ST 1
ND 2
AND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Latin I Grammar Review
Latin… the “Basics” Latin I Grammar Review Review of Case Usage
Case Usage In English, word order determines the meaning of a sentence. ¨ In Latin, case endings determine the meaning. ¨
¤ The
boy killed the deer with a single arrow. ¤ The word order paints a clear picture.
Case Usage ¨
What if the words were rearranged? ¤ With a single arrow the deer killed the boy. ¤ Do these sentences convey the same meaning?
Case Usage Moral of the Story: Don’t read Latin the same way you read English. ¨ Don’t use word order to translate a sentence, use case endings. ¨
Case Usage The Cases: Nominative: ¨ Genitive: ¨ Dative: ¨ Accusative: ¨ Ablative: ¨ Vocative: ¨
Subject (a, an, the) Possession (of) Indirect Object (to/for) Direct Object (a, an, the) Object of Prepositions (by/with) Direct Address (Oh, !)
Declining Latin Nouns The Basic Formula: Noun Base + Declension Ending Agricola, agricolae Base= agricolPuer, puerī Base= puerAmicus, amicī Base= amic-
First Declension Nouns Latin I Grammar Review Declining 1st Declension Nouns
First Declension Endings
Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
Singular
Plural
-a -ae -ae -am -ā -a
-ae -ārum -īs -ās -īs -ae
Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae Singular Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol +
a ae ae am ā a
Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae Plural Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol +
ae ārum īs ās īs ae
Declining First Declension Singular
Plural
English
agricola agricolae agricolae
agricolae agricolārum agricolīs agricolās agricolīs agricolae
the farmer(s)
agricolam
agricolā agricola
of the farmer(s) to/for the farmer(s)
the farmer(s) by/with the farmer(s) Oh, farmer(s)!
Second Declension Masculine Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns
Second Declension Masculine Endings
Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
Singular
Plural
-us/-r -ī -ō -um -ō -e/-ī/-r
-ī -ōrum -īs -ōs -īs -ī
Declining Second Declension amicus, amicī (base= serv-)
Singular Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
amic amic amic amic amic amic
+ + + + + +
us ī ō um ō e
Declining Second Declension servus, servī (base= serv-)
Plural Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
amic amic amic amic amic amic
+ + + + + +
ī ōrum īs ōs īs ī
Declining Second Declension Singular
Plural
English
amicus amicī amicō amicum amicō amice
amicī amicō amicīs amicōs amicīs amicī
the friend(s) of the friend(s) to/for the friend(s) the friend(s) by/with the friend(s) Oh, friend(s)!
2nd Declension Neuter Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns (cont.)
Second Declension Neuter Endings
Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
Singular
Plural
-um -ī -ō -um -ō -um
-a -ōrum -īs -a -īs -a
Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)
Singular Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
bell bell bell bell bell bell
+ + + + + +
um ī ō um ō um
Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)
Plural Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:
bell bell bell bell bell bell
+ + + + + +
a ōrum īs a īs a
Declining Second Declension Singular
Plural
English
bellum bellī bellō bellum bellō bellum
bella bellōrum bellīs bella bellīs bella
the war(s) of the war(s) to/for the war(s) the war(s) by/with the war(s) Oh, war(s)!
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives Latin I Grammar Review Noun-Adjective Agreement
Latin Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns ¨ Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in three ways 1. Gender 2. Number 3. Case ¨
1st/2nd Declension Adjectives ¨
1st/2nd declension adjectives use the same endings as the nouns ¤ Bonus – a, um
First Declension
Second Declension
-a -ae -ae -am -ā -a
-us/r (um) -ī -ō -um -ō -e/ī/r (um)
-ae -ārum -īs -ās -īs -ae
-ī (a) -ōrum -īs -ōs (a) -īs -ī (a)
Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives Singular
Plural
puer bonus puerī bonī puerō bonō puerum bonum puerō bonō puer bone
puerī bonī puerōrum bonōrum puerīs bonīs puerōs bonōs puerīs bonīs puerī bonī
Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives Singular
Plural
nauta bonus nautae bonī nautae bonō nautam bonum nautā bonō nauta bone
nautae bonī nautārum bonōrum nautīs bonīs nautās bonōs nautīs bonīs nautae bonī
Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives
¨
Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and gender ¤ … but their endings do not have to look the same!