EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

References chapter 30 1 March LM and Bachmeier CJ. Economics of osteoarthritis: a global perspective. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997;11:817-34. 2 Goldring MB and Otero M. Inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011;23:471-8. 3 Goldring MB and Goldring SR. Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1192:230-7. 4 Goldring MB and Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol 2007;213:626-34. 5 Loeser RF, Yammani RR, Carlson CS, Chen H, Cole A, Im HJ et al. Articular chondrocytes express the receptor for advanced glycation end products: Potential role in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2376-85. 6 Burr DB. Anatomy and physiology of the mineralized tissues: role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12 Suppl A:S20-S30. 7 Sellam J and Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:625-35. 8 Li B and Aspden RM. Composition and mechanical properties of cancellous bone from the femoral head of patients with osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:641-51. 9 Bertrand J, Cromme C, Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage remodelling in osteoarthritis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010;42:1594-601. 10 Dreier R. Hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: the developmental aspect of degenerative joint disorders. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:216. 11 Goldring MB. The role of the chondrocyte in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:191626. 12 Goldring MB. Osteoarthritis and cartilage: the role of cytokines. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000;2:459-65. 13 Aigner T and Kim HA. Apoptosis and cellular vitality: issues in osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1986-96. 14 Aigner T, Hemmel M, Neureiter D, Gebhard PM, Zeiler G, Kirchner T et al. Apoptotic cell death is not a widespread phenomenon in normal aging and osteoarthritis human articular knee cartilage: a study of proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and viability of chondrocytes in normal and osteoarthritic human knee cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:1304-12.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

15 MEACHIM G and COLLINS DH. Cell counts of normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage in relation to the uptake of sulphate (35SO4) in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis 1962;21:4550. 16 Rothwell AG and Bentley G. Chondrocyte multiplication in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1973;55:588-94. 17 Ayral X, Pickering EH, Woodworth TG, Mackillop N, Dougados M. Synovitis: a potential predictive factor of structural progression of medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis -- results of a 1 year longitudinal arthroscopic study in 422 patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:361-7. 18 Smith MD, Triantafillou S, Parker A, Youssef PP, Coleman M. Synovial membrane inflammation and cytokine production in patients with early osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1997;24:365-71. 19 Myers SL, Brandt KD, Ehlich JW, Braunstein EM, Shelbourne KD, Heck DA et al. Synovial inflammation in patients with early osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1662-9. 20 Benito MJ, Veale DJ, FitzGerald O, van den Berg WB, Bresnihan B. Synovial tissue inflammation in early and late osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1263-7. 21 Diaz-Torne C, Schumacher HR, Yu X, Gomez-Vaquero C, Dai L, Chen LX et al. Absence of histologic evidence of synovitis in patients with Gulf War veterans' illness with joint pain. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1316-23. 22 Ogdie A, Li J, Dai L, Paessler ME, Yu X, Diaz-Torne C et al. Identification of broadly discriminatory tissue biomarkers of synovitis with binary and multicategory receiver operating characteristic analysis. Biomarkers 2010;15:183-90. 23 Pessler F, Dai L, Diaz-Torne C, Gomez-Vaquero C, Paessler ME, Zheng DH et al. The synovitis of "non-inflammatory" orthopaedic arthropathies: a quantitative histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1184-7. 24 Scanzello CR, Umoh E, Pessler F, Diaz-Torne C, Miles T, Dicarlo E et al. Local cytokine profiles in knee osteoarthritis: elevated synovial fluid interleukin-15 differentiates early from end-stage disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1040-8. 25 Bondeson J, Wainwright SD, Lauder S, Amos N, Hughes CE. The role of synovial macrophages and macrophage-produced cytokines in driving aggrecanases, matrix metalloproteinases, and other destructive and inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R187. 26 Henrotin Y, Pesesse L, Sanchez C. Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis physiopathology: state-of-the art and perspectives. Biomed Mater Eng 2009;19:311-6. 27 Lajeunesse D, Hilal G, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Subchondral bone morphological and biochemical alterations in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999;7:321-2.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

28 Hilal G, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Ranger P, Lajeunesse D. Osteoblast-like cells from human subchondral osteoarthritic bone demonstrate an altered phenotype in vitro: possible role in subchondral bone sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:891-9. 29 Dequeker J, Mohan S, Finkelman RD, Aerssens J, Baylink DJ. Generalized osteoarthritis associated with increased insulin-like growth factor types I and II and transforming growth factor beta in cortical bone from the iliac crest. Possible mechanism of increased bone density and protection against osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1702-8. 30 Mansell JP and Bailey AJ. Abnormal cancellous bone collagen metabolism in osteoarthritis. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1596-603. 31 Hilal G, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Duval N, Lajeunesse D. Abnormal regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator by insulin-like growth factor 1 in human osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2112-22. 32 Sanchez C, Gabay O, Salvat C, Henrotin YE, Berenbaum F. Mechanical loading highly increases IL-6 production and decreases OPG expression by osteoblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:473-81. 33 Massicotte F, Lajeunesse D, Benderdour M, Pelletier JP, Hilal G, Duval N et al. Can altered production of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta and prostaglandin E(2) by isolated human subchondral osteoblasts identify two subgroups of osteoarthritic patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:491-500. 34 Westacott CI, Webb GR, Warnock MG, Sims JV, Elson CJ. Alteration of cartilage metabolism by cells from osteoarthritic bone. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1282-91. 35 van Beuningen HM, van der Kraan PM, Arntz OJ, van den Berg WB. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 stimulates articular chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis and induces osteophyte formation in the murine knee joint. Lab Invest 1994;71:279-90. 36 Ghosh P and Cheras PA. Vascular mechanisms in osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001;15:693-709. 37 Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, Young P, Kirwan J. Prediction of the progression of joint space narrowing in osteoarthritis of the knee by bone scintigraphy. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:557-63. 38 Walsh DA, Bonnet CS, Turner EL, Wilson D, Situ M, McWilliams DF. Angiogenesis in the synovium and at the osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:743-51. 39 Walsh DA, McWilliams DF, Turley MJ, Dixon MR, Franses RE, Mapp PI et al. Angiogenesis and nerve growth factor at the osteochondral junction in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:1852-61. 40 Brown AN, McKinley TO, Bay BK. Trabecular bone strain changes associated with subchondral bone defects of the tibial plateau. J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:638-43.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

41 Carlson CS, Loeser RF, Jayo MJ, Weaver DS, Adams MR, Jerome CP. Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques: a primate model of naturally occurring disease. J Orthop Res 1994;12:331-9. 42 Carlson CS, Loeser RF, Purser CB, Gardin JF, Jerome CP. Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques. III: Effects of age, gender, and subchondral bone thickness on the severity of disease. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1209-17. 43 Dean DD, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Howell DS, Woessner JF, Jr. Evidence for metalloproteinase and metalloproteinase inhibitor imbalance in human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 1989;84:678-85. 44 Okada Y, Shinmei M, Tanaka O, Naka K, Kimura A, Nakanishi I et al. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) in osteoarthritic cartilage and synovium. Lab Invest 1992;66:680-90. 45 Ohta S, Imai K, Yamashita K, Matsumoto T, Azumano I, Okada Y. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin) in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Lab Invest 1998;78:79-87. 46 Masuhara K, Nakai T, Yamaguchi K, Yamasaki S, Sasaguri Y. Significant increases in serum and plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 in patients with rapidly destructive osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2625-31. 47 Martel-Pelletier J, Alaaeddine N, Pelletier JP. Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Front Biosci 1999;4:D694-D703. 48 Goldring MB. The role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: lessons from animal models. Connect Tissue Res 1999;40:1-11. 49 Kurz B, Lemke AK, Fay J, Pufe T, Grodzinsky AJ, Schunke M. Pathomechanisms of cartilage destruction by mechanical injury. Ann Anat 2005;187:473-85. 50 Masuko-Hongo K, Berenbaum F, Humbert L, Salvat C, Goldring MB, Thirion S. Upregulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 in osteoarthritic human cartilage: critical roles of the ERK-1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2829-38. 51 Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP. The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Biorheology 2002;39:237-46. 52 Martel-Pelletier J, McCollum R, DiBattista J, Faure MP, Chin JA, Fournier S et al. The interleukin-1 receptor in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Identification as the type I receptor and analysis of binding kinetics and biologic function. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:530-40. 53 Martel-Pelletier J, Faure MP, McCollum R, Mineau F, Cloutier JM, Pelletier JP. Plasmin, plasminogen activators and inhibitor in human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1863-71.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

54 Eeckhout Y and Vaes G. Further studies on the activation of procollagenase, the latent precursor of bone collagenase. Effects of lysosomal cathepsin B, plasmin and kallikrein, and spontaneous activation. Biochem J 1977;166:21-31. 55 Zwicky R and Baici A. Cytoskeletal architecture and cathepsin B trafficking in human articular chondrocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2000;114:363-72. 56 Dodds RA, Connor JR, Drake FH, Gowen M. Expression of cathepsin K messenger RNA in giant cells and their precursors in human osteoarthritic synovial tissues. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1588-93. 57 Farrell AJ and Blake DR. Nitric oxide. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:7-20. 58 Rediske JJ, Koehne CF, Zhang B, Lotz M. The inducible production of nitric oxide by articular cell types. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1994;2:199-206. 59 Pelletier JP, Mineau F, Ranger P, Tardif G, Martel-Pelletier J. The increased synthesis of inducible nitric oxide inhibits IL-1ra synthesis by human articular chondrocytes: possible role in osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996;4:77-84. 60 Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen T, Knowles RG, Moilanen E. The role of nitric oxide in osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:247-58. 61 Lotz M, Hashimoto S, Kuhn K. Mechanisms of chondrocyte apoptosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999;7:389-91. 62 Abramson SB. The role of COX-2 produced by cartilage in arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999;7:380-1. 63 Goldring MB, Suen LF, Yamin R, Lai WF. Regulation of Collagen Gene Expression by Prostaglandins and Interleukin-1beta in Cultured Chondrocytes and Fibroblasts. Am J Ther 1996;3:9-16. 64 Homandberg GA, Hui F, Wen C, Kuettner KE, Williams JM. Hyaluronic acid suppresses fibronectin fragment mediated cartilage chondrolysis: I. In vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1997;5:309-19. 65 Homandberg GA, Wen C, Hui F. Cartilage damaging activities of fibronectin fragments derived from cartilage and synovial fluid. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998;6:231-44. 66 Homandberg GA. Cartilage damage by matrix degradation products: fibronectin fragments. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;S100-S107. 67 Felson DT. The sources of pain in knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:624-8. 68 Niissalo S, Hukkanen M, Imai S, Tornwall J, Konttinen YT. Neuropeptides in experimental and degenerative arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;966:384-99. 69 McGlashan SR, Jensen CG, Poole CA. Localization of extracellular matrix receptors on the chondrocyte primary cilium. J Histochem Cytochem 2006;54:1005-14.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

70 McGlashan SR, Cluett EC, Jensen CG, Poole CA. Primary cilia in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: from chondrons to clusters. Dev Dyn 2008;237:2013-20. 71 Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Levy A, Pigenet A, Thirion S, Saffar JL et al. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage explants under compression: mPGES-1 is a mechanosensitive gene. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R135. 72 Schaffler A, Ehling A, Neumann E, Herfarth H, Tarner I, Scholmerich J et al. Adipocytokines in synovial fluid. JAMA 2003;290:1709-10. 73 Dumond H, Presle N, Terlain B, Mainard D, Loeuille D, Netter P et al. Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3118-29. 74 Otero M, Lago R, Lago F, Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Signalling pathway involved in nitric oxide synthase type II activation in chondrocytes: synergistic effect of leptin with interleukin-1. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7:R581-R591. 75 Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Salvat C, Sautet A, Pigenet A, Tahiri K et al. Crucial role of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in matrix degradation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in chondrocytes: possible influence on osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1399-409. 76 Yusuf E, Ioan-Facsinay A, Bijsterbosch J, Klein-Wieringa I, Kwekkeboom J, Slagboom PE et al. Association between leptin, adiponectin and resistin and long-term progression of hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1282-4. 77 LOWMAN EW. Osteoarthritis. J Am Med Assoc 1955;157:487-8. 78 Dahaghin S, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Ginai AZ, Pols HA, Hazes JM, Koes BW. Prevalence and pattern of radiographic hand osteoarthritis and association with pain and disability (the Rotterdam study). Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:682-7. 79 Kelsey JL and Hochberg MC. Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Annu Rev Public Health 1988;9:379-401. 80 Cimmino MA and Parodi M. Risk factors for osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34:29-34. 81 Oliveria SA, Felson DT, Reed JI, Cirillo PA, Walker AM. Incidence of symptomatic hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis among patients in a health maintenance organization. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1134-41. 82 KELLGREN JH and LAWRENCE JS. Osteo-arthrosis and disk degeneration in an urban population. Ann Rheum Dis 1958;17:388-97. 83 van Saase JL, van Romunde LK, Cats A, Vandenbroucke JP, Valkenburg HA. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:271-80.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

84 Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Arnold LM, Choi H, Deyo RA et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:26-35. 85 Duncan R, Peat G, Thomas E, Hay EM, Croft P. Incidence, progression and sequence of development of radiographic knee osteoarthritis in a symptomatic population. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 86 Chapple CM, Nicholson H, Baxter GD, Abbott JH. Patient characteristics that predict progression of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of prognostic studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken ) 2011;63:1115-25. 87 Wright AA, Cook C, Abbott JH. Variables associated with the progression of hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:925-36. 88 Felson DT. Does excess weight cause osteoarthritis and, if so, why? Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:668-70. 89 Tepper S and Hochberg MC. Factors associated with hip osteoarthritis: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-I). Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1081-8. 90 Pottie P, Presle N, Terlain B, Netter P, Mainard D, Berenbaum F. Obesity and osteoarthritis: more complex than predicted! Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1403-5. 91 Sturmer T, Brenner H, Brenner RE, Gunther KP. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and patterns of osteoarthritis. The Ulm osteoarthritis study. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:169-71. 92 Seki T, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi J, Kanoh T, Ishiguro N, Tsuboi M et al. Association of serum carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: possible risk factors in rural Japanese inhabitants. J Orthop Sci 2010;15:477-84. 93 McAlindon TE, Jacques P, Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Aliabadi P, Weissman B et al. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:648-56. 94 Grethen E, McClintock R, Gupta CE, Jones R, Cacucci BM, Diaz D et al. Vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1320-6. 95 Heidari B, Heidari P, Hajian-Tilaki K. Association between serum vitamin D deficiency and knee osteoarthritis. Int Orthop 2010; 96 McAlindon TE, Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Aliabadi P, Weissman B et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:3539. 97 Bergink AP, Uitterlinden AG, Van Leeuwen JP, Buurman CJ, Hofman A, Verhaar JA et al. Vitamin D status, bone mineral density, and the development of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee: The Rotterdam Study. J Clin Rheumatol 2009;15:230-7.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

98 Felson DT, Niu J, Clancy M, Aliabadi P, Sack B, Guermazi A et al. Low levels of vitamin D and worsening of knee osteoarthritis: results of two longitudinal studies. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:129-36. 99 Kalichman L and Kobyliansky E. Association between circulatory levels of vitamin D and radiographic hand osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 100 Arden N and Nevitt MC. Osteoarthritis: epidemiology. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:3-25. 101 Jonsson H, Manolescu I, Stefansson SE, Ingvarsson T, Jonsson HH, Manolescu A et al. The inheritance of hand osteoarthritis in Iceland. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:391-5. 102 Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, Berdah L, Lequesne M, Mazieres B et al. Radiological progression of hip osteoarthritis: definition, risk factors and correlations with clinical status. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:356-62. 103 Dillon CF, Rasch EK, Gu Q, Hirsch R. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the United States: arthritis data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1991-94. J Rheumatol 2006;33:2271-9. 104 Braga L, Renner JB, Schwartz TA, Woodard J, Helmick CG, Hochberg MC et al. Differences in radiographic features of knee osteoarthritis in African-Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston county osteoarthritis project. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1554-61. 105 Zhang Y, Xu L, Nevitt MC, Aliabadi P, Yu W, Qin M et al. Comparison of the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis between the elderly Chinese population in Beijing and whites in the United States: The Beijing Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:206571. 106 Nevitt MC, Xu L, Zhang Y, Lui LY, Yu W, Lane NE et al. Very low prevalence of hip osteoarthritis among Chinese elderly in Beijing, China, compared with whites in the United States: the Beijing osteoarthritis study. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1773-9. 107 Zhang Y, Xu L, Nevitt MC, Niu J, Goggins JP, Aliabadi P et al. Lower prevalence of hand osteoarthritis among Chinese subjects in Beijing compared with white subjects in the United States: the Beijing Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:103440. 108 Lane NE and Nevitt MC. Osteoarthritis, bone mass, and fractures: how are they related? Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1-4. 109 Nevitt MC, Lane NE, Scott JC, Hochberg MC, Pressman AR, Genant HK et al. Radiographic osteoarthritis of the hip and bone mineral density. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:907-16. 110 Stewart A, Black A, Robins SP, Reid DM. Bone density and bone turnover in patients with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:622-6.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

111 Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Chaisson CE, McAlindon TE, Evans SR, Aliabadi P et al. Bone mineral density and risk of incident and progressive radiographic knee osteoarthritis in women: the Framingham Study. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1032-7. 112 Hart DJ, Cronin C, Daniels M, Worthy T, Doyle DV, Spector TD. The relationship of bone density and fracture to incident and progressive radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee: the Chingford Study. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:92-9. 113 de Klerk BM, Schiphof D, Groeneveld FP, Koes BW, van Osch GJ, van Meurs JB et al. No clear association between female hormonal aspects and osteoarthritis of the hand, hip and knee: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1160-5. 114 de Klerk BM, Schiphof D, Groeneveld FP, Koes BW, van Osch GJ, van Meurs JB et al. Limited evidence for a protective effect of unopposed oestrogen therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:10412. 115 Rytter S, Egund N, Jensen LK, Bonde JP. Occupational kneeling and radiographic tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009;4:19. 116 Lau EC, Cooper C, Lam D, Chan VN, Tsang KK, Sham A. Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee in Hong Kong Chinese: obesity, joint injury, and occupational activities. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:855-62. 117 Croft P, Coggon D, Cruddas M, Cooper C. Osteoarthritis of the hip: an occupational disease in farmers. BMJ 1992;304:1269-72. 118 Solovieva S, Vehmas T, Riihimaki H, Luoma K, Leino-Arjas P. Hand use and patterns of joint involvement in osteoarthritis. A comparison of female dentists and teachers. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:521-8. 119 Solovieva S, Vehmas T, Riihimaki H, Takala EP, Murtomaa H, Luoma K et al. Finger osteoarthritis and differences in dental work tasks. J Dent Res 2006;85:344-8. 120 Fontana L, Neel S, Claise JM, Ughetto S, Catilina P. Osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint in women and occupational risk factors: a case-control study. J Hand Surg Am 2007;32:459-65. 121 Harris WH. Etiology of osteoarthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986;20-33. 122 Lane NE, Lin P, Christiansen L, Gore LR, Williams EN, Hochberg MC et al. Association of mild acetabular dysplasia with an increased risk of incident hip osteoarthritis in elderly white women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:400-4. 123 Doherty M, Courtney P, Doherty S, Jenkins W, Maciewicz RA, Muir K et al. Nonspherical femoral head shape (pistol grip deformity), neck shaft angle, and risk of hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:3172-82. 124 Andriacchi TP. Dynamics of knee malalignment. Orthop Clin North Am 1994;25:395-403.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

125 Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA 2001;286:188-95. 126 Felson DT, Goggins J, Niu J, Zhang Y, Hunter DJ. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3904-9. 127 Honkonen SE. Degenerative arthritis after tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1995;9:273-7. 128 Volpin G, Dowd GS, Stein H, Bentley G. Degenerative arthritis after intra-articular fractures of the knee. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990;72:634-8. 129 McKinley TO, Borrelli J, Jr., D'Lima DD, Furman BD, Giannoudis PV. Basic science of intraarticular fractures and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Trauma 2010;24:56770. 130 Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang NY, Wigley FM, Klag MJ. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:321-8. 131 Cooper C, Inskip H, Croft P, Campbell L, Smith G, McLaren M et al. Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury, and physical activity. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:516-22. 132 Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon TE, Kellingray S, Stuart B, Coggon D et al. Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:995-1000. 133 Sowers M, Lachance L, Jamadar D, Hochberg MC, Hollis B, Crutchfield M et al. The associations of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in pre- and perimenopausal women. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:483-9. 134 Roos H, Lauren M, Adalberth T, Roos EM, Jonsson K, Lohmander LS. Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy: prevalence of radiographic changes after twenty-one years, compared with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:687-93. 135 Englund M, Paradowski PT, Lohmander LS. Association of radiographic hand osteoarthritis with radiographic knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:469-75. 136 Struewer J, Frangen TM, Ishaque B, Bliemel C, Efe T, Ruchholtz S et al. Knee function and prevalence of osteoarthritis after isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone graft: long-term follow-up. Int Orthop 2011; 137 Oiestad BE, Holm I, Aune AK, Gunderson R, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L et al. Knee function and prevalence of knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective study with 10 to 15 years of follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2010;38:2201-10.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

138 Gillquist J and Messner K. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the long-term incidence of gonarthrosis. Sports Med 1999;27:143-56. 139 Englund M and Lohmander LS. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis coexistent with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis in a meniscectomy population. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1721-6. 140 Englund M and Lohmander LS. Risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis fifteen to twenty-two years after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2811-9. 141 Coggon D, Croft P, Kellingray S, Barrett D, McLaren M, Cooper C. Occupational physical activities and osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1443-9. 142 Felson DT, Hannan MT, Naimark A, Berkeley J, Gordon G, Wilson PW et al. Occupational physical demands, knee bending, and knee osteoarthritis: results from the Framingham Study. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1587-92. 143 Buckwalter JA and Lane NE. Athletics and osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 1997;25:87381. 144 Slemenda C, Brandt KD, Heilman DK, Mazzuca S, Braunstein EM, Katz BP et al. Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:97104. 145 Roddy E and Doherty M. Changing life-styles and osteoarthritis: what is the evidence? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:81-97. 146 Valdes AM and Spector TD. Genetic epidemiology of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011;7:23-32. 147 Ala-Kokko L, Baldwin CT, Moskowitz RW, Prockop DJ. Single base mutation in the type II procollagen gene (COL2A1) as a cause of primary osteoarthritis associated with a mild chondrodysplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:6565-8. 148 Baldwin CT, Cupples LA, Joost O, Demissie S, Chaisson C, Mcalindon T et al. Absence of linkage or association for osteoarthritis with the vitamin D receptor/type II collagen locus: the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. J Rheumatol 2002;29:161-5. 149 Attur M, Wang HY, Kraus VB, Bukowski JF, Aziz N, Krasnokutsky S et al. Radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis is conditional on interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene variations. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:856-61. 150 Moxley G, Meulenbelt I, Chapman K, van Diujn CM, Slagboom PE, Neale MC et al. Interleukin-1 region meta-analysis with osteoarthritis phenotypes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010;18:200-7. 151 Schneider EM, Du W, Fiedler J, Hogel J, Gunther KP, Brenner H et al. The (-765 G-->C) promoter variant of the COX-2/PTGS2 gene is associated with a lower risk for endstage hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1458-60. 152 Nakajima M, Takahashi A, Kou I, Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Gomez-Reino JJ, Furuichi T et al. New sequence variants in HLA class II/III region associated with susceptibility to

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

knee osteoarthritis identified by genome-wide association study. PLoS One 2010;5:e9723. 153 Smith AJ, Keen LJ, Billingham MJ, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR et al. Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the IL1R1-IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis. Genes Immun 2004;5:451-60. 154 Loughlin J, Dowling B, Mustafa Z, Chapman K. Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster on chromosome 2q13 with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1519-27. 155 Meulenbelt I, Seymour AB, Nieuwland M, Huizinga TW, van Duijn CM, Slagboom PE. Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster with radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1179-86. 156 Kanoh T, Hasegawa Y, Masui T, Yamaguchi J, Ishiguro N, Hamajima N. Interleukin-1beta gene polymorphism associated with radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the knee. J Orthop Sci 2008;13:97-100. 157 Moxley G, Han J, Stern AG, Riley BP. Potential influence of IL1B haplotype and IL1A-IL1BIL1RN extended haplotype on hand osteoarthritis risk. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:1106-12. 158 Meulenbelt I, Bos SD, Kloppenburg M, Lakenberg N, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Watt I et al. Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants with innate cytokine production profiles and osteoarthritis in subjects from the Genetics, Osteoarthritis and Progression Study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:1119-26. 159 Miyamoto Y, Mabuchi A, Shi D, Kubo T, Takatori Y, Saito S et al. A functional polymorphism in the 5' UTR of GDF5 is associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Nat Genet 2007;39:529-33. 160 Loughlin J, Dowling B, Chapman K, Marcelline L, Mustafa Z, Southam L et al. Functional variants within the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 gene are associated with hip osteoarthritis in females. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:9757-62. 161 Lories RJ, Peeters J, Bakker A, Tylzanowski P, Derese I, Schrooten J et al. Articular cartilage and biomechanical properties of the long bones in Frzb-knockout mice. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:4095-103. 162 Lories RJ, Peeters J, Szlufcik K, Hespel P, Luyten FP. Deletion of frizzled-related protein reduces voluntary running exercise performance in mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:390-6. 163 Valdes AM, Spector TD, Tamm A, Kisand K, Doherty SA, Dennison EM et al. Genetic variation in the SMAD3 gene is associated with hip and knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:2347-52. 164 Meulenbelt I, Min JL, Bos S, Riyazi N, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, van der Wijk HJ et al. Identification of DIO2 as a new susceptibility locus for symptomatic osteoarthritis. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17:1867-75.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

165 Goldring MB, Tsuchimochi K, Ijiri K. The control of chondrogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2006;97:33-44. 166 Kerkhof HJ, Meulenbelt I, Akune T, Arden NK, Aromaa A, Bierma-Zeinstra SM et al. Recommendations for standardization and phenotype definitions in genetic studies of osteoarthritis: the TREAT-OA consortium. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011;19:25464. 167 Roach HI, Yamada N, Cheung KS, Tilley S, Clarke NM, Oreffo RO et al. Association between the abnormal expression of matrix-degrading enzymes by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and demethylation of specific CpG sites in the promoter regions. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3110-24. 168 Iliopoulos D, Malizos KN, Tsezou A. Epigenetic regulation of leptin affects MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible molecular target for osteoarthritis therapeutic intervention. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1616-21. 169 Hashimoto K, Oreffo RO, Gibson MB, Goldring MB, Roach HI. DNA demethylation at specific CpG sites in the IL1B promoter in response to inflammatory cytokines in human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:3303-13. 170 Roach HI and Aigner T. DNA methylation in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: a new molecular target. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:128-37. 171 Peat G, Croft P, Hay E. Clinical assessment of the osteoarthritis patient. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001;15:527-44. 172 Lee YC, Nassikas NJ, Clauw DJ. The role of the central nervous system in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:211. 173 Wilder FV, Hall BJ, Barrett JP. Osteoarthritis pain and weather. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:955-8. 174 Verges J, Montell E, Tomas E, Cumelles G, Castaneda G, Marti N et al. Weather conditions can influence rheumatic diseases. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2004;47:134-6. 175 Bagis S, Sahin G, Yapici Y, Cimen OB, Erdogan C. The effect of hand osteoarthritis on grip and pinch strength and hand function in postmenopausal women. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:420-4. 176 Allen KD, Renner JB, Devellis B, Helmick CG, Jordan JM. Osteoarthritis and sleep: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1102-7. 177 CDC. Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults--United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:120-5. 178 Cibere J. Do we need radiographs to diagnose osteoarthritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:27-38.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

179 Dieppe PA, Cushnaghan J, Shepstone L. The Bristol 'OA500' study: progression of osteoarthritis (OA) over 3 years and the relationship between clinical and radiographic changes at the knee joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1997;5:87-97. 180 Hannan MT, Felson DT, Pincus T. Analysis of the discordance between radiographic changes and knee pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1513-7. 181 Bedson J and Croft PR. The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic search and summary of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008;9:116. 182 Raynauld JP. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003;15:647-50. 183 Ledingham J, Dawson S, Preston B, Milligan G, Doherty M. Radiographic patterns and associations of osteoarthritis of the hip. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:1111-6. 184 Rosenberg ZS, Shankman S, Steiner GC, Kastenbaum DK, Norman A, Lazansky MG. Rapid destructive osteoarthritis: clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features. Radiology 1992;182:213-6. 185 Conrozier T, Merle-Vincent F, Mathieu P, Richard M, Favret H, Piperno M et al. Epidemiological, clinical, biological and radiological differences between atrophic and hypertrophic patterns of hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:403-8. 186 Punzi L, Ramonda R, Sfriso P. Erosive osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004;18:739-58. 187 Peterfy CG. Scratching the surface: articular cartilage disorders in the knee. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2000;8:409-30. 188 Calvo E, Palacios I, Delgado E, Ruiz-Cabello J, Hernandez P, Sanchez-Pernaute O et al. High-resolution MRI detects cartilage swelling at the early stages of experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001;9:463-72. 189 Yusuf E, Kortekaas MC, Watt I, Huizinga TW, Kloppenburg M. Do knee abnormalities visualised on MRI explain knee pain in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:60-7. 190 Conaghan PG, Felson D, Gold G, Lohmander S, Totterman S, Altman R. MRI and noncartilaginous structures in knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14 Suppl A:A87-A94. 191 Conaghan P. Is MRI useful in osteoarthritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:5768. 192 Felson DT, McLaughlin S, Goggins J, LaValley MP, Gale ME, Totterman S et al. Bone marrow edema and its relation to progression of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:330-6.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

193 Felson DT, Chaisson CE, Hill CL, Totterman SM, Gale ME, Skinner KM et al. The association of bone marrow lesions with pain in knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:541-9. 194 Pessis E, Drape JL, Ravaud P, Chevrot A, Dougados M, Ayral X. Assessment of progression in knee osteoarthritis: results of a 1 year study comparing arthroscopy and MRI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003;11:361-9. 195 Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A. Ultrasonography in osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34:19-23. 196 Acebes JC, Sanchez-Pernaute O, Diaz-Oca A, Herrero-Beaumont G. Ultrasonographic assessment of Baker's cysts after intra-articular corticosteroid injection in knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Ultrasound 2006;34:113-7. 197 Dougados M. Synovial fluid cell analysis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1996;10:519-34. 198 Garnero P, Peterfy C, Zaim S, Schoenharting M. Bone marrow abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging are associated with type II collagen degradation in knee osteoarthritis: a three-month longitudinal study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2822-9. 199 Charni-Ben TN and Garnero P. Monitoring cartilage turnover. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007;9:16-24. 200 Davis CR, Karl J, Granell R, Kirwan JR, Fasham J, Johansen J et al. Can biochemical markers serve as surrogates for imaging in knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:4038-47. 201 Kraus VB. Do biochemical markers have a role in osteoarthritis diagnosis and treatment? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:69-80. 202 van Spil WE, DeGroot J, Lems WF, Oostveen JC, Lafeber FP. Serum and urinary biochemical markers for knee and hip-osteoarthritis: a systematic review applying the consensus BIPED criteria. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010;18:605-12. 203 Hirsch R, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW, Jr., Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin J et al. Association of hand and knee osteoarthritis: evidence for a polyarticular disease subset. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:25-9. 204 Hochberg MC, Lane NE, Pressman AR, Genant HK, Scott JC, Nevitt MC. The association of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis of the hand and hip in elderly women. J Rheumatol 1995;22:2291-4. 205 Croft P, Cooper C, Wickham C, Coggon D. Is the hip involved in generalized osteoarthritis? Br J Rheumatol 1992;31:325-8. 206 Cushnaghan J and Dieppe P. Study of 500 patients with limb joint osteoarthritis. I. Analysis by age, sex, and distribution of symptomatic joint sites. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;50:813.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

207 Cooper C, Egger P, Coggon D, Hart DJ, Masud T, Cicuttini F et al. Generalized osteoarthritis in women: pattern of joint involvement and approaches to definition for epidemiological studies. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1938-42. 208 Kiss C, O'Neill TW, Mituszova M, Szilagyi M, Donath J, Poor G. Prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Budapest, Hungary. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:1335-6. 209 Kaplan G and Haettich B. Rheumatological symptoms due to retinoids. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1991;5:77-97. 210 Wendling D, Hafsaoui C, Laurain JM, Runge M, Magy-Bertrand N, Prati C. Dysphagia and hypervitaminosis A: cervical hyperostosis. Joint Bone Spine 2009;76:409-11. 211 Ike RW and Arnold WJ. Arthroscopic lavage of osteoarthritic knees. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992;74:788-9. 212 Zhang W, Doherty M, Peat G, Bierma-Zeinstra MA, Arden NK, Bresnihan B et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:483-9. 213 Chaisson CE, Gale DR, Gale E, Kazis L, Skinner K, Felson DT. Detecting radiographic knee osteoarthritis: what combination of views is optimal? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:1218-21. 214 Duncan RC, Hay EM, Saklatvala J, Croft PR. Prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis--it all depends on your point of view. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:757-60. 215 Iorio R and Healy WL. Unicompartmental arthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85-A:1351-64. 216 Spector TD, Cicuttini F, Baker J, Loughlin J, Hart D. Genetic influences on osteoarthritis in women: a twin study. BMJ 1996;312:940-3. 217 Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, Alekseeva L, Arden NK, Bijlsma JW et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis: report of a task force of ESCISIT. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:8-17. 218 Bijsterbosch J, Visser W, Kroon HM, Stamm T, Meulenbelt I, Huizinga TW et al. Thumb base involvement in symptomatic hand osteoarthritis is associated with more pain and functional disability. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:585-7. 219 Jonsson H, Valtysdottir ST, Kjartansson O, Brekkan A. Hypermobility associated with osteoarthritis of the thumb base: a clinical and radiological subset of hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:540-3. 220 Srikanth VK, Fryer JL, Zhai G, Winzenberg TM, Hosmer D, Jones G. A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and severity of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:769-81. 221 Lequesne M. The false profile view of the hip: role, interest, economic considerations. Joint Bone Spine 2002;69:109-13.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

222 Lequesne M and Ray G. [Rapid idiopathic destructive coxarthrosis. Prospective etiologic study of 27 cases]. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1989;56:115-9. 223 Halverson PB, Garancis JC, McCarty DJ. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of synovium in Milwaukee shoulder syndrome--a basic calcium phosphate crystal arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 1984;43:734-41. 224 Maheu E, Altman RD, Bloch DA, Doherty M, Hochberg M, Mannoni A et al. Design and conduct of clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis of the hand: recommendations from a task force of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14:303-22. 225 Altman R, Brandt K, Hochberg M, Moskowitz R, Bellamy N, Bloch DA et al. Design and conduct of clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis: recommendations from a task force of the Osteoarthritis Research Society. Results from a workshop. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996;4:217-43. 226 Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, Bole G, Borenstein D, Brandt K et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:1039-49. 227 Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1601-10. 228 Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:505-14. 229 Mcalindon T and Dieppe P. Osteoarthritis: definitions and criteria. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:531-2. 230 Kellgren JH, Jeffrey M, Ball J. Atlas of standard radiographs. 1963; 231 Lachance L, Sowers MF, Jamadar D, Hochberg M. The natural history of emergent osteoarthritis of the knee in women. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:849-54. 232 Constant F, Guillemin F, Herbeth B, Collin JF, Boulange M. Measurement methods of drug consumption as a secondary judgment criterion for clinical trials in chronic rheumatic diseases. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:826-33. 233 Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW. Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1833-40. 234 Lequesne MG, Mery C, Samson M, Gerard P. Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Validation--value in comparison with other assessment tests. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1987;65:85-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

235 Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, Ekdahl C, Beynnon BD. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)--development of a self-administered outcome measure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998;28:88-96. 236 Roos EM and Lohmander LS. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS): from joint injury to osteoarthritis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003;1:64. 237 Nilsdotter AK, Lohmander LS, Klassbo M, Roos EM. Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS)--validity and responsiveness in total hip replacement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2003;4:10. 238 Roos EM, Brandsson S, Karlsson J. Validation of the foot and ankle outcome score for ankle ligament reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 2001;22:788-94. 239 Davis AM, Perruccio AV, Canizares M, Tennant A, Hawker GA, Conaghan PG et al. The development of a short measure of physical function for hip OA HOOS-Physical Function Shortform (HOOS-PS): an OARSI/OMERACT initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:551-9. 240 Perruccio AV, Stefan LL, Canizares M, Tennant A, Hawker GA, Conaghan PG et al. The development of a short measure of physical function for knee OA KOOS-Physical Function Shortform (KOOS-PS) - an OARSI/OMERACT initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:542-50. 241 Maillefert JF, Kloppenburg M, Fernandes L, Punzi L, Gunther KP, Martin ME et al. Multilanguage translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the OARSI/OMERACT measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1293-6. 242 Hawker GA, Davis AM, French MR, Cibere J, Jordan JM, March L et al. Development and preliminary psychometric testing of a new OA pain measure--an OARSI/OMERACT initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:409-14. 243 Dreiser RL, Maheu E, Guillou GB. Sensitivity to change of the functional index for hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000;8 Suppl A:S25-S28. 244 Allen KD, Jordan JM, Renner JB, Kraus VB. Validity, factor structure, and clinical relevance of the AUSCAN Osteoarthritis Hand Index. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:551-6. 245 Bellamy N, Campbell J, Haraoui B, Gerecz-Simon E, Buchbinder R, Hobby K et al. Clinimetric properties of the AUSCAN Osteoarthritis Hand Index: an evaluation of reliability, validity and responsiveness. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:863-9. 246 Pham T, van der Heijde D, Altman RD, Anderson JJ, Bellamy N, Hochberg M et al. OMERACT-OARSI initiative: Osteoarthritis Research Society International set of responder criteria for osteoarthritis clinical trials revisited. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12:389-99. 247 Abadie E, Ethgen D, Avouac B, Bouvenot G, Branco J, Bruyere O et al. Recommendations for the use of new methods to assess the efficacy of disease-modifying drugs in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12:263-8.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases

248 Altman RD, Fries JF, Bloch DA, Carstens J, Cooke TD, Genant H et al. Radiographic assessment of progression in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:1214-25. 249 Ornetti P, Brandt K, Hellio-Le Graverand MP, Hochberg M, Hunter DJ, Kloppenburg M et al. OARSI-OMERACT definition of relevant radiological progression in hip/knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:856-63. 250 Altman RD and Gold GE. Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis, revised. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15 Suppl A:A1-56. 251 Garnero P. Osteoarthritis: biological markers for the future? Joint Bone Spine 2002;69:52530. 252 March L, Cross M, Tribe K, Lapsley H, Courtenay B, Brooks P. Cost of joint replacement surgery for osteoarthritis: the patients' perspective. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1006-14. 253 Steel N, Melzer D, Gardener E, McWilliams B. Need for and receipt of hip and knee replacement--a national population survey. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:143741. 254 Escalante A, Espinosa-Morales R, del R, I, Arroyo RA, Older SA. Recipients of hip replacement for arthritis are less likely to be Hispanic, independent of access to health care and socioeconomic status. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:390-9. 255 Fielden JM, Cumming JM, Horne JG, Devane PA, Slack A, Gallagher LM. Waiting for hip arthroplasty: economic costs and health outcomes. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:990-7. 256 Gossec L, Paternotte S, Maillefert JF, Combescure C, Conaghan PG, Davis AM et al. The role of pain and functional impairment in the decision to recommend total joint replacement in hip and knee osteoarthritis: an international cross-sectional study of 1909 patients. Report of the OARSI-OMERACT Task Force on total joint replacement. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011;19:147-54. 257 Lago F, Dieguez C, Gomez-Reino J, Gualillo O. The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of inflammation and immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007;18:313-25.