Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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LCC3401 Section G Group 1 Technical Report

19th Century French Transportation As found in the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert

Group Members: Bah, Elhadj Greenhill, James James, Jeremiah Orlando, Andrew

Document Approved by: _____________________ Date:_____ Michael Fournier Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Table of Contents Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................4 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................6 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................7 Compilation of a List of Important Modes of Transportation...............................................................7 Identification Of Questions to Answer, Important Facts For Comparison And Reference..............7 Determination Of Estimated Trip Distances and Times for Trips in the Book ..................................7 Split Up List Of Modes Of Transportation And Individual Research ....................................................7 Preparation and Data Merging into Technical Report ...........................................................................8 Making of the Digital Artifact.....................................................................................................................8 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................................................9 19th Century French Transportation ........................................................................................................9 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................9 Road conditions as described in the novel ..........................................................................................9 19th century vehicles found in the novel ..........................................................................................10 Barouche ......................................................................................................................................................11 Description ..............................................................................................................................................11 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................11 Buggy ............................................................................................................................................................12 Description ..............................................................................................................................................12 Literary Analysis of its Significance ....................................................................................................12 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................12 Chaise ...........................................................................................................................................................14 Description ..............................................................................................................................................14 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................14 Charabanc....................................................................................................................................................16 Description ..............................................................................................................................................16 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................16 Coach............................................................................................................................................................17 Description ..............................................................................................................................................17 Types of Coaches found in the Novel .................................................................................................17 Occurrences in the novel ......................................................................................................................17 Part 3 Ch. 11 ...........................................................................................................................................17 Covered Boat...............................................................................................................................................18 Description ..............................................................................................................................................18 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................18 Occurences in the Novel .......................................................................................................................18 Farm-cart.....................................................................................................................................................20 Description ..............................................................................................................................................20 Literary Analysis of its Significance ....................................................................................................20 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................20 Hirondelle ....................................................................................................................................................21 Description ..............................................................................................................................................21 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................21 Occurrences in the Novel......................................................................................................................21 Days of operation of the Hirondelle ..................................................................................................22 Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

3 Horse.............................................................................................................................................................23 Description ..............................................................................................................................................23 Literary Analysis ....................................................................................................................................23 Appearances in Madame Bovary..........................................................................................................23 Landau..........................................................................................................................................................24 Description ..............................................................................................................................................24 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................24 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................24 Gig.................................................................................................................................................................26 Description ..............................................................................................................................................26 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................26 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................26 Travel by Foot.............................................................................................................................................28 Description ..............................................................................................................................................28 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................28 One-horse shay ...........................................................................................................................................29 Description ..............................................................................................................................................29 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................29 Stagecoach ..................................................................................................................................................30 Description ..............................................................................................................................................30 Literary Analysis of its Significance ....................................................................................................30 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................30 Tilbury ..........................................................................................................................................................31 Description ..............................................................................................................................................31 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................31 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................31 Van ................................................................................................................................................................32 Description ..............................................................................................................................................32 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................32 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................32 Wagon...........................................................................................................................................................33 Description ..............................................................................................................................................33 Literary Analysis of Its Significance ....................................................................................................33 Appearances in Madame Bovary ..........................................................................................................33 Trips..............................................................................................................................................................34 Trip Times for some Modes of Transportation ..................................................................................34 Trips that raise questions .....................................................................................................................34 Fact Summary..........................................................................................................................................35 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................38 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................38 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................39 References ...............................................................................................................................................41

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Executive Summary The following technical report is a detailed analysis of the transportation aspect in the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert specifically pertaining to the translated version by Francis Steegmuller. The reason why this topic was chosen was due to the difficulty for readers living in modern times to fully discern and appreciate 19th century travel in provincial France as detailed in the novel. Information was aquired via a variety of sources. Beginning with the novel itself specific information pertaining to travel was extracted. Once this was done we used the internet, library resources, online databases and journals; compiling what we found into a wiki. An appreciation for the difficulties of 19th century travels was obtained through this research. This work can be expanded upon via the wiki by any person interested in furthering the research in this subject. Suggested research for the future would be to create a directory of cities found in the novel and information on these cities pertaining to the time period of the novel.

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Foreword Finding information on 19th century French transportation was no easy task. A substantial amount of research was undertaken and some sources more than others contributed to our work. We would like to thank Professor Michael Fournier for providing us with this opportunity to not only read and study a great novel, but to use it as a vehicle to further our knowledge and understanding on both the French Culture and Transportation Infrastructure, and our abilities to communicate technical topics effectively.

We would also like to thank Google and its ongoing effort to digitally archive books that otherwise we would not be able to have access to. Equally as helpful was the nice staff at the Georgia Tech Library. Without their help we would not have been able to find half of the sources that were used in the production of this artifact. Along with Peanut Butter Wiki which allowed us to post our findings onto the internet and allow not only us to collaborate but also allow people in the future to append to our findings. Being that Madame Bovary is a French novel, Elhadj Bah’s fluent knowledge of the French language broadened the scope of our search criteria, allowing us to not only search English sources, but also non-translated French sources on the subject.

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Introduction The following technical document analyzes 19th century transportation as found in the novel Madame Bovary written by Gustave Flaubert. Modern readers familiar with our fast cars, trains, and airplanes may not fully grasp the transportation problems that people in the 19th century were faced with. They may have a difficult time understanding not only the physical distance between locations in Madame Bovary, but also the painful task it was for travelers in the 19th century to reach what would seem to be much closer locations today. Many people have a general idea; however it is difficult for us living in modern times to fully discern and appreciate the difference between the modes of transportation prevalent in “Madame Bovary” and our cars, buses, planes, and so forth. For instance, a Frenchman reading Flaubert’s book at its time of publication would likely be very familiar with the capabilities of horses as transportation (either riding on horseback or in various kinds of horse-drawn vehicles). This may certainly not be the case for present-day readers who are familiar with the capabilities of cars and buses but only have a vague idea of how far and how fast a horse or horse-drawn carriage can go. Modern readers of Madame Bovary also encounter many unfamiliar names of transportation vehicles. For instance, when a reader comes across the following section, he is certain to be left with multiple questions: The invited guests arrived early in a variety of vehicles. One-horse shays, two-wheeled charabancs, old gigs without tops, vans with leather curtains. And the young men from the nearest villages came in farm-carts, standing one behind the other along the sides and grasping the rails to keep from being thrown, for the horses trotted briskly and the roads were rough. They came from as far as twenty-five miles away, from Goderville, from Normanville, from Cany. (Part 1, Ch 4) What is a “Shay” or a “Charabanc”? What do these vehicles say about the wealth and status of those making use of them? If they came from twenty-five miles away, just how long would it take them in each of these vehicles? How costly was it to make the trip? The passage mentions having to hold tight to rails due to rough roads, how risky was it to ride in one of these vehicles? Another passage in the novel that would confuse readers would be: The Postchaise with its blue silk curtains would have climbed slowly up the mountain roads, and the postilion's song would have re-echoed among the cliffs, mingling with the tinkling of goat bells and the dull roar of waterfalls. (Part 1, Ch 7) What is a Postchaise? Is it possible that this is a description of the mountain itself? Could it be a huge piece of fabric that Emma is dreaming about on top of a mountain? If it is a vehicle why would Emma choose it as her fantasy vehicle? These are all legitimate questions that a reader may bring up to just that one line. A reader isn’t going to be able to answer these and many other questions that come up throughout the book without doing research, thus greatly diminishing the pleasurable reading experience the book is supposed to be. It would certainly be helpful if they had a resource that is specific to transportation as found in this novel. They could refer to this resource and not only see a picture of this particular vehicle, but get detailed information about it such as how many passengers it can take, how many horses it uses, an idea on how much it costs, how widely used it is, and the social status of people who ride in this vehicle. This is where this technical report proves to be helpful by answering the questions above, and therefore providing a more accurate and complete understanding of the novel. In order to compile this document, we identified all relevant transportation terms and occurrences in the novel. Once this was done, we used internet search engines, books, encyclopedias, and library resources to find information on 19th century travel such as road conditions, infrastructure, and prevalent modes of transportation back then. For each transportation vehicle identified in the book, we also found specific information relevant to it which allowed us to answer the questions outlined previously. After completing the research above, we discovered a great deal of information on the difficulties associated with transportation in 19th century France, the enormous differences between 19th century travel and travel as we now Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando know it, and specific information on all vehicles mentioned in the novel.

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These findings will certainly enlighten many modern-day readers of Madame Bovary on the difficult and mostly unfamiliar topic of 19th century French transportation. The information presented within this technical report will unquestionably help them answer any unclear aspects of this topic they may have, as well as questions that may arise in their minds such as those previously presented.

Methodology Compilation of a List of Important Modes of Transportation Each group member reviewed a hundred pages of the book to check for mention of transportation/vehicles and trip occurrences. After individually examining the book, together we merged what are deemed the relevant modes of transportation. Using a list of types of carriages found online, it wasn’t hard to search through the text-version of the book to find mention of several of them. This made this step relatively easy and time-efficient.

Identification Of Questions to Answer, Important Facts For Comparison And Reference This part of the project helped us determine what we learned and in turn teach the reader about the modes of transportation we previously identified in step 1. We researched questions of safety, cost, range, speed (including trip times for common trips in the book such as from Yonville to Rouen), carrying capacity (people and luggage), privacy (how easily could Emma be spotted?), and how widespread the use of each mode of transportation was. This list of questions was used in quality assurance of our wiki and report.

Determination Of Estimated Trip Distances and Times for Trips in the Book It was important for us to figure out just what the distance and trip time between several important locations in the book are, especially for trips that occur repeatedly. This was very tricky because it should not be the simple Euclidean distance but rather should take into account the roads that existed at the time. For the most part, Flaubert gives actual trip distances. For those trips, we used that information along with the research results we conduct for the vehicle used in the trip to get an estimate of the trip time. For other trips whose distances Flaubert did not indicate, our initial research on Google Maps revealed that the locations Flaubert used are in fact real and still existing. It has been noted that Flaubert actually changed the location of some cities such as Yonville. This narrowed the scope of our research a great deal in this area and caused us to focus on getting estimates for the trips we had information on in the novel. To really drive home the capabilities of these vehicles, we included how these vehicles would perform on several trips that students themselves are likely to have made in their own lives. In this case, trips across campus where used to illustrate different situations with these vehicles.

Split Up List Of Modes Of Transportation And Individual Research We proceeded to the most important part of the research process. One great way we split up the work was among the different modes of transportation identified in step 1. Each group member went out and researched the vehicles they were assigned. The book alone did not provide solid facts and data, so we used books, the internet, and library resources. For each identified mode of transportation, we proceeded to answering the questions presented in step 2 above. Jeremiah was responsible for finding out cost, safety, and reliability information. James was responsible for researching the locations Flaubert moved the cities to, along with range, speed, and carrying capacity of the modes of transportation identified. Elhadj was responsible for researching the social status of people likely to ride in each mode of transportation, Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando transportation costs from one location to another. Finally, Orlando was responsible for locating the history along with great illustrations of all of these modes of transportation. There was a plethora of information available to help us achieve this task. For researching pictures, carrying capacity and history of a tilbury for instance, we typed “Tilbury” in the search box of http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/ and obtained not only multiple pictures of it, but information about how many people it seats, number of horses, history, and much more. This reveals that a Tilbury is a oneseater vehicle, drawn by one-horse. From the picture, it looks like the vehicle should provide appropriate comfort to the rider. However, it does not offer any protection from rain or sunshine. The book “English Pleasure Carriages: origins, history, variety, materials, construction” by William Bridges Adams gave us great information about likely social status of people who ride in specific 19th century carriages. When researching how comfortable a 19th century stagecoach is, what it looked like, or how many people a typical one could carry, http://www.horsedrawn-carriages.com/ did a great job answering those questions. http://www.historyworld.net/ also provides great information on the history of transportation especially in the 19th century. Typing “Charabanc”, “stagecoach”, “One-horse shay” into Wikipedia also provided a lot of information on the history, use, privacy, number of horses used, and comfort of these vehicles. The sources above represent a sample of the sources we used along with the novel to answer all of the questions outlined in step 2 and deliver this document.

Preparation and Data Merging into Technical Report As the research progressed, a common format for the information gathered on each mode of transportation was used to put together our technical report. Each member organized their information into this format, and once all the research was completed, we met and compiled the information into the technical document.

Making of the Digital Artifact While there are several options for our digital artifact, we have decided that a Wiki would be the best way to present our information to a broader audience of Madame Bovary readers. There are many wiki hosting sites available. However, because of it being free, its relative ease of use, and the many different tools available to us, we decided to use PBwiki for this project. The wiki is already online, it is up and running and group members have begun the task to make it deliver what is outlined in the description of the digital artifact above. One can access it at http://borides.pbwiki.com. There, one can clearly see how the wiki will incorporate graphics and text as the pages will easily contain both textual and graphical displays. As for interactivity, all researched vehicles have links connected to them that send users to other pages containing much more information pertaining to them that answer all the questions of interest about that vehicle.Another great aspect of the wiki is its search capability. Because of this, users can directly type the name of the vehicle or term they are looking for in the search box and automatically get results that link them directly to the corresponding wiki pages. Also, links to our sources will be provided on the wiki as well allowing users to explore and review those if they wish. Elhadj, because of his experience with HTML, and Orlando, because of him being a computer science major thus creating websites being in his area of expertise helped make the wiki operational. Each group member added information to the wiki; and James and Jeremiah ensured that the wiki satisfactorily answers the questions we set out to answer.

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Results and Discussion 19th Century French Transportation

Introduction At the start of the 19th century, the most prevalent mode of transportation was the horse and carriage. Towards the end of the century, railways came about and greatly improved people's lives when it comes to how far and how fast they can go. In 19th century France, until the beginning of the 20th century people still relied heavily upon hoses and carriages for their transportation needs. Road conditions as described in the novel People in 19th century France experienced horrendous road conditions and this really bad infrastructure made it extremely difficult to move around. Passages in the novel such as the following reveal the difficult task it was back then for both people and vehicles in those localities to get around from one point to another: To reach the wet nurse's house they had to turn left at the end of the village street, as though going to the cemetery, and follow a narrow path that led them past cottages and yards between privet hedges. These were in bloom, and blooming, too, were veronicas and wild roses and nettles and the wild blackberries that thrust out their slender sprays from the thickets. Through holes in the hedges they could see, in the farmyards, a pig on a manure pile or cows in wooden collars rubbing their horns against tree trunks. The two of them walked on slowly side by side, she leaning on his arm and he shortening his step to match hers. In front of them hovered a swarm of flies, buzzing in the warm air. This other passage also illustrates the treacherous road conditions in those localities: In one spot the ground was boggy from the trampling of cattle, and they had to walk on large green stones that had been laid in the mud. She kept stopping to see where to place her foot, and teetering on an unsteady stone, her arms lifted, her body bent, a hesitant look in her eye, she laughed, fearing lest she fall into the puddles. Stones laying everywhere and unpaved roads certainly make a recipe for a very uncomfortable walk or carriage ride. Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando 10 19th century vehicles found in the novel The following is a summary of the types of vehicles used for locomotion in the 19th century found in the book. More information on the vehicles can be found on the pages that follow. The Barouche, Buggy, Chaise, Charabanc, Horse, Landau, One-horse Shay, Old-Gig, Tilbury, Van, and Wagon are all vehicles that are used to transport people in most cases. The Coach,and Stagecoach were used as public transportation and to carry goods. As some passages point out, the Farmcart was used to both carry goods and to carry low-class people in some instances. All the afore-mentioned vehicles vary in the number of horses that pull them and their body shape.

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Barouche

Description The Barouche was unique in that the passenger seats were arranged facing each other. It has two double seats with the front pair turned around facing the back pair. Passengers step up into the space between these seats to get on the vehicle. This vehicle featured a collapsible hood (calash) top like the Chaise, although it could not cover the entire vehicle. A driver sits in the front and leads two horses to power this four-wheeled ride. As a formal carriage, it was common to have ornate brasswork, woodwork, leather, and other marks of luxury in the construction of the Barouche. This vehicle was very popular and was often used for fancy, leisurely occasions in the summertime. It would not typically be used for long journeys or on rough roads, contrary to Emma's plans. Appearances in Madame Bovary They were to elope the following month. She would leave Yonville as though to go shopping in Rouen. Rodolphe was to arrange for their reservations and their passports, and would write to Paris to make sure that they would have the coach to themselves as far as Marseilles. There they would buy a barouche and continue straight on toward Genoa. She would send her things to Lheureux's whence they would be loaded directly onto the Hirondelle, thus arousing no one's suspicions. In all these plans there was never a mention of little Berthe. Rodolphe avoided speaking of her, perhaps Emma had forgotten her. (Part 2, Ch 12)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Buggy

Description A horse and buggy is a simple, light two-person carriage of the 19th and 20th centuries, usually drawn by one or sometimes two horses. It was made with two wheels in England and the United States, and with four wheels in the United states as well. It had a folding or falling top. Buggies could easily be hitched and driven by untrained women and children. Literary Analysis of its Significance The buggy is the main source of transportation used by Charles other than his horse in the novel Madame Bovary. During the first part of the book before Charles marries Emma, he is traveling by horse only. In a couple of passages during his time with Emma, it shows that Charles recognizes Emma's faeuation with the glamorous life of the books she reads. Emma reads a lot of books fulfilled with fantasys of people living these great lives with expensive budgets. Charles buys the buggy as a result of hearing here ask questions from the books. The buggy is cost inexpensive and very affordable for someone like Charles. It is an upgrade from just riding a horse but not by very much. It could be called a cheap vehicle. Charles thinks Emma is satisfied, but she really isn't happy with just a buggy. She still looks at it as a cheap way to travel. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 1 Ch.5 And her husband, knowing that she liked to go for drives, bought a second-hand two wheeled buggy. With new lamps and quilted leather mudguards it looked almost like a tilbury. (p.38) (transportation sometimes used by Charles instead of riding by horseback) Part 1 Ch.7 One Wednesday at three in the afternoon, therefore, Monsieur and Madame Boovary set out in their buggy for La Vaubyessard, a large trunk tied on behind and a hatbox in front. Charles had another box between his legs. They arrived at nightfall, just as lanterns were being lit in the grounds to illuminate the driveway. (Charles drove buggy from Tostes to La Vaubyessard.) (p.54) Part 1 Ch.8 Charles's buggy drew up before the middle door; servants appeared, then the marquis, who gave the doctor's wife his arm and led her into the entrance hall. (Charles arrived at La Vaubyessard.) (p.55-56) Part 1 Ch.8 Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando The slack reins slapped against his rump and grew wet with lather; and the case tied on behind thumped heavily and regularly against the body of the buggy. (p.64)

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Part 3 Ch. 5 "One morning just after she had gone, rather lightly cald as usual, there was a sudden snowfall; and Charles, looking out the window at the wather, saw Monsieur Bournisien setting out for Rouen in Monsieur Tuvache's buggy. So he ran down with a heavy shawl and asked the priest to give it to Madame as soon as he got to the Croix-Rouge." (Pg 319320) Part 3 Ch. 5 "Finally, at eleven o'clock, unable to stand it any longer, Charles harnessed hisbuggy, jumped in, whipped the hourse on, and reached the Croix-Rough at two in the morning." (Pg 325-326)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Chaise

Description Fast, two-wheeled vehicles drawn by a single horse. These are more or less a seat on wheels with a moveable hood that can be rigged up to a horse. In fact, the word in French means chair. The version called the post chaise was used to deliver mail. Sometimes also called a shay. Appearances in Madame Bovary She reflected occasionally that these were, nevertheless, the most beautiful days of her life, the honeymoon days, as people called them. To be sure, their sweetness would be best enjoyed far off, in one of those lands with exciting names where the first weeks of marriage can be savored so much more deliciously and languidly! The postchaise with its blue silk curtains would have climbed slowly up the mountain roads, and the postilion's song would have re-echoed among the cliffs, mingling with the tinkling of goat bells and the dull roar of waterfalls. They would have breathed the fragrance of lemon trees at sunset by the shore of some bay. And at night, alone on the terrace of a villa, their fingers intertwined, they would have gazed at the stars and planned their lives. It seemed to her that certain portions of the earth must produce happiness, as though it were a plant native only to those soils and doomed to languish elsewhere. Why couldn't she be leaning over the balcony of some Swiss chalet? Or nursing Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando her melancholy in a cottage in Scotland, with a husband clad in a long black velvet coat and wearing soft leather shoes, a high-crowned hat and fancy cuffs! (Part 1, Ch 7)

Paying no attention to the pharmacist, who was venturing the hypothesis that "this paroxysm may mark the beginning of improvement," Canivet was about to give her theriaca when there came the crack of a whip, all the windows rattled, and a post chaise drawn at breakneck speed by three mud-covered horses flashed around the corner of the market place. It was Doctor Lariviere. (Part 3, Ch 8)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Charabanc

Description Charabancs were four wheeled vehicles with several long rows of forward-facing seats. They were open and usually had no roof. Commonly used to take guests on liesurely trips. Appearances in Madame Bovary The invited guests arrived early in a variety of vehicles. One-horse shays, two-wheeled charabancs, old gigs without tops, vans with leather curtains. And the young men from the nearest villages came in farm-carts, standing one behind the other along the sides and grasping the rails to keep from being thrown, for the horses trotted briskly and the roads were rough. They came from as far as twenty-five miles away, from Goderville, from Normanville, from Cany. All the relations of both families had been asked, old quarrels had been patched up, letters sent to acquaintances long lost sight of. (pg 30)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Coach

Description A coach is a large, four-wheeled carriage with two or more horses harnessed as a team, driven by a coachman. It had generally four doors in the sides, with most of the time a front and a back seat inside. The driver usually sat elevated seat in front called a coach box. Types of Coaches found in the Novel Some types of Coaches are the Park Drag, the Araba, The Concord Coach, and many more. The Two types of coaches listed below are found in the novel. To get more information on these vehicles, please click where indicated. Occurrences in the novel Part 3 Ch. 11 "When everything was sold, there remained twelve francs and fifteen centimes--enough to pay Mademoiselle Bovary's coach fare to her grandmother's." (Pg 411)

This quote goes on to reinforce the idea that Coaches were used for transporting people and goods from one location to another. The fact that it only cost Twelve Francs and fifteen centimes to pay this fare goes on to show that Coach fares were pretty affordable.

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Covered Boat

Description Note: The exact type of boat that was mentioned in the book most likely did not exist. No resources could confirm the type of craft that was described. Literary Analysis of Its Significance The covered boat was used as a motif to bring up Rodolphe and further emphasise Emma's adultrus ways. It is irony that Leon finds the red ribon that could possibly have belonged to a girl that was courted by Rodolphe. The ribon is symbolic of Emma; Previously possessed by Rodolphe; Cast away, just as the ribon was, to be found by Leon.

Occurences in the Novel Part 2, Chapter 3 "At nightfall they returned to the city. The boat followed the shoreline of the islands, and they crouched deep in its shadow, not saying a word. The square-tipped oars clicked in the iron oar-locks. It sounded, in the silence, like the beat of a metronome, and the rope trailing behind kept up its gentle splashing in the water. ... She was sitting opposite him, leaning against the wall of the little cabin, the moonlight streaming in on her through an open shutter. In her black dress, its folds spreading out around her like a fan, she looked taller, slimmer. Her head was raised, her hands were clasped, her eyes turned heavenward. One moment she would be hidden by the shadow of some willows, Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando the next, she would suddenly re-emerge in the light of the moon like an apparition.

Leon, sitting on the bottom beside her, picked up a bright red ribbon.

The boatman looked at it. "Oh," he said, "that's probably from a party I took out the other day. They were a jolly lot, all right, the men and the girls. They brought along food and champagne and music, the whole works. There was one of them, especially, a big, good-looking fellow with a little mustache, he was a riot. They all kept after him. `Come on, tell us a story, Adolphe' . . . or Dodolphe, or some name like that."'

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Farm-cart

Description The farm-cart is a two wheeled vehicle used for all kinds of farmwork. The farm-cart could be transferred and used with other cart bodies. Literary Analysis of its Significance The Farm-cart is mentioned during Emma's wedding. Some of the younger less established visitors like the young men used farm-carts to attend the wedding. It shows that everyone that could attend the wedding came to the wedding because farm-carts weren't a very popular carriage back then. Appearances in Madame Bovary

Part 1 Ch.4 The invited guests arrived early in a variety of vehicles-- one-horse shays, two-wheeled charabancs, old gigs without tops, vans with leather curtains; and the young men from the nearest villages came in farm-carts, standing one behind the other along the sides and grasping the rails to keep from being thrown, for the horses trotted briskly and the roads were rough. They came as far as twenty-five miles away, from Goderville, from Normanville, from Cany. (p.30) (used by visitors that traveled to Charles and Emma wedding)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Hirondelle

Description The Hirondelle is the most mentioned transportation vehicle in the novel. It is an old, yellow-colored Stagecoach with four benches on the inside, and places for people to sit on its outside. Coaches in general have a heavy body suspended on springs and equipped with side doors and front and rear benches; a roof which forms part of the body; and an elevated seat that the driver uses, which is attached to the front of the body. Coaches were used for transporting passengers and goods. For the Hirondelle here in particular, its driver is "Hivert" and it carried people daily from Yonville to Rouen and back. It left Yonville early every morning and arrived back to Yonville at 6 pm. Literary Analysis of Its Significance "Hirondelle" is the french word for a type of bird called a "Swallow". Swallows are excellent fliers that can easily fly upwards of 24 miles per hour. Now to use this name to refer to a very old, slow vehicle is somewhat ironic as the name represents everything the actual vehicle is not. Hirondelles are light, fast, nice looking birds which can travel long distances without worrying about food or getting tired. On the other hand, this vehicle portrayed here is quite heavy and old; when it gets to a steep hill, some passengers have to get off and walk in order for it to make it, and the horses that pull it are not of the best breed. The name of the driver also has some significance. Hivert, without the "t" at the end, in french means "Winter". "Swallows" are migratory birds which emigrate every winter towards more warm territory.It has also been noted in the research that in the drafts, Flaubert usually writes "Hiver" without the "t" when referring to the driver. This might mean that both the vehicle and the driver are meant to imply the discontent that Emma and the people of Yonville feel with their lives and their longing for a better situation. Occurrences in the Novel Part 3 Ch. 4 "He took his dinner in the small dining room, just as in the old days, but alone, without the tax collector: for Binet, sick of waiting for the Hirondelle, had permanently changed his mealtime to an hour earlier, and now dined on the stroke of five. Even so he never missed a chance to grumble that "the rusty old clock was slow" (Pg 305)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Part 3 Ch. 5 "The Hirondelle set off at a gentle trot, and for the first mile or two kept stopping here and there to take on passengers who stood watching for it along the road, outside their gates. Those who had booked seats the day before kept the coach waiting: some, even, were still in their beds and Hivert would call, shout, curse, and finally get down from his seat and pound on the doors. The wind whistled in through the cracked blinds. Gradually the four benches filled up, the coach rattled along, row upon row of apple trees flashed by; and the road, lined on each side by a ditch of yellow water, stretched on and on, narrowing toward the horizon. Emma knew every inch of it: she knew that after a certain meadow came a road sign, then an elm, a barn, or a roadmender's cabin; sometimes she even shut her eyes, trying to give herself a surprise. But she always knew just how much farther there was to go. Finally the brick houses crowded closer together, the road rang under the wheels, and now the Hirondelle moved smoothly between gardens: through iron fences were glimpses of statues, artificial mounds crowned by arbors, clipping yews, a swing. Then, all at onces, the city came into view." (Pg 310) Part 3 Ch. 7 "...when she reached the Croix-Rough, to see the good old Monsieur Homais. He was watching a case of pharmaceutical supplies being loaded onto the Hirondelle, and in his hand he carried a present for his wife--six cheminots wrapped in a foulard handkerchief" (Pg 352) Part 3 Ch. 9 "At six o'clock there was a clanking in the square. It was the Hirondelle arriving, and he stood with his head against the windowpanes, watching all the passengers get out, one after the other. Felicite put down a mattress for him in the parlor, and he threw himself on it and fell asleep" (Pg 387) Part 3 Ch. 11 "The blind man, whom his salve had not cured, had resumed his beat on the hill at BoisGuillaume, where he told everyone about the pharmacist's failure--to such a point that Homais, whenever he went to the city, hid behind the Hirondelle's curtains to avoid meeting him face to face. He hated him. He must get rid of him at all costs, he decided, for the sake of his own reputation; and he launched an underhand campaign against him in which he revealed his deep cunning and his criminal vanity..." (Pg 404)

Days of operation of the Hirondelle "Every day for a month Hivert transported for him, from Yonville to Rouen and from Rouen to Yonville, trunks, valises and bundles. And after Leon had had his wardrobe restocked and his three armchairs reupholstered and had bought a whole new supply of foulard handkerchiefs, after he had made more preparations than for a trip around the world, he kept putting off his departure from week to week, until he received a second letter from his mother urging him to be on his way, since he wanted to pass his examination before the summer vacation."

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Horse

Description A member of the family Equidae. Horses are Herbivorous mammals. They comprise a single speces, Equus caballus, and come in a number of varieties called breeds. Before the industrial revolution and still in much of the undeveloped world the horse is used for work, used as a draft animal and for transportation. Today in modern countries horses are primarly used as a pastime such as horseback riding, jumping, and racing. Literary Analysis In the novel we see Charles use his horse often to reach his clients. It is also used by Emma's father to get to Yonville when he hears of his daughter's death. Often times horses are riden because of how easy it is to get ready and the speed at which the horse travles without dragging something behind it. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 3 Ch. 10 "He put on his smock and his hat, fastened a spur to his boot, and set off at a gallop; and during the entire length of his breathless ride he was frantic with anguish. At one point he had to stop and dismount: he couldn't see, he heard voices, he thought he was losing his mind. At daybreak he caught sight of three black hens asleep in a tree, and he shuddered, terrified by the omen. He promised the Holy Virgin three chasubles for the church, and vowed to walk barefoot from the cemetery at Les Bertaux to the chapel at Vassonville. He rode into Maromme, shouting ahead to the people at the inn, burst open the gate with his shoulder, dashed up to the oats bag, poured a bottle of sweet cider into the manger; then he remounted his nag, and it was off again, striking sparks from all four shoes. ... At Quincampoix he drank three coffees in a row to fortify himself. ... He even began to imagine that it might be a practical joke, an attempt to get even with him for something, or a wag's idea of a prank. Besides--if she was dead, he'd know it! But no--the countryside was as always: the sky was blue, the trees were swaying; a flock of sheep crossed the road. He caught sight of the village; people saw him racing by, hunched over his hrse, beating it furiously, its saddle girths dripping blood" (Pg 394-395) "Well, I called on Monsieur Alexandre this afternoon. He bought a filly a few years ago and she's still in fine shape, just a little broken in the knees. I'm sure I could get her or a hundred ecus . . ." And he went on, "I thought you might like to have her, so I reserved her . . . I bought her . . . Did I do right? Tell me."

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Landau

Description A Landau is a four-wheeled carriage that seats four people on two facing seats with an elevated front seat for the coachman. It was distinguished by two folding hoods, one at each end, which met at the top to form a boxlike enclosure with side windows. It was a lightweight vehicle, that was usually drawn by four horses. Its windows could be dropped tom make it an open carriage in the summer. Landaus were pretty expensive vehicles and as such were owned by rich individuals in 19th century France, and certainly admired by the masses. Literary Analysis of Its Significance Using The ceremonial arrival of the Prefectural Councelor at the Agricultural Fair in a Landau, Flaubert reveals how people in the 19th century view this vehicle. Peasants standing in awe, almos fighting just to get a glompse of the vehicle. This shows that Landaus were extremely well looked upon back in the 19th century. Only wealthy people, or those somewhat high ranking officials could afford to own or even ride in a Landau. It is important to note how Flaubert describes the horses that were pulling the Landau however. Here we have this extremely nice vehicle, but at the same time, we have dawdling, emaciated, skinny horses pulling it. This therefore greatly takes away from the greatness of the vehicle because a carriage is only as fast and effective in getting its rider to destination as the horses that are pulling it. Appearances in Madame Bovary It was a false alarm. The prefect wasn't even in sight, and the members of the jury were in a quandary, not knowing whether to begin the proceedings or wait a while longer. Finally at the far end of the square appeared a big hired landau drawn by two skinny horses who were being furiously whipped on by a white-hatted coachman. Binet had just time to shout, "Fall in!" and the colonel to echo him. There was a rush for the stacked rifles, and in the confusion some of the men forgot to button their collars.

But the official coach-and-pair seemed to sense the difficulty, and the emaciated beasts dawdling on their chain, drew up at a slow trot in front of the portico of the town hall just at the moment when the national guard and the fire brigade were deploying into line to the beating of the drums.Then there emerged from the carriage a gentleman clad in a short, silver-embroidered coat, his forehead high and bald, the back of his head tufted, his complexion wan and his expression remarkably benign. His eyes, very large and heavy-lidded, half shut as he peered at the multitude, and a the same time he lifted his sharp nose and curved his sunken mouth into a smile. He recognized the mayor by his sash, and explained that the prefect had been unable to come. He him

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando self was a prefectural councilor, and he added a few words of apology. Tuvache replied with compliments, the emissary declared himself unworthy of them, and the two officials stood the

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face to face, their foreheads almost touching, all about them the members of the jury, the village council, the local elite, the national guard and the crowd. Hippolyte, the stableboy at the hotel, came to take the horses from the coachman, and limping on his clubfoot he led them through the gateway of the Lion d'Or, where a crowd of peasants gathered to stare at the carriage. There was a roll of the drums, the howitzer thundered, and the gentlemen filed up and took their seats on the platform in red plush armchairs loaned by Madame Tuvache

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Gig

Description A gig is a light, two-wheeled sprung cart pulled by one horse. It is more formal than a village cart or a meadowbrook cart. It was sometimes used for carriage racing. Literary Analysis of Its Significance The gig was mentioned during Charles and Emma's wedding. Emma enjoyed taking part in and being a part of elegant events such as weddings and ballroom dances. While reading Madame Bovary, the reader can infer that Emma would want important people attending the wedding. The gig is a more formal vehicle that signifies some sort of importance. Madame Bovary states that many visitors arrived at the wedding in vehicles like the gig, charabanc, etc. One may infer that the person driving the gig would be of much importance because it only seats one person, and during this time it was one of the fastest and most prestigous type horse carriages. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 1 Ch.4 The invited guests arrived early in a variety of vehicles-- one-horse shays, two-wheeled charabancs, old gigs without tops, vans with leather curtains; and the young men from the nearest villages came in farm-carts, standing one behind the other along the sides and grasping the rails to keep from being thrown, for the horses trotted briskly and the roads were rough. They came as far as twenty-five miles away, from Goderville, from Normanville, from Cany. (p.30) (used by visitors that traveled to Charles and Emma wedding) Maitre Guillaumin was to drive Leon to Rouen in his carriage.... Ahead he saw his employer's gig in the road, and beside it a man in an apron holding the horse. Homais and Maitre Guillaumin were talking together, waiting for him. The apothecary embraced him, tears in his eyes. "Here's your overcoat, my boy. Wrap up warm! Look after yourself! Take it easy!" "Come, Leon, jump in!" said the notary. Homais leaned over the mudguard, and in a voice broken by sobs gulped the sad... They were gathering in the west, in the direction of Rouen, twisting rapidly in black swirls. Out from behind them shot great sun rays, like the golden arrows of a hanging trophy, and the rest of the sky was empty, white as porcelain.

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Then came a gust of wind, the poplars swayed, and suddenly the rain was pattering on the green leaves.But soonthe sun came out again, chickens cackled, sparrows fluttered their wings in the wet bushes, and rivulets flowing along the gravel carried away the pink flowers of an acacia. "Ah, by now he must be far away!" she thought. Part 2 Ch 11: It was quite an event in the village, that mid-thigh amputation by Doctor Canivet! All the citizens rose early that morning, and the Grande-Rue, thronged though it was, had something sinister about it, as though it were execution day. At the grocer's, Hippolyte's case was discussed from every angle. None of the stores did any business. And Madame Tuvache, the mayor's wife, didn't budge form her window, so eager was she not to miss the surgeon's arrival. He drove up in hisgig, holding the reins himself. Over the years the right-hand spring had given way under the weight of his corpulence, so that thecarriagesagged a little to one side as it rolled along. Beside him, on the higher half of the seat cushion, could be seen a huge red leather case, its three brass clasps gleaming magisterially. The doctor drew up in the hotel yard with a flourish and called loudly for someone to unharness hismare, and then went to the stable to see whether she was really being given oats as he had ordered. His first concern, whenever he arrived at a patient's, was always for hismareand hisgig. "That Canivet, he's a character!" people said of him. And they thought the more of him for his unshakable self-assurance. The universe might have perished to the last man, and he wouldn't have altered his habits a jot.

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Travel by Foot

Description When you've got no other way to get there, you probably have at least your own two feet as is the case with the beggar in Madame Bovary. By my estimates using an online walk time calculator including information about the beggar's fitness, it would have taken the beggar at least 13 hours to hike from Rouen to Yonville. Appearances in Madame Bovary Various Yonville-l'Abbaye (even the ruins of the ancient capuchin abbey from which it derives its name are no longer there) is a market town twenty miles from Rouen, between the highways to Abbeville and Beauvais in the valley of the Rieule. (Part 2, Ch 1) One morning when Charles had gone out before sunrise she was seized with a longing to see Rodolphe at once. She could go quickly to La Huchette, stay there an hour, and be back in Yonville before anyone was up. The thought made her pant with desire, and soon she was halfway across the meadow, walking fast and not looking back. (Part 2, Ch 9)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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One-horse shay

Description Very similar to the Chaise. It's also a light, fast vehicle that is more or less a chair on wheels pulled by a horse. In fact, sources consider the One-horse Shay to merely be the American version of the French Chaise. Perhaps the anomaly of seeing this in a French book can be considered a result of a less-than-ideal translation. Appearances in Madame Bovary The invited guests arrived early in a variety of vehicles. One-horse shays, two-wheeled charabancs, old gigs without tops, vans with leather curtains. And the young men from the nearest villages came in farm-carts, standing one behind the other along the sides and grasping the rails to keep from being thrown, for the horses trotted briskly and the roads were rough. They came from as far as twenty-five miles away, from Goderville, from Normanville, from Cany. All the relations of both families had been asked, old quarrels had been patched up, letters sent to acquaintances long lost sight of. (pg 30)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Stagecoach

Description The Stagecoach is a type of Coach that is a four-wheeled enclosed vehicle strongly sprung and drawn by four horses. The stagecoach is a heavy slow moving vehicle that was supported by thoroughbraces. Thoroughbraces were leather straps. The stagecoach held over eight plus people. The poorer lower class would ride on top of the vehicle. Some people would strap on and ride to the back, and the first and second class rode inside of the stagecoach most of the time. Literary Analysis of its Significance The passages in which Flaubert uses "Stagecoach" reveal that this vehicle can not only be used to transport people and their belongings, but it was also used to also carry packages from one location to another as shown in the quote below. Also, the price of this vehicle were not something regular people in 19th century France could afford. So Stagecoaches must have been owned by wealthy people or the government in those times. However, from the research and even from the novel, because these vehicles were used to transport people and goods from one location to another and the fare was affordable to many people, most riders of stagecoaches were middle or lowerclass people. The rich owned their own vehicles back then and would certainly not use public transportation. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 1 Ch.1 To save him money, his mother sent him a roast of veal each week by the stagecoach, and off this he lunched when he came in from the hospital, warming his feet by beating against the wall. (p.11)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando

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Tilbury

Description The tilbury was a light, open, two-wheeled carriage with or without a top. Its wheels were large and moved fast over rough roads. It was often considered a cheep, fast, light, and dangerous vehicle. The back was a spindle back seat with curved padded backrests. The tilbury is a modification of the Gig that was developed in the 17th century. The design of the tilbury was developed in france by Fitzroy Stanhope. Literary Analysis of Its Significance Tilburys were luxury vehicles by 19th century standards. The BMW or Mercedes of France in the 1800's. We can derive this from Emma seeing the Vicomte. A vehicle is described earlier as looking "almost" like a Tilbury because of new lamps and some leather seats, Luxury items in that time period. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 1 Ch. 5 And her husband, knowing that she liked to go for drives, bought a second-hand two wheeled buggy. With new lamps and quilted leather mudguards it looked almost like a tilbury. (p.38) Part 2, Ch 13: Suddenly a blue tilbury crossed the square at a smart trot. Emma gave a cry, fell abruptly backwards and lay on the floor. Rodolphe had decided, after a good deal of thought, to leave for Rouen. Since the Yonville road was the only route from La Huchette to Buchy, he had to pass through the village, and Emma had recognized him in the glow of his carriage lights as they flashed in the gathering dusk like a streak of lightning. Part 3 Ch. 7 "'Watch out!' The cry came from within a porte-cochere that was swinging open; she stopped, and out came a black horse, prancing between the shafts of a tilburry. A gentleman in sables was holding the reins. Who was he? She knew him.... The carriage leapt forward and was gone. The vicomte! It was the vicomte! She turned to stare: the street was empty. And the encounter left her so crusehd, so immeasurably sad, that she leaned against a wall to keep from falling." (Pg 352)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Van

Description Vans were larger vehicles used for business. They were either used for moving supplies and goods or people. Some vans could convert from one to the other. Early vans were used as busses. A modern day analog to 19th century vans would be the moving van, UPS truck, FedEx Trucks, and the like. Vans were used in the transport of goods that were weather sensitive because of their coverings. Literary Analysis of Its Significance Vans were used as a supporting description of two situations. The village celebration where they included vans to show the variety of different modes of transportation that were used to get to the celebration. Vans were also used to describe the side streets Emma used to avoid being seen walking to the Hotel in Rouen. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 1 Ch.4 The invited guests arrived early in a variety of vehicles-- one-horse shays, two-wheeled charabancs, old gigs without tops, vans with leather curtains; and the young men from the nearest villages came in farm-carts, standing one behind the other along the sides and grasping the rails to keep from being thrown, for the horses trotted briskly and the roads were rough. They came as far as twenty-five miles away, from Goderville, from Normanville, from Cany. (p.30) (used by visitors that traveled to Charles and Emma wedding) Part 3 Ch. 5

"For fear of being seen, she usually didn't take the shortest way. She would plunch into a maze of dark alleys, and emerge, hot and perspiring, close to the fountain at the lower end near the Rue Nationale. This is the part of town near the theatre, full of bars and prostitutes. Often a van rumbled by, laden with shaky stage-sets. Aproned waiters were sanding the pavement between the tubs of green bushes. There was a smell of absinth, cigars and oysters." (Pg 311

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Wagon

Description A wagon is a heavy four-wheeled vehicle pulled by animals such as horses, mules, or oxen. Before the advent of mechanization wagons were used for transportation of people or goods. Wagons are different from carts which have two wheels and are heavier than carriages. Think of wagons as old school trucks. There are the small ones that seat only two people and carry a few hundred pounds and large wagons that carry upwards of a ton and seat multiple people. Literary Analysis of Its Significance This was used to portray the difference in vehicles that people from different social classes ride in. The quote below depicts the description of this vehicle. Low-class people were riding in these wagons that were so slow that even one of the oldest and slowest vehicles among all those mentioned, the Hirondelle, was about to overtake them. Appearances in Madame Bovary Part 3 Ch. 5 "A kind of intoxication was wafted up to her from those closely packed lives, and her heart swelled as though the 120,000 souls palpitating below had sent up to her as a collective offereing the breath of all passions she supposed them to be feeling. In the face of the vastnessher love grew larger, and was filled with a turmoil that echoed the vague ascending hum. All this love she, in turn, poured out--onto the squares, onto the tree-lined avenues, onto the streets; and to her the old Norman city was like some fabulous capital, a Babylon into which she was making her entry. She leaned far out the window and filled her lungs with air; the three horses galloped on, there was a grinding of stones in the mud beneath the wheels; the coach swayed; Hivert shouted warningly ahead to the wagons he was about to overtake, and businessmen leaving their suburban villas in Bois-Guillaume descended the hill at a respectable pace in their little family carriages" (Pg 310-311)

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Trips The following is trip information for trips that took place in Madame Bovary by Gustav Flaubert. All Distances are estimated due to lack of information on 19th century roads. Trips by Charles (trips by Charles were on horseback or by buggy) Tostes to Les Bertaux-15miles on horseback Tostes to La Vaubyesbarrd- 3afternoon to nightfall by buggy Rouen to Yonville-20 miles Other Trips Normanville, Goderville, Cany to Les Bertaux- as far as 25miles away (some of the visitors that came to the wedding took these trip) Emma's trips by foot from her house in Yonville to Rodolphe's Chateau Trip Times for some Modes of Transportation Trip Across GT Campus - 1 mile Yonville to Rouen - 20 miles *depends on how often you stop to

Barouche 12 minutes 4 hours rest

Chaise 6 minutes 2 hours

Charabanc 12 minutes 4 hours

On foot 20 minutes 7-12 hours*

Trips that raise questions The Covered boat trip that Emma and Leon took in Boulogne has a few discrepancies. First, the boat that they hire to take them to the restaurant seems too large to be powered by one man. It also seems to be traveling much faster than one would think possible. "rope trailing behind kept up its gentle splashing in the water." On top of this Flaubert compares the sound of the boat man rowing to the sound of a metronome. Even in rowing competitions the paddling is not that fast. Think of the stereotypical "stroke.......stroke.....stroke....". This would be believable if the boat that Emma and Leon had rented was a small streamlined craft. However, it seems that the boat that they rented had a cabin capable of carrying 3-4 people as the boatman mentions: "They were a jolly lot, all right, the men and the girls. They brought along food and champagne and music, the whole works. There was one of them, especially, a big, good-looking fellow with a little mustache, he was a riot. They all kept after him." A boat of this size would be almost impossible to manage with one rower. Not stopping there it turns out that the city of Boulogne, France is on the water, but has no islands. The closest thing to an island near Boulogne is the UK which happens to be about 25 miles away from the coast. It would not be out of the question to assume that Flaubert had never been to Boulogne, used unreliable sources or just creating a romatic place for Leon and Emma to have a romantic "3 day honeymoon".

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Fact Summary Barouche • • • •

Capacity: 2-5 People Average Speed: 5 mph Power: 2-4 Horses Cost: 3830 francs in 1864, or about $12,313.27 today

Buggy • • • •

Capacity: 2 People Average Speed: 3 miles/hr Power: 1-2 Horses Cost: $25-$30 during book setting; about $900 today

Chaise • • •

Capacity: 1-2 Persons Average Speed: 10 mph Power: 1 Horse

Charabanc • • •

Capacity: 6-20 Persons Average Speed: 5mph Power: 2-6 Horses

Coach • • • •

Capacity: 8 or more people Average Speed: 4 miles per hour on average Power: 4 horses Cost: Around $1500 in the 19th century or about $25,000 now

Covered Paddle Boat • • • • •

Speed: Slow Capacity: up to 5 people Crew: 1 Power: Human Method of Propulsion: Oars

Farm-cart • • • •

Capacity: 2-3 people or 600-1200 lbs depending on the quality of the cart Average Speed: 5-9 miles/hr Power: 1 horse Cost: about $225 today Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

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Hirondelle • • • •

Capacity: 8+people Average Speed: 4 miles per hour Power: 4 horses Cost: $1200 to $1500 back in the 19th century, or about $25,000 now

Horse

•

Capacity: 1-2 People or 200 - 600 lbs (depending on horse) Average Speed: Greatly depends on horse and load. Up to 50mph with racehorses. Power: 1 Horse Cost: average horse $10 - $50 (1850) $250-$1250 (2007) , Good bloodlined horse $100 - $1000

•

(1850) $2500-$25000(2007) Distance: 20-30 miles per day

• • •

Landau Capacity: 4 people Average Speed: ~ 6 miles per hour Power: 2 horses

• • •

Gig • • • •

Capacity: 1-2 People Average Speed: 6 miles/hr Power: 1 Horses Cost: about $9,000

Travel by Foot • • •

Average Speed: 3mph, varies with personal fitness and load carried Range: Varies widely with personal fitness, supplies, stops, etc. 20-150 miles in a day. Power: 2 legs

One-horse shay • • •

Capacity: 1-2 People Average Speed: 10mph Power: 1 Horse

Stagecoach • • • •

Capacity: 8+ People Average Speed: 4 miles/hr Power: 4 Horses Cost: $1200-1500 back in the 19th century or about $24,995 today

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Tilbury • • • •

Capacity: 1-3 People Average Speed: 7 mph Power: 1 Horse Cost: $5,695 (2007)

Van • • • •

Capacity: 1-2 (goods configuration) 5-15 (bus configuration) Average Speed: 5 mph Power: 1-4 Horses Cost: $15,000 (2008)

Wagon • • • •

Capacity: 1-2 People, 500-2000 lbs or more depending on wagon design Average Speed: 5 mph Power: 1-6 Horses or Oxen (depending on size) Cost: $6,995

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Conclusion Knowledge of what transportation was like in the setting of Madame Bovary is just one piece of information Flaubert wouldn’t have had to explain to someone who lived in his day in France, but it is a critical gap in the knowledge of a modern reader. We have hereby created what is a highly accessible resource to fill this gap in knowledge for readers. Contrary to what we first thought, the amount of time that was invested per group member for this project was enormous; however, the almost non-existent financial cost required made this report feasible, and its benefits to modern readers of “Madame Bovary” outweighed its negative aspects and made it worth undertaking. We have discovered that people living in 19th century France employed a large variety of vehicles to suit various purposes. We’ve also realized that knowledge of these vehicles can allow the reader to have a greater insight into the character of the various people we are introduced to in Madame Bovary, from their wealth to their practicality. A person primed with our knowledge of travel in this era will have an understanding of an important aspect of the day to day life of the people in Flaubert’s book and thus gain a greater appreciation of the novel.

Recommendations The research we have done so far is a great basis for people interested in Madame Bovary. Given the fact that the information is available on a Wiki, people can easily access and add information about the locations, vehicles, prices, and much more; in a word greatly expand the level of knowledge that is accessible to readers of this wonderful piece of art which is Madame Bovary. A way to vastly improve readers' understanding of Madame Bovary is to use the online version of the text and link all the vehicle names and difficult transportation terms directly to their pages on our wiki. This way, a person can just directly click on the word in the online text and get all the great valuable information available on our Wiki. All sections on the wiki can also be expanded, more information can be added about 19th century French transportation, about the vehicles,and more. Ultimately, this Wiki can be the main authority on the web when it comes to 19th century French Transportation in general and Transportation in Madame Bovary in particular.

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Glossary Barouche – four-wheeled horse drawn carriage with two double seats on the inside so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat Hirondelle – simple transportation route that traveled from Yonville to Rouen daily Coach – large closed four-wheeled carriage drawn by two or more horses, usually included side doors with a front and back seat Stagecoach – four wheeled enclosed coach drawn by four horses Gig – light two-wheeled sprung cart pulled by one horse Carriage – wheeled vehicle usually horse drawn that can be utilized for many different activities like transporting goods, a public passenger vehicle, etc. Tilbury – light opened wheeled carriage with or without a top that usually has one seat (very fast moving vehicle) Coachman – man’s job to drive a horse drawn coach Nag – a small female horse; pony Cab – light two wheeled vehicle drawn by a single horse; any carriage for hire; cabman driving from a high seat at the rear Gallop – very much like the canter, but it is faster and covers more ground; fastest gait of the horse averaging 25-30 miles per hour Trot – two beat gait with a variety of speeds; same speed as an adult human can run, about 8 miles per hour Walk – a four beat gait that averages about 4 miles per hour Canter – controlled three beat gait usually faster than a trot but slower than a gallop Landau – four wheeled open carriage with facing seats over a dropped foot well Horses – large odd toed mammal with four legs Riding horses – horses trained to be rode by people that are generally of the class of a warmbloods or thoroughbreds Filly – young female horse to young to be called a mare usually under the age of four Horseback – the way of riding or traveling by horse (called traveling horseback) Farm-cart – two-wheeled vehicle used for all types of farm work usually drawn by one horse Van – A commercial vehicle used in the 19th century. Mill-horse – A horse specifically trained to turn a mill Cart-horse – A horse specifically trained to pull a cart Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary

Bah, Greenhill, James, Orlando White mare – adult female horse that is the color white Black horse – a horse the color black One-horse shay – light, covered two wheeled carriage for two people drawn by a single horse Covered boat – a boat with a cover that Emma and Leon take out Wagon - heavy covered four wheeled vehicle drawn by horses, mules, or oxen Buggy – light two person carriage usually drawn by one or two horses Smock – outer garment worn by rural workers Spur – metal tool on the heels of riding boots for directing a horse Manger – box of carved stone/wood used to hold food for animals; stable Shoe (horse) – U-shaped metal nailed to the hooves of horses Saddle girth – piece of equipment used to keep the saddle in place on a horse or other animal Chaise – two or four wheeled carriage used for pleasure traveling

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References "calash." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Mar. 2008 . “Coaching Terminology.” Cadillac Styling Section. April 2003. The Classic Car-Nection. 18 Mar. 2008 . "Barouche.” Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2008. Wikipedia. 7 Apr. 2008 . "What is a Barouche?" conjecture corporation. 2008. wiseGEEK. 7 Apr. 2008 "barouche." Online Photograph. Lizzie Borden: Warps and Wefts. 8 Apr. 2008 . Kane, Sarah. "Turning Bibelots Into Museum Pieces: Josephine Coffin-Chevallier and the Creation of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle." Journal of Design History (1996). 8 Apr. 2008 . About the cost of this vehicle in the time period: Josephine Roney, Cusack. Rambles on Railways. London: Effingham Wilson, 1868. "chaise." Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Mar. 2008 . "chaise." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Mar. 2008 . “Coaching Terminology.” Cadillac Styling Section. April 2003. The Classic Car-Nection. 18 Mar. 2008 . Roney, Cusack. Rambles on Railways. London: Effingham Wilson, 1868. "charabanc." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Mar. 2008 . "charabanc." Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Mar. 2008 . “Charabanc.” Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2008. Wikipedia. 18 Mar. 2008 . Friedman, Morgan S. "The Inflation Calculator." WestEgg. 2007. WestEgg. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Horse." NcyclopæDia Britannica, Inc. 14 Apr. 2008. NcyclopæDia Britannica, Inc. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Horses: an Informational Site." Three Corner Farm. 2008. Three Corner Farm. 14 Apr. 2008 . "How Much Did a Horse Cost in the 19th Century?" Yahoo Answers. 2008. Yahoo!, Inc. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Naismith's Rule of Hiking." Scoutmaster. 1 Nov. 2006. 11 Apr. 2008 . "Walking Time Calculator." WotzWot. 11 Apr. 2008 . "shay." Online Photograph. ibiblio. 14 Apr. 2008 . "one-horse shay." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Country Gig." Colonial Carriage Works. 2007. Colonial Carriage Works. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Gig." EncyclopæDia Britannica Online. 2008. EncyclopæDia Britannica Online. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Horse_drawn_van.Jpg." Schofieldremovals.Co.Uk. Schofieldremovals.Co.Uk. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Kid Hack." Wikipedia. 17 Feb. 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Loading a Horse Drawn Moving Van." CDLIB. CDLIB. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Concord Wagon." Colonial Carriage Works. Colonial Carriage Works. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Ox-Wagon." Wikipedia®. 1 Mar. 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr. 2008 . "The Wagon." Cornell.Edu. Cornell.Edu. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Wagon and Carriage." Student's Encyclopedia. Britannica Student EncyclopæDia. 14 Apr. 2008 . "Wagon." Wikipedia®. 4 Apr. 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr. 2008 . http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/index_tabs.php3?action=detailedinfo&id=4008&tab=metadata http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_and_buggy http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9017960/buggy http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556710/Coach_(vehicle).html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_%28carriage%29 http://www.colonialcarriage.com/item.cfm?id=457 http://www.colonialcarriage.com/item.cfm?id=363 http://www.guildofmodelwheelwrights.org/newsite03/vehicles/ag_farmcarts.html http://www.myhobbystore.com/ProductDetails/mcs/productID/195 http://www.metaglossary.com http://www.georgianindex.net/horse_and_carriage/carriages.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_%28carriage%29 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article9047036/landau+landau+vehicle,+france&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&client=firefox-a http://www.guildofmodelwheelwrights.org/newsite03/vehicles/pas_4wheel.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_(carriage) http://genealogytrails.com/main/stagecoaches.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111463/carriagehouse.htm#stagecoach http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=kwq http://en.wikipedia.com http://www.literary-liaisons.com/article033.html

Technical Report on Transportation in Madame Bovary