List of bibliographic references supporting the HMPC Assessment Report on Linum usitatissimum L. semen (EMEA/HMPC/167395/2006) (25 October 2006)

Adlercreutz H. Does fiber-rich food containing animal lignan precursors protect against both colon and breast cancer? An extension of the „fiber hypothesis“. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 761-4 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph 10)

(2)

Adlercreutz H., Hoeckerstedt K., Bannwart C., Bloigu S., Hämäläinen E., Fotsis T., Ollus A. Effect of dietary components, including lignans and phytoestrogens, on enterohepatic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) J Steroid Biochem 1987; 27: 1135-44 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 34)

(3)

Alonso L. et al. Anaphylaxis caused by linseed (flaxseed) intake J Allergy Clin Immunol Volume 98, Number 2

(4)

Anon. Leinsamen-Blausäurevergiftung nicht zu befürchten Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1983, 123: 876 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 30)

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Arts C.J.M., Govers C.A.R.L., van den Berg H., Wolters M.G.E., van Leeuwen P., Thijssen J.H.H. In vitro binding of estrogens by dietary fiber and the vivo apparent digestibility tested in pigs J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 1991; 38: 621-8 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 35)

(6)

Axelson M., Sjövall J., Gustafsson B.E., Setchell K.D.R. Origin of lignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants Nature 1982; 298: 659-60 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 9)

(7)

Borriello S.P., Setchell K.D.R., Axelson M., Lawson A.M. Production and metabolism of lignans by the human faecal flora J Appl Bacteriol 1985; 58: 37-43 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 11)

(8)

Brunton L.L. Laxatives In: Gilman A.G., Rall T.W., Nies A.S., Taylor P., editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics New York: Pergamon Press, 1990: 915-8 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 14)

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(9)

Cummings J.H. Dietary fibre Br Med Bull 1981; 37: 65-70 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 36)

(10) Czygan F-C. Leinsamen (Semen Lini) ist ungiftig! Z Phytotherapie 1984; 5: 770-1 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 31)

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(11) Dorsch W., Loew D., Meyer E., Schilcher H. Empfehlungen zu Kinderdosierungen von monographierten Arzneidrogen und ihren Zubereitungen Bonn: Kooperation Phytopharmaka 1993: 61 corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 20)

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(12) Evans W.C. In: Trease and Evans‘ Pharmacognosy. 13th ed. London: Baillière Tindall, 1989: 336 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 18)

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(13) Grutzner KI., Muller A., Schollig HP. Wirksamkeit einer Schleimzubereitung aus Leinsamen bei funktionellen Oberbauchbeschwerden (Efficacy of linseed mucilage preparation in patients with functional upper abdominal complaints) Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie; 18/5 (263-269); 1997 (14) Guillon F., Champ M. Structural and physical properties of dietary fibres, and consequences of processing on human physiology Food Research International 33 (2000) 233-245 (15) Hardt M., W. Geisthövel Schwerer Obstruktionsileus durch Leinsamenbezoar Med. Klein. 81 (1986), 541 – 543 (Nr. 15/16) (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 23) (16) Hänsel R., K. Keller, H. Rimpler Hagers Handbuch 5/676 – 683

(17) Holt S., Heading R.C., Carter D.C., Prescott L.F., Tothill P. Effect of gel fibre on gastric emptying and absorption of glucose and paracetamol Lancet 1979: 636-9 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 25) (18) Jenkins D.J.A., Goff D.V., Leeds A.R., Alberti K.G.M.M., Wolever T.M.S., Gassull M.A., Hockasay T.D.R. Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: decreased postprandial hyperglycemia Lancet 1976: ii, 172-4 (correponding to ESCOP monograph reference 26)

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(19) Jenkins D.J.A., Wolever T.M.S., Leeds A.R. et al. Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity. Br Med J 1978-I: 1392-4 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 24)

(21) Klein H., P. Weigert Schwermetalle in Leinsamen Bundesgesundhbl. 30 Nr. 11 November 1987 (22) Kooperation Phytopharmaka Lini semen

Kurth W. Therapeutische Wirksamkeit, Verträglichkeit und Akzeptabilität von Linusit in der Praxis Der Kassenarzt 1976, 16 : 3546 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 16)

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(20) Kay R.M., Strasberg S.M. Origin, chemistry, physiological effects and clinical importance of dietary fibre Clin Invest Med 1978; 1: 9-24 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 13)

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(24) Leinsamen Standardzulassungen 1996, 11. Erg.-Lfg., Stand: Februar 1996

(25) Lewis JH., Weingold AB. The Use of Gastrointestinal Drugs during Pregnancy and Lactation Am J Gastroenterol 1985; 80: 912-23 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 29) (26) Linseed (Lini semen) European Pharmacopoeia 4; 01/2002:0095, p. 1476 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 1)

(27) Luyengi L, Pezzuto JM, Waller DP, Beecher ChWW, Fong, HHS Linusitamarin, a new phenylpropanoid glucoside from Linum usitatissimum Journal of Natural Products 56; 11: 2012-15; 1993 (28) Meier P., Seiler WO., Stahelin Hb. Bulk-forming agents as laxatives in geriatric patients Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1990 Mar 3; 120 (9): 314-7

(29) Monographie Lini semen, Leinsamen (Bundesanz.Nr. 228 vom 05.12.1984 (30) Munoz J.M., Sandstead H.H., Jacob R.A., Johnson L., Mako M.E. Effects of dietary fiber on glucose tolerance of normal men Diabetes 1979; 28: 496-502 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 27)

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(31) Nesbitt P. D., Lam Y., Thompson L. U. Human metabolism of mammalian lignan percursors in raw and processed flaxseed Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 549- 55 (32) Petroski D. Bulk Fiber Therapy – The impact of product selection on patient acceptance and compliance Today’s Therapeutic Trends 2000; 18 (2) 97-105

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(33) Reynols JEF, editor Martindale – The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1993:886 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 21)

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(34) Schilcher H. Phytopharmaka bei Magen- und Darmerkrankungen Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1990; 130: 555-60 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 19)

(35) Schilcher H. Phytotherapie in der Kinderheilkunde 2nd ed., 1992, p. 51 – 52 Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart

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(36) Schilcher H. Zyanidvergiftung durch Leinsamen? Dtsch Ärzteblatt 1979; 76: 955-6 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 32) (37) Schilcher H. Droht die schleichende Vergiftung? Antwort im Medical Tribune (MTD 46/2001 S. 44)

(38) Schilcher H., Schulz V., Nissler A. Zur Wirksamkeit und Toxikologie von Semen Lini Z Phytotherapie 1986, 7: 113-7 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 12)

(39) Schilcher H., Wilkens –Sauter M. Quantitative Bestimmung cyanogener Glykoside in Linum usitatissimum mit Hilfe der HPLC Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 1986, 88: 287-90 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 8) (40) Schulz V., Löffler A., Gheorghiu T. Resorption von Blausäure aus Leinsamen Leber Magen Darm 1983; 13:10-4 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 33) (41) Spielmann H., Schuefer Chr. Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit Urban & Fischer, Mchn.

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(42) Steinegger E., Hänsel R. Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie und Phytopharmazie, 4th ed. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1988 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 4) (43) Taylor M.R. Warning Statements Required for Over-The-Counter Drugs Containing Water-Soluble Gums as Active Ingredients Federal Register/ Vo. 58, No. 164 / Thursday, August 26, 1993 / Rules and Regulations

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(44) Vaaler S., Hanss K.F., Aagenaes O. Effects od different kinds of fibre on postprandial blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetics. Acta Med Scand 1980; 208: 389-91 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 28)

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(45) Weiß R. F. Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie, 7th ed. Hippokrates Verlag (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 15) (46) Weiss R.F., Fintelmann V. Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie 9th ed. Hippokrates Verlag

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(47) Willuhn G. Leinsamen In: Wichtl M, editor. Teedrogen. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1989: 306-8 (corresponding to ESCOP monograph reference 2)

(48) Wirths W., Berglar T., Dieckhues A., Bauer G. Ballaststoffreiche Zwischenmahlzeit in ihrer Wirkung auf Verdauungstätigkeit und Blutlipide älterer Probanden Z. Gerontol 1985 Mar – Apr; 18 (2): 107-10

Additional references

(49) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygientists (ACGIH). 1994-1995 Treshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposures indices. Cincinati, OH, USA; ACGIH, 1994 (50) Bobkiewicz-Kozlowska T et al. The antiulcer activity of flax seed commercial preparations in acute and chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Herba polonica 2003; Vol.49, No.3/4 (51) Cunnane SC et al. Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 61: 62-68. (52) Cunnane SC et al. High alpha-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. Br J Nutr 1993 Vol. 69 (2): 443-453 EMEA 2006

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(53) Demark-Wahnefried W et al. Pilot study to explore effects of low-fat. Flaxsupplemented diet on proliferation of benign prostatic epithelium and prostate-specific antigen. Urology 2004; 63: 900-4. (54) Kurzer MS et al. Fecal lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1995; 4: 353-8

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(55) Lampe JW et al. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 122-8 (56) Lorenc-Kubis I et al. Isolation and amino acid sequence of a serine proteinase inhibitor from common flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds. Chembiochem 2001; 2: 45-51 (57) Monograph „Lini semen“. ESCOP Monographs. Second Edition.

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(58) Nesbitt PD et al. Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 549-55

(59) Phipps WR et al. Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1343-8 (60) Schulz V et al. Blausäurespiegel im Blut nach Leinsamen, Bittermandeln, Kaliumzyanid und Natriumprussid. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1981 Vol: Bd. 87: 1189-1192

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(61) Tarpila S et al. The effect of flaxseed supplementation in processed foods on serum fatty acids and enterolactone. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002; 56: 157-165. (62) Tarpila S et al. Efficacy of ground flaxseed on constipation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 2004; 2: 119-25 (63) Wilcox G et al. Oestrogenic effects of plant foods in postmenopausal women. Br Med J 1990; 301: 905-6 (64) Arzneimittelpflanzen in der Traditionellen Medizin, 3. Auflage 2000, Herausgeber Kooperation Phytopharmaka, Bonn, KRAHE DRUCK GmbH, D-53572 Unkel (65) Discurides. Materia medica, 50-70 A.D. Übersetzung von Julius Berendes 1902; 2. Buch, Cap. 125, S.33 f. Lein. (66) Kräuterbuch von Jacobus Theodorus „Tabernaemontanus“, Anno 1625, Lein (67) David M.R. Culbreth, Ph.G., M.D. A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology. 7th edition, 1927

(68) Professor Dr. Egon Stahl. Lehrbuch der Pharmkognosie. 9. Auflage 1963. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart (69) Georg Fischer. Heilkräuter und Arzneipflanzen. 3. Auflage 1966. Karl F. Haug Verlag Ulm/Donau

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(70) Martindale – The Extra Pharmacopoiea – 25th ed. By Norman W. Blacow. London. The pharmaceutical press (71) Martindale – The Extra Pharmacopoiea – 26th ed. By Norman W. Blacow. London. The pharmaceutical press (72) Georg Dragendorff. Die Heilpflanzen der verschiedenen Zeiten und Völker. 1967. Werner Fritsch München

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(73) Gerhard Madaus. Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel Band II 1938. Reprint Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim New York 1976 (74) Walther H. Lewis. Medical Botany. Plants affecting man’s health. 1977. John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto (75) Rudolf Fritz Weiss. Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie. 1980. 4. Auflage. Sulzberg-Druck GmbH, Sulzberg im Allgäu.

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(76) Giuseppe Penso. Piante Medicinali Nella Terapia Medica. 2a edizione. 1989. Organizzazione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica spa, Milano

(77) Henri Leclerc. Précis de Phytothérapie. Cinquième édition 1983. Masson Paris

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(78) Khan Usmanghani, Afftab Saeed, Muhammad Tanweer Alam. Indusyunic Medicine. Traditional Medicine of Hebal, Animal and Mineral Origin in Pakistan. 1997. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan. (79) A coloured atlas of the Chinese materia medica specified in pharmacopoeia of the people’s republic of China. 1995 edition). Pharmacopoeia Commission of th Ministry of Public Health, P.R. China. Joint publishing (H.K.) CO., LTD. (80) Oomah BD et al. Cyanogenic compounds in flaxseed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1992; 40 (8): 1346-48 (81) Hutchins AM, Slavin JL. Effects of flaxseed on sex hormone metabolism. Flaxseed in human nutrition (Ed. 2, 2003, DER Thompson LU, Cunnane SC). Chapter 6: 126-149 (82) Sprando RL et al. Effect of flaxseed consumption on male and female reproductive function and fetal development. Flaxseed in human nutrition (Ed. 2, 2003, DER Thompson LU, Cunnane SC). Chapter 19: 342-362 (83) Exner M et al. Thioyanate catalyzes myeloperoxidase-initiated lipid oxidation in LDL. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2004; 37 (2): 146 – 155

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