10th Anniversary Rome October 23, 2006
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LEOPOLDO STEFANUTTI Director of the GeophysicaEEIG
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When it All started In August 1990 I was invited in Moscow by Nobel Prize winner, Academician Prohorov, to discuss possible cooperation regarding the chemistry of stratospheric ozone and the use of aircraft for future airborne campaigns. With Dr. Vlasov, of the Institute of General Physics a first memorandum was signed at the end of August, relative to the use of Soviet Aircraft for the study, by means of lidar, of stratospheric ozone in the polar regions.
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First steps
In 1991 Dr. Vlasov and Dr. Khattatov were invited to the Workshop on Italian Atmospheric Research in Antarctica held in October in Porano. At the meeting with the Russian delegation a first picture of the M-55 Geophysica was shown.
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1st APE Exploratory workshop of the European Science FoundationFlorence 14-16 May 1992 During this workshop the first ideas of the project Airborne Polar Experiment were defined. It was suggested the use of two aircraft: The high altitude aircraft M-55 Geophysica The CAO Il-18 flying laboratory Leopoldo Stefanutti and Viacheslav Khattatov were nominated as focal ponts for the future definition of the projects, respectively responsible for Western Europe and for the Russian Federation. The Italian Antarctic Project and CNR showed great interest in the development of this programme. A basic payload was than established. A visit to Moscow was planned for the following summer.
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2nd ESF-APE Workshop, held in Rome in October 1993 and first flight of the M-55 Geophysica to western Europe During this workshop, held at the airport of Ciampino, in Rome, the isolation of the M-55 Geophysica ended. Prof. Paul Crutzen, future Nobel Prize Winner, openly backed the scientific use of the M-55, which had been opposed by the German Scientific community, due to the development of the Strato2C aircraft. At that meeting, from the Russian side were present: Mr. Novikov, General Director of MDB Mr. Leonid Sokolov, chief Designer of MDB Mr. Vinnichenko, Managing Director of Aviaecocentre Dr. Viacheslav Khattatov, Deputy Director of CAO
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1994- First feasibility contract with PNRA-ENEA 1994 was an important transition year. The two feasibility contracts to host a payload of 5 instruments (the so-called “basic payload”) was developed and the deployment of the aircraft for an Antarctic mission was evaluated. I visited New Zealand during the period July-September 1994 and I could there discuss the deployment of the ER-2 for scientific stratospheric missions with Dr. Kurilo and Dr. Tuck. In October 1994 I was called for a meeting in Brussels and I was asked to submit a project to the EC for the fulfillment of a scientific mission during the winter 1996-97. PNRA was ready to sign a contract for the modification of the aircraft to host the “basic Payload”. ESF was evaluating the funding of the ESF-APE programme
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1995: it is the year for presentation of proposals to the EC and of the approval of the ESF APE Project In January 1995 ESF approved the ESF-APE-Project. Stefanutti was the Chairman of the project. An operating structure was created. It was the birth of the Airborne Polar Experiment- Managing Committee, a non profit organization which became the Managing structure of several M-55 Geophysica projects up to year 2000. In April the following projects were submitted to the EC: APE-Arctic 0,67K€ ARIAS 0,35K€ SAFIRE-A 0,47K€ While the Italian Space Agency started funding the intruments ABLE, GASCOD/A and SAFIRE/A A request for funding the M-55 Geophysica for 2 missions and modify the aircraft for 3.5 M€ in 5 years was submitted to PNRA. All projects were approved.
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M-55 Campaigns 1996-1999 1.
Pioneer period 1990-1999
1)
APE-Polecat: EU, PNRA, ASI and BMBF funded project for the study of PSC. The campaign was based in Rovaniemi, in the Arctic. December 1996- January 1997. The M-55 Geophysica operated in tandem with the DLR Falcon.
2)
APE-THESEO: EU, ASI funded project, to study the UTLS in the Tropics, an area fundamental for the understanding of the Stratospheric chemistry. The M-55 Geophysica operated with the DLR Falcon, Seychelles, February-March 1999
3)
APE-GAIA: PNRA and ASI funded. It was aimed to study the chemistry of the Antarctic stratosphere in the period of rupture of the stratospheric vortex, by using large remote sensing instruments, like MIPAS, SAFIRE, Gascod with the synergy of in situ instrumentation. Operational base Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, SeptemberOctober 1999
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1996:the first mission in the Arctic: APE-POLECAT Agreement of Dr. Stefanutti with Dr. Thomas Peter for a joint campaign in Rovaniemi with the M-55 Geophysica and the DLR Falcon F-20. Test campaign in Pratica di Mare in October 1996 December-January: APE-POLECAT from Rovaniemi, Finland to study PSCs jointly directed by Stefanutti and Peter New type of PSCs Very low background aerosol at mid and high latitudes Pathfinding role of the Falcon
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1999: February-March EC project APE-Theseo Seychelles - September-October: PNRA project APE-GAIA Ushuaia
In January 1997 a new call for proposals from the EC was published. Several projects, related with the M-55 were submitted: APE-THESEO for a campaign in the Tropics coordinated with INDOEX (1.75 M€) SAFIRE/A Upgrading (0.251M€) COPAS for the development of condensation nucleii counters (0,28M€) APE-PSC Composition for the chemical determination of the PSC using CVI technique (0.350M€) The APE-THESEO campaign was totally disconnected from the Antarctic campaign, financed by the PNRA, which was than led by Dr. Bruno Carli
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APE-THESEO was the first of a long series of tropical campaigns to study the Brewer-Dobson circulation
Many important scientific results were obtained during that campaign Subvisible TTL clouds Formation of clouds in the TTL
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APE-GAIA: the Antarctic experience
APE-GAIA was mainly a campaign with remote sensing instrumentation, while APE-THESEO was specifically designed for in situ instrumentation. The aim of the campaign was to describe the polar vortex during the Antarctic spring time, just before the breaking up of the polar vortex. SAFIRE/A and MIPAS-Str were the large remote sensing Fourier Transform spectrometers which flew during this campaign. Even if the campaign was essentially centered in the use of the remote sensing instrumentation and on the chemistry of the vortex, this did not prevent the flight of aerosol instruments operating both in the remote sensing mode and in situ (Lidars: ABLE and MAL and FSSP)
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The dark years of 2000 and 2001
During these two years no campaign took place as no funding was available from the different Agencies. The first cycle of the M-55 Geophysica campaigns was ended. The funding from the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research had expired. It was at this stage that if became clear the necessity to form a stable organization to manage the scientific use of the M-55 Geophysica with funding available every year for the maintenance, at least partial of the aircraft. During the years 1999, 2000 and 2001 a debate was open with the Institutions involved in the M-55 Activity, finally it was decided to establish, from the beginning of 2002 an European Economic Interest Grouping, with retroactive funding to the beginning of 2001.
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The Geophysica-EEIG composition Geophysica-EEIG MEMBERS
Acronym
Country
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
CNR
Italy
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
ASI
Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Integrata
INOA
Italy
Environmental Research & Services Srl
ERS-Srl
Italy
Deutches Zentrum Für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
DLR
Germany
Forschungszentrum Jülich
FZJ
Germany
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
FZK
Germany
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule
ETH
Institut National Science de l’Univers du CNRS
INSU-CNRS
Switzerland France
Universität Frankfurt
Germany
Max-Plank Institut für Chemie
FU FU MPI-Chemie
University of Utrecht
U. Ut
Netherlands
CCLR (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
CCLRC
UK
Stratosphere-M Ltd
STM-Ltd
Russia
Myasishchev Design Bureau
MDB
Russia
ASSOCIATES
Germany
Russian Contractors
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Campaigns after the Establishment of the Geophysica-EEIG, January 2002
1)
ENVISAT Test and Validation Campaign: ASI, ESA, BMBF and EU funded. Both in situ and remote sensing intrumentation did fly, shifting payload, according to the objectives of the flight. Operational base: Forlì, Italy, July 2002
2)
ENVISAT Mid Latitude Campaign: ASI, ESA, BMBF and EU funded. Same strategy as in the July campaign. Flights in tandem with the DLR Falcon were performed. Operational base: Forlì, Italy, October 2002
3)
APE-INFRA EU Funded Project. It supported the mid latitude ENVISAT Validation campaigns, July and October 2002.
4)
NERC flight to study the polluting effect of air traffic on a Mediterranean air corridor
5)
ENVISAT Validation Arctic Campaign (Aerosols): ASI, ESA, BMBF and EU funded, in synergy with EUPLEX during VINTERSOL, Operational base Kiruna, Sweden, January- February 2003.
6) ENVISAT Validation Arctic (Chemistry): ASI, ESA, BMBF and EU funded. Flights in tandem with the DLR Falcon and the NASA DC-8 were performed.Operation base Kiruna, Sweden, February- March 2003.
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7) APE-INFRA EU funded project. It has supported EUPLEX and ENVISAT Arctic Aerosol and Chemistry 8)
ENVISAT Validation, January- March 2003
9) APE-INFRA Subtropical transfer Campaign: This part is to support EUPLEX adding an additional scientific campaign before TROCCINOX and consisting in the scientific transfer of the aircraft from Italy to Brazil and investigating the chemical composition of UTLS over a broad geographical area. January 2005.
10) will
TROCCINOX: EU funded campaign to study the UTLS in the Tropics. Also the DLR Falcon fly with the M-55 Geophysica. Operational base: Aracatuba, Brazil, January-March 2005
11)
TC-5: Test campaign to test new instruments like CRISTA in July 2005
12)
SCOUT: Tropical EU campaign, October-December 2005, Darwin, Nov.-Dec. 2005
13)
EUFAR-I3: Transnational Access to two new user groups, Verona-Ouagadougou, July-August 2006
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M-55-AMMA-SCOUT-O3: to study the influence of the African Monsoon on the Central African Climate Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, August 2006
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Description of the aircraft
The stratospheric Aircraft: The M-55 Geophysica is the only high altitude aircraft available for research for the European Scientific Community. It is a dual turbofan aircraft with a ceiling of 21 km; it can transport a payload up to 2300Kg, has an endurance, with a nominal payload of 1500 Kg and a cruise altitude of 17.5 km, of 5.5 hours and 60 KVA are available for instrument operations. 26/10/06
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General Informations The M-55 Geophysica is the sole stratospheric aircraft available for the European Scientific community. In the world the only real competitors are the NASA ER-2 and the WB-57. These aircrafts are utilised solely by the US scientific community for several years and no real access is possible for the European teams. Since 1996, this platform has become the ideal stratospheric platform for European UTLS studies. Compared to the ER-2 the M-55 Geophysica is an all weather aircraft; is safer than the ER-2, being powered by two turbofan engines, and having the possibility to fly also with only one engine-. The M-55 Geophysica can be equipped with both remote sensing and in situ instrumentation.
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Dimensions
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View of the bays, booms and pods for scientific instruments
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Lists of the scientific instruments on the M-55 Geophysica #
Instrument name
Type of instrument
Measured parameter
Institutes
1
SAFIRE-A
FTFIRS
O3, HF, H2O, CO, HNO3, NO2, HCl, ClO, HOCl, OH, HO2, H2O2, HBr, HOBr
IFAC-CNR
2
GASCOD-A
UV-Vis spectrometer
O3, NO2, OClO, BrO
ISAC-CNR
3
MAS
Multi-wavelength Aerosol Scatterometer
backscatter coefficient
ISAC-CNR
4
FSSP-300100
optical aerosol counter
Aerosol size distribution
Uni. Mainz
5
MAL
Microjoule Lidar
backscatter coefficient
Observatoire Neuchatel
6
TDL-TIRIS
TDL to measure isotopes of H2O
H2O isotopes
Univ. Groeningen
7
ECOC
ElectroChemical Ozone Cell
O3 in situ measurements
CAO
8
FLASH
Fluorescent hygrometer
stratospheric water vapour
CAO
9
ACH
Condensation hygrometer
tropospheric water vapour
CAO
1 0
WAS
H2O isotopes sampler
H2O isotopes
University of Utrecht
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1 1
FISH
Fluorescent hygrometer
stratospheric water vapour
FZJ
1 2
COPAS
COndensation PArticle detection System
counts particles between 10 nm and 10 micrometers
Uni. Mainz
1 3
CVI package
Counterflow Virtual Impactor
Number concentration, H2O and HNO3 of cloud particles larger than approximately 2micron
MISU, Uni. Mainz, INOA
1 4 1 5
HAGAR
Gas Chromatograph
N2O, SF6, CFC-12, CFC-11, CH4
Uni. Frankfurt
SORAD
SOlar Radiation
solar radiation in 0.3-3 µm
CAO
1 6
HALOX-A
Chemical-Conversion Resonance-Fluorescence
In Situ ClO and BrO
FZJ
1 7 1 8 1 9
SIOUX
NO/NOy
NO and NOy in situ
DLR
FOX
UV O3 sensor
O3 concentration
DLR
MTP
Microwave Temperature and Pressure sensor
Temperature and pressure remote sensing
JPL
2 0 2 1 2 2
ALTO
TDL
CH4 in situ
INOA
Rosemount
Pressure, Temperature
P, T in situ
CAO
MIPAS
FFTMIRS
O3, CFCs, CCl4, H2O, CH4, OCS, HNO3, NO, N2O5, ClONO2
FZK
2 3 2 4
MARSCHALS
Millimetre spectrometer
O3, H2O, CO, HNO3, N2O
CCLRC-RAL
CRISTA
Far Infrared Spectrometer
O3, H2O, CO, HNO3, N2O
FZJ
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Future Applications
Airborne Communication Node •
IP Interconnection of heterogeneous networks
•
High data rate
•
Fast & easy to deploy
•
Mobility on the theatre of operations
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Wide coverage areas
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High robustness in Electronic Warfare environment IP Interconnection of heterogeneous networks
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NCA-onboard
x1
NCA-TR
NCA -GROUND
NCA-SGL x 1
NCA-P
NCA -GROUND
NCA -GROUND
NCA-SGD
NCA-SGD
NCA -GROUND
NCA -GROUND
NCA-P
NCA-P
NCA-SGD x 1
NCA-P
x3
NCA-SOL x 4 Network IP simulator
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Network IP simulator
Network simulator
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Network simulator
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On board Antenna (diameter 40 cm)
Ground Gateway with Parabolic Antenna
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Airborne Communication Node Typical Missions
Crisis Management In case of non existent, overloaded or destroyed infrastructures •Peace restoration • Natural disaster • Homeland Security
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Space Tourism
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