1 ST AND 2 ND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. Latin I Grammar Review

ST 1 ND 2 AND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Latin I Grammar Review Latin… the “Basics” Latin I Grammar Review Review of Case Usage Case Usage ...
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ST 1

ND 2

AND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Latin I Grammar Review

Latin… the “Basics” Latin I Grammar Review Review of Case Usage

Case Usage In English, word order determines the meaning of a sentence. ¨  In Latin, case endings determine the meaning. ¨ 

¤ The

boy killed the deer with a single arrow. ¤ The word order paints a clear picture.

Case Usage ¨ 

What if the words were rearranged? ¤ With a single arrow the deer killed the boy. ¤ Do these sentences convey the same meaning?

Case Usage Moral of the Story: Don’t read Latin the same way you read English. ¨  Don’t use word order to translate a sentence, use case endings. ¨ 

Case Usage The Cases: Nominative: ¨  Genitive: ¨  Dative: ¨  Accusative: ¨  Ablative: ¨  Vocative: ¨ 

Subject (a, an, the) Possession (of) Indirect Object (to/for) Direct Object (a, an, the) Object of Prepositions (by/with) Direct Address (Oh, !)

Declining Latin Nouns The Basic Formula: —  Noun Base + Declension Ending Agricola, agricolae —  Base= agricolPuer, puerī —  Base= puerAmicus, amicī —  Base= amic-

First Declension Nouns Latin I Grammar Review Declining 1st Declension Nouns

First Declension Endings

Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

Singular

Plural

-a -ae -ae -am -ā -a

-ae -ārum -īs -ās -īs -ae

Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae Singular Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol +

a ae ae am ā a

Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae Plural Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol + agricol +

ae ārum īs ās īs ae

Declining First Declension Singular

Plural

English

agricola agricolae agricolae

agricolae agricolārum agricolīs agricolās agricolīs agricolae

the farmer(s)

agricolam

agricolā agricola

of the farmer(s) to/for the farmer(s)

the farmer(s) by/with the farmer(s) Oh, farmer(s)!

Second Declension Masculine Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns

Second Declension Masculine Endings

Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

Singular

Plural

-us/-r -ī -ō -um -ō -e/-ī/-r

-ī -ōrum -īs -ōs -īs -ī

Declining Second Declension amicus, amicī (base= serv-)

Singular Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

amic amic amic amic amic amic

+ + + + + +

us ī ō um ō e

Declining Second Declension servus, servī (base= serv-)

Plural Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

amic amic amic amic amic amic

+ + + + + +

ī ōrum īs ōs īs ī

Declining Second Declension Singular

Plural

English

amicus amicī amicō amicum amicō amice

amicī amicō amicīs amicōs amicīs amicī

the friend(s) of the friend(s) to/for the friend(s) the friend(s) by/with the friend(s) Oh, friend(s)!

2nd Declension Neuter Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns (cont.)

Second Declension Neuter Endings

Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

Singular

Plural

-um -ī -ō -um -ō -um

-a -ōrum -īs -a -īs -a

Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)

Singular Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

bell bell bell bell bell bell

+ + + + + +

um ī ō um ō um

Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)

Plural Nominative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: Vocative:

bell bell bell bell bell bell

+ + + + + +

a ōrum īs a īs a

Declining Second Declension Singular

Plural

English

bellum bellī bellō bellum bellō bellum

bella bellōrum bellīs bella bellīs bella

the war(s) of the war(s) to/for the war(s) the war(s) by/with the war(s) Oh, war(s)!

1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives Latin I Grammar Review Noun-Adjective Agreement

Latin Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns ¨  Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in three ways 1.  Gender 2.  Number 3.  Case ¨ 

1st/2nd Declension Adjectives ¨ 

1st/2nd declension adjectives use the same endings as the nouns ¤  Bonus – a, um

First Declension

Second Declension

-a -ae -ae -am -ā -a

-us/r (um) -ī -ō -um -ō -e/ī/r (um)

-ae -ārum -īs -ās -īs -ae

-ī (a) -ōrum -īs -ōs (a) -īs -ī (a)

Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives Singular

Plural

puer bonus puerī bonī puerō bonō puerum bonum puerō bonō puer bone

puerī bonī puerōrum bonōrum puerīs bonīs puerōs bonōs puerīs bonīs puerī bonī

Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives Singular

Plural

nauta bonus nautae bonī nautae bonō nautam bonum nautā bonō nauta bone

nautae bonī nautārum bonōrum nautīs bonīs nautās bonōs nautīs bonīs nautae bonī

Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

¨ 

Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and gender ¤ … but their endings do not have to look the same!

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