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Motives and Means Europeans began to explore distant lands, motivated by religious zeal and the promise of gold and glory.
Section 1
Motives and Means (cont.) • Five European powers, led by Portugal and Spain, engaged in an age of exploration. All rose to new economic heights. • Motives for European exploration include “God, glory, and gold” – Economic interests – Europeans wanted to expand trade and locate spices and precious metals.
European Voyages of Discovery
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Motives and Means (cont.) – Religious zeal – Explorers such as Hernán Cortés were interested in sharing the Catholic faith with native peoples. – There was an increased desire for grandeur, glory, and the spirit of adventure.
European Voyages of Discovery
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A Race for Riches Portuguese and Spanish explorers took the lead in discovering new lands.
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A Race for Riches (cont.) • Portugal took the lead in European exploration under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator. • Portuguese ships traveled along the western coast of Africa, finding gold and other goods. • Vasco de Gama traveled around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa, and landed in India in 1498.
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A Race for Riches (cont.) • The Portuguese captured the important port city of Melaka on the Malay Peninsula, which enabled the Portuguese to control the spice trade that had been dominated by Arab traders.
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A Race for Riches (cont.) • Christopher Columbus was an explorer who sailed for Spain. Columbus searched for a western route to Asia and landed at Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492. • The Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of South America and into the Pacific Ocean. Magellan is credited with being the first person to circumnavigate the globe.
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A Race for Riches (cont.) • In 1494, Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, separating control of the newly discovered lands. • John Cabot, a Venetian, explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England. • The writings of Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine mapmaker, led to the use of the name “America” for the newly discovered lands in the western hemisphere.
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The Spanish Empire The great Aztec and Inca civilizations succumbed to the Spanish.
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The Spanish Empire
(cont.)
• The Spanish conquistadors established an overseas empire in the Americas. • In 1519 Hernán Cortés and his Spanish allies were welcomed into Tenochtitlán by the Aztec monarch Montezuma. The Spanish were expelled from the city one year later. • When the Spaniards left, smallpox devastated the Aztec capital. The Spanish returned and captured the city, and the Aztec Empire was destroyed.
Section 1
The Spanish Empire
(cont.)
• In 1530 Francisco Pizarro led an expedition into the Inca Empire. Like the Aztec, the Incas were no match for Spanish disease, guns, and horses. • Pizarro established a new capital for the Spanish colony at Lima. • The Spanish used a system of colonial administration called the encomienda system— the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers.
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The Spanish Empire
(cont.)
• Spanish landowners could use Native Americans for labor in return for protection and converting them to Christianity. • Native American political and social structures were torn apart and replaced by European systems of religion, language, and government. • The exchange of plants, animals, and disease between Europe and the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange.
Section 1
European Rivals The Portuguese and Spanish found new rivals in the Dutch, French, and English for trading rights and for new lands.
Section 1
European Rivals
(cont.)
• The Dutch formed the East India Company to compete with the English and Portuguese for the Indian Ocean trade. • The Dutch also formed the West India Company to compete with the Spanish and Portuguese in the Americas. • By the early seventeen century, the Dutch established settlements in North America such as New Netherland.
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European Rivals
(cont.)
• In the 1600s, the French colonized parts of present-day Louisiana and regions of Canada. • The English began to settle the eastern seaboard of North America and islands in the Caribbean Sea. • In 1664, the English seized the harbor of New Netherland from the Dutch and renamed it New York.
Section 1
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism The slave trade increased as enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas.
Section 2
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• The nations of Europe created trading empires and established colonies in the Americas and in the East. • Colonies were an integral part of mercantilism, an economic theory based on gold and a limited amount of wealth in the world.
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Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• Colonies provided raw materials and markets for finished goods. • To bring in more gold, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade and export more goods than they imported. • To encourage exports, governments granted subsidies and improved transportation systems.
Section 2
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• Slavery had existed since ancient times, and African slaves served as domestic servants in Southwest Asia. • The demand for slaves changed dramatically with the introduction of sugarcane. Labor was needed to work the plantations where sugarcane was grown.
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s
Section 2
• The Portuguese was the first to deal in this trade which expanded the growth of the new world? • Who sail around the tip of Africa first? • Who sailed around the tip of South America firs?
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Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• Slaves became an important commodity in the triangular trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. • As many as 10 million African slaves may have been brought to the Americas between 1500 and the late 1800s.
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s
Section 2
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• One reason for the high number of exported slaves was the high mortality rate, especially during the Middle Passage, the journey across the Atlantic Ocean. • The slave trade devastated the population of African communities near the coastal regions. • Some African rulers, such as King Afonso, protested but were ignored by African and European slave traders. Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s
Section 2
Effects of the Slave Trade The slave trade led to depopulation, increased warfare, and devastation for many African states.
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Effects of the Slave Trade (cont.) • Effects of the slave trade in Africa: – depopulated areas – increased warfare – loss of the strongest and youngest men and women
Section 2
Effects of the Slave Trade (cont.) • Benin was transformed from a brilliant society into a brutal, war-ravaged region following the introduction of slavery. • The use of enslaved Africans was widely accepted until the Society of Friends began to condemn it in the 1770s. • The French abolished slavery in the 1790s; the English abolished slavery in 1807; and slavery continued in the United States until the 1860s.
Section 2
Colonial Empires in Latin America The Portuguese and Spanish built colonial empires in Latin America and profited from the resources and trade of their colonies.
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Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• In the 1500s, Portugal controlled Brazil, while Spain’s colonial possessions included parts of North America, Central America, and most of South America. • The area of Central and South America became known as Latin America, and a unique social class system emerged.
Colonial Latin America to 1750
Section 3
Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• Colonial Latin America Social Order: – Peninsulares: Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe; they held all important government positions. – Creoles: Descendants of Europeans who were born in Latin America; they controlled business and land. – Mestizos: The offspring of European and Native American intermarriage.
Section 3
Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
– Mulattoes: The offspring of Africans and Europeans. – Conquered Native Americans and enslaved Africans.
Section 3
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Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• Europeans utilized the Native Americans as labor. They used the encomienda system and mita to sustain a viable labor force. • Gold and silver from the colonies offered immediate wealth to the Europeans. Products, such as tobacco, sugar, and animal hides were traded to Europe in return for finished products.
Section 3
Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• To control their colonial possessions in the Americas, Portugal and Spain used governor-generals to develop a bureaucracy and carry out imperial policies. • Catholic missionaries were also instrumental in converting and maintaining order within the colonial territories. • The Catholic Church provided an outlet other than marriage for women. Many nuns like Juana Inés de la Cruz, urged convents to educate women on subjects beyond religion. Section 3
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