1 Introducing: Languages (p.140) • language and culture • language distributions • “Language is like luggage.” • Figure 5-1 Key Issue 1: Where Are Lan...
1 Introducing: Languages (p.140) • language and culture • language distributions • “Language is like luggage.” • Figure 5-1 Key Issue 1: Where Are Languages Distributed? • How many languages do you speak? • language • literary tradition • official language • Figure 5-2 • English as an official language • ethnologue • speakers of different languages • • 85 languages • language families • language branch • language group • Classification of Languages
Chapter 5: Languages
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Chapter 5: Languages
• Figure 5-3
• Figure 5-4 • • Two-Thirds of the people.. • Distribution of Language Families • Indo-European • Sino-Tibetan • Figure 5-5 • North America • South America • Europe • Africa • Middle East • South Asia • East and Southeast Asia • Oceania • Other Asian Language Families
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Chapter 5: Languages • Austronesian • Austro-Asiatic • Tai Kadai • Japanese • Korean
• Languages of Southwest Asia and North Africa and Central Asia • Afro-Asiatic • Altaic • Uralic • African Language Families • Niger-Congo • Nilo-Saharan • Khoisan • Figure 5-8 Key Issue 2: Why is English Related to Other Languages? • Distribution of Indo-European Branches • Germanic Branch • Western Germanic • Scandinavia • Figure 5-9
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• Indo-Iranian Branch • Indic (Eastern) Group • Hindi • India’s languages • Urdu • Figure 5-10 • Figure 5-11 • Iranian (Western) Group • Balto-Slavic Branch • East Slavic and Baltic Groups • Russian • Figure 5-12 • West and South Slavic Groups • Cyrillic • Bosnian Muslims • Romance Branch • European regions • Figure 5-13 • “difficulty in trying to establish…”
Chapter 5: Languages
5 • Catalan • Origin and Diffusion of Language Families • Origin and Diffusion of English • German Invasion • England • Figure 5-15 • Norman Invasion • Normandy • Modern English • Diffusion to North America • Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages • Roman Empire • Latin • Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European • Porto-Indo-European • Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis • Sedentary Farmer hypothesis • Indo-European dissuasion • Figure 5-18 • Figure 5-19
Chapter 5: Languages
6 Key Issue 3: Why Do Individual Languages Vary among Places ? • dialect • isogloss • Dialects of English • Dialect in the United States • Figure 5-20 • Settlement in the East • New England • Southeastern • Midlands • Current Dialect Differences in the East • Pronunciation Differences • Figure 5-21 • “diffusion of particular English dialects…” • Figure 5-22 • Dialects in the United Kingdom • standard language • Received Pronunciation • Figure 5-23 • English dialects
Chapter 5: Languages
7 • British and American English Dialects • Vocabulary • Spelling • Figure 5-24 • Pronunciation • England vs. USA • Distinguishing between Languages and Dialects • Romance Branch Dialects • Spanish and Portuguese • Dialect or Langauge? • Languages of Italy • Catalan-Valencian-Balear • Galician • Moldovan • Creole Langaues • creolized language Key Issue 4: Why Do People Preserve Local Languages? • “fate of culture group…” • Langauge Diversity • Multilingual States
• An Unchanging Langauge: Icelandic • A “Discovered” Language: Koro Aka • Extinct and Revived Languages • Many Extinct Languages: Native Americans • An Extinct Language: Gothic • Reviving and Extinct Langauge Hebrew
• Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic • Welsh
Chapter 5: Languages
9 • Irish
• Breton • Scottish • Cornish • Preserving Aboriginal and Maori in Australia and New Zealand • Australia • New Zealand • Preserving Occitan in France • French Dialects • Preserving Lesser-Used Langauges • Global Dominance of English • Figure 5-42 • • English: An Example of a Lingua Franca
• pidgin language • global dominace • The Death of English as a Lingua Franca? • Expansion Diffusion of English
Chapter 5: Languages
10 • African American English • Appalachian English • Diffusion to Other Languages • Franglais • Spanglish • Denglish • Spanish and French in the Untied States and Canada • Spanish-Speaking United States
