2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

Essential questions • What are the structures of blood? • What are the structures of the circulatory system?

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Structures of the circulatory system –Blood –Heart –Arteries –Veins –Capillaries 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

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Blood • Hemat- = blood • -ology = the study of • The average adult has 8 – 10 pints.

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Blood One drop of blood contains: – 5 million RBCs – 250,000-500,000 platelets – 7,500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Make new blood cells 2 million per second! 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

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Structures of the blood • • • •

Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes

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Plasma

Plasma

Cellular elements

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Plasma proteins(all are made in the liver)

Plasma

Cellular elements

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Erythrocytes (RBC) Biconcave disks-depressed

area in center due to no nuclei • Hemoglobin-red pigment in center of RBCs • made of Iron-Heme • Transportation vehicle for – Oxygen (Oxyhemoglobin) – Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Normal Range of RBC/Hgb Men: 14-18 g Women: 12-16g

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Leukocytes (WBC) • Larger than RBC • Five types • Diapedesis-move thru Intercellular spaces of Capillary walls into tissues Normal Range: 3200-9800/ul

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Leukocytes • Granulocytes-Grainy – Neutrophils-Phagocytosis Surround, engulf, digest harmful bacterium Contributes to inflammation process

• Eosinophils-fight parasites Ie,.. Worms, and allergic reaction attacks

– Basophils-release heparin (blood thinner) and histamine for inflammatory – response 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

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Leukocytes • Agranulocytesnot grainy – Lymphocytes-help form anti bodies with inflammation Fight Cancer – Monocytes-Phagocytosis of debris and foreign particles

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Thrombocytes – Smallest of solid components of blood – Synthesized in red marrow – Not cells, composed of fragments of megakaryocytes – Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

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Blood types

• Inherited from parents – Determined by presence or absence of an antigen (blood protein) on the surface of the red blood cell

• • • •

Type A-has A antigen Type B-has B antigen Type AB has both A and B antigens Type O has no antigens

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• In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types. • Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed.

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Blood types – There is another protein in plasma known as an Antibody (substance produced by the body that inactivates foreign invaders; also reacts to antigens) – Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies – Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies – Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies – Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXTF7WehgM8

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Rh factor • Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen).

• Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy.

• Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type.

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Rh factor • In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys. • When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted.

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Rh factor • If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive.

• If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system Essential questions: • • • •

What are the functions of blood? What are some disorders of the blood? How are blood disorders treated? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?

• • • •

What are the functions of the circulatory system? What are some disorders of the circulatory system? How are disorders of the circulatory system treated? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system?

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What are the functions of blood? REVIEW Transportation • What does the blood transport? (check notes from • Structures of Blood) • Why is this an important function? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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What are the functions of blood? Regulation • How does the blood regulate heat? -Regulates body temperature by circulating excess heat to the body surfaces and lungs

• How does the blood regulate acid/base balance? -Helps to regulate the body pH thru buffers and amino acids that it carries; pH of blood=7.4

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What are the functions of blood?

Protection • What function of the blood serve to protect the body? -Circulates antibodies and defensive cells to fight Infection and disease. -Produces clots to prevent hemorrhage

• What is the relevance to health? 24

Functions of the blood components

• • • •

Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes

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Plasma

Plasma

Cellular elements

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Erythrocytes-RBCs • REVIEW • What are the functions of erythrocytes?

• hemo= blood • globin= protein • What is the function of hemoglobin? 27

Erythrocytes Starts here

• Hemolysis -Rupture or bursting of RBC (can occur from transfusion reaction)

– What is the lifetime of an erythrocyte? (from notes) – What happens to old erythrocytes? -They are broken down in spleen/liver, heme/iron is used to create new RBCs 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

Leukocytes-WBC REVIEW • What is the function of leukocytes? (see notes)

• Compare leukocytes to erythrocytes.

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Inflammation

Your body responds to any trauma or pathogenic invasion to the body’s tissue by producing inflammation. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are sxs due to toxins entering the body, increased blood flow and increased collection of blood plasma in surrounding tissues (edema) Large amts of plasma/fibrinogen go to area leading to clotting WBCs go to area and fight/phagoccytize pathogens=PUS Could lead to pus under epidermis-abscess Pyrogens (heat causing substances) form=pyrexia (FEVER) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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Inflammation

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Thrombocytes-Platelets REVIEW – What is the composition of thrombocytes? (see notes) – What is their function? – (see notes)

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Thrombocytes-Platelets initiate clotting process

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Blood types – Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies) –A B AB-known as Universal________? O

Who can receive type O blood? Why? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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Rh factor

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Blood Disorders Anemia Sxs: low hemoglobin (Hgb) due to lack of O2/energy in cells (see chart) Tx: Diet high in iron (leafy green vegetables, raisins, organ meats)

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Blood disorders Embolism-an embolus (foreign substance in the blood-ex: air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat cells, etc…) is carried thru blood vessels until it reaches an area too small and clogs it. Could cause death!!!

Thrombus-blood clot caused by unusually slow blood circulation, or inactivity. Thrombosis is the Dx of a Thrombus in a vessel-see chart.

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Blood disorders-Hemophilia Hereditary disorder usually transmitted from moms to sons

Sxs of hemophilia: slow or abnormal clotting of blood due to lack of clotting factors in blood. Tx: avoid trauma 40

Blood disorders Hematoma-clotted mass of blood caused by trauma or blood vessel injury Contusion-Bruise where blood from damaged capillaries leaks out into tissues under the skin. Usually due to trauma

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Blood disorders • Leukemia What is leukemia-Cancer with great increase in WBCs See chart for sxs Sxs: occur due to too many immature/inefficient WBCs that eat up nutrients for good WBCs & replace RBC Tx: Drug therapy, Bone marrow transplants, radiation 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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Blood disorders • Multiple Myeloma Malignant new growth of plasma cells or B-Lymphocytes. These cells increase in bone marrow causing weakness in bones. Sxs: bone fractures and pain Tx: Chemotherapy/radiation But Prognosis is poor!

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Blood disorders-Polycythemia Too many RBCs (temporary or chronic) Temporary from changing to higher altitudes where there is less O2 Polycythemia Vera-condition of too many RBCs Causing thickening of blood and formation of clots-cause unknown. Tx: Removal of 1 pt of blood and/or drug therapy 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

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Blood disorders • Septicemia (Blood Poisoning) Presence of pathogens or Toxins in blood. Sxs: Inflammation throughout the body, Septic Shock causes decreased BP/death. Tx: STAT antibiotics and IV fluids

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Blood disorders • Sickle cell anemia • Inherited from both parents Sxs: RBCs form sickle shaped, carry less O2, break easily, anemia Periods of remission & exaserbation with pain, Common in African Americans Tx: Pain meds, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants

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