner)
1.0
Oral Sex
with an STI within the past 12 months. Chlamydia is Used a Condom
the STI most commonly diagnosed within students’ Don’t Know
ginal Intercourse
lifetimes, and genital warts/HPV is the STI most Did Not Use a Condom Anal Intercourse
Oral Sex
commonly diagnosed within the past 12 months. Used a Condom Don’t Know Did Not Use a Condom
Did Not Use Emergency Contraception
2 Times
Used Emergency Contraception
4 Times 1 Time 5+ Times
3 Times
2 Times
3 Times
8.9 1.0 90.1
active within their lifetime, 9.3% report being 3.0 diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) 59.0 within their lifetime and 3.1% report being diagnosed Anal Intercourse
58.1%
1 Time
4 Times
3.0 8.9 59.0 1.0 38.0 Among U of M students who 90.1have been sexually
ginal46.5 Intercourse
27.4%
Did Not Use Emergency Contraception
Active Students Within Lifetime t Include Those Who Are Married or omestic Partner)
52.5 1.0 46.5
8% 6.
84.3% 15.7%
Exclusive Dating Partner
50.2%
5.1%
8% 6.
Exclusive Dating Partner 27.0% Not the past 12 months, Analysis showsClose that but within 1.5%
5+ Times
Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnosis— Lifetime and Past 12 Months All Students
Percent Who Report Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnosis— Sexually Transmitted Infection Being Diagnosed
Lifetime and Past 12 Months
All Students Chlamydia
Genital Herpes Genital Warts/HPV Sexually Transmitted Infection Gonorrhea Chlamydia HIV/AIDS Genital Herpes Pubic Lice Genital Warts/HPV Syphilis Gonorrhea At Least One of the Above HIV/AIDSTransmitted Infections Sexually Pubic Lice Syphilis
Within Lifetime
At Least One of the Above Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexual Health
Results
Within Lifetime
44 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
1.1 4.3 0.9 2.0 Percent Who Report 1.2 3.8 Being Diagnosed 0.1 0.4 1.1 4.3 0.2 0.1 0.9 2.0 0.2 0.6 1.2 3.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 3.1 9.3 0.2 0.6 Within Past 12 Months 0.2 0.1 9.3
3.1
Within Past 12 Months
Implications
Healthy individuals make better students, and better students make healthier communities. Results from the 2015 College Student Health Survey presented in this report highlight the health and health-related behaviors of students enrolled in the participating institutions. These data, therefore, offer a comprehensive look at the diseases, health conditions, and health-related behaviors that are impacting students attending postsecondary schools in Minnesota. Identification of these health-related issues is critical because the health of college students in Minnesota affects not only their academic achievement but also the overall health of our society. While it is intuitively obvious that health conditions can affect academic performance, the link to overall societal health is more subtle but no less profound. Given that there are now more students enrolled in postsecondary institutions than in high schools, that college students help set the norms of behavior for our society and serve as role models for younger students, that college students are establishing and solidifying lifestyles and behaviors that will stay with them for the rest of their lives, and that obtaining a college degree is one of the major determinants of future health and economic status, the importance and the impact of the health of college students on our society becomes evident.
Implications
45
46 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Appendix 1 Colleges and Universities Participating in the 2015 College Student Health Survey School
Location
Augsburg College
Minneapolis, MN Rochester, MN
Carleton College
Northfield, MN
Century College
White Bear Lake, MN
M State
Detroit Lakes, MN Fergus Falls, MN Moorhead, MN Wadena, MN
Minneapolis Community and Technical College
Minneapolis, MN
Minnesota State University Moorhead
Moorhead, MN
Normandale Community College
Bloomington, MN
Rainy River Community College
International Falls, MN
Rochester Community and Technical College
Rochester, MN
St. Catherine University
Minneapolis, MN St. Paul, MN
St. Cloud State University
St. Cloud, MN
St. Cloud Technical & Community College
St. Cloud, MN
The College of St. Scholastica
Brainerd, MN Cloquet, MN Duluth, MN Grand Rapids, MN Inver Grove Heights, MN Rochester, MN St. Cloud, MN St. Paul, MN Surprise, AZ
University of Minnesota–Crookston
Crookston, MN
University of Minnesota–Duluth
Duluth, MN
University of Minnesota–Twin Cities
Minneapolis, MN St. Paul, MN
Winona State University
Winona, MN
Enrollment—Spring 2015* 3,464 2,023 14,462 8,798
13,853 8,140 14,693 486 8,374 5,055 19,912 6,397 4,237
2,241 10,068 47,810 9,993
*Includes full-time and part-time students.
Appendix 1 References Augsburg College. (2015). About Augsburg College. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http://www.augsburg.edu/about/facts/. Carleton College. (2013). About Carleton. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http://apps.carleton.edu/about/. Minnesota State Colleges and Universities. (2015). Colleges and universities. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http://webproc.mnscu.edu/college-search/public/institution/. St. Catherine University. (2014). About St. Kate’s. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http://www.stkate.edu/menu/aboutus.php. The College of St. Scholastica. (2014). Fast facts. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http://www.css.edu/about/fast-facts.html. University of Minnesota. (2015). Official enrollment statistics: Spring 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from http://www.oir.umn.edu/student/enrollment/term/1153/current/12943.
Appendix 1
47
Appendix 2 University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students Survey Demographics Based on Student Response
Average Age (Years) Age Range (Years) 18–24 Years 25 Years or Older Average GPA
All Students 23.5 18–60 68.6% 31.4% 3.46
Class Status Undergraduate—Enrolled One Year Undergraduate—Enrolled Two Years Undergraduate—Enrolled Three Years Undergraduate—Enrolled Four Years Undergraduate—Enrolled Five or More Years Master’s, Graduate, or Professional Program Non-Degree Seeking Unspecified
13.5% 13.7% 14.7% 10.7% 3.0% 31.6% 0.2% 12.6%
Gender Male Female
36.0% 52.8%
TransMale, TransFemale, Genderqueer, Preferred Another Descriptor (Write-in)
1.3% 9.9%
Preferred to Not Answer
Racial Identity American Indian/Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander Black or African American Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander White (Includes Middle Eastern) Preferred Another Descriptor (Write-in) Preferred to Not Answer
1.3% 14.1% 3.4% 0.3% 70.6% 2.8% 0.9%
Ethnic Identity Hispanic or Latino Hmong Somali None of the Above Preferred to Not Answer
2.9% 0.9% 0.7% 82.4% 2.3%
Current Residence Residence Hall or Fraternity/Sorority Other
19.9% 80.1%
Enrollment in Online Classes This Term No Online Classes Some Online Classes All Online Classes
74.4% 1.4% 24.2%
Other Status International Student Veteran of United States Armed Forces Reported at Least One Disability
10.2% 1.4% 9.6%
48 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
Glossary Credit Card Debt A monthly debt of $3,000 or more.
Current Alcohol Use
Any alcohol use within the past 30 days.
Current Credit Card Debt
Any unpaid balance at the end of the past month.
Current Electronic Cigarette Use
Any use of an electronic cigarette within the past 30 days.
Current Hookah Use
Any use of tobacco from a water pipe (hookah) within the past 30 days.
Current Marijuana Use
Any marijuana use within the past 30 days.
Current Smokeless Tobacco Use
Any smokeless tobacco use in the past 30 days.
Current Tobacco Use
Any use of tobacco in the past 30 days. Tobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco.
High-Risk Drinking
Consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting within the past two weeks for both males and females. A drink is defined as a bottle of beer; wine cooler; glass of wine; shot glass of liquor; or mixed drink.
Past 12-Month Alcohol Use
Any alcohol use within the past year.
Past 12-Month Marijuana Use
Any marijuana use within the past year.
Student Loan Balance
A student loan balance of $25,000 or more.
Glossary
49
50 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
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Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/heathyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html. Chaparro MP, Zaghloul SS, Holck P, Dobbs J. (2009). Food insecurity prevalence among college students at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. Public Health Nutrition, 12(11), 2097–2103 Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF. (2003). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217–225. Chapman SL, Wu L-T. (2014). E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: A review and comparison. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 54, 43–54. Choi K, Forester J. (2013). Characteristics associated with awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among young US Midwestern adults. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 556-561. Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. (2003). 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Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. (2013). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2012: Volume II, College students and adults ages 19–50. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. LaBrie RA, Shaffer HJ, LaPlant DA, Wechsler H. (2003). Correlates of college student gambling in the United States. Journal of American College Health, 52(2), 53–62. Maroto ME, Snelling A, Linck H. (2015). Food insecurity among community college students: Prevalence and association with grade point average. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 39(6), 515–526. McLaughlin KA, Greif Green J, Alegría M, Costello EJ, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. (2012). Food insecurity and mental disorders in a national sample of U.S. adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1293–1303. Minnesota Department of Health. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences in Minnesota: Findings & recommendations based on the 2011 Minnesota Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Retrieved May 13, 2015, from http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/cfh/program/ace/. Niemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Rogers ML, Wing RR. (2006). Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: Predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(6), 842–849.
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52 Health and Health-Related Behaviors University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Students
2015 Boynton Health Service Survey Team Principal Investigator Katherine Lust, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D. 612-624-6214 •
[email protected]
Co-Investigator David Golden
Survey Team Amy Bartkus Kate Elwell, M.P.H. Anne Hodgson Cheryl Hoffman Jolene Johnson Kirk Marshall Julia Sanem, M.P.H. Amy Westberg
Published October 2015 The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. This publication is available in alternative formats upon request. Contains a minimum of 10% post-consumer waste. For more information or additional copies, contact the Boynton Health Service Marketing Department at 612-625-6410 or
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